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Aplastic Crisis Caused by Parvovirus B19 in an Adult Patient with Sickle-Cell Disease

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Aplastic Crisis Caused by Parvovirus B19 in an Adult Patient with Sickle-Cell Disease Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical RELATO DE CASO 33(5):477-481, set-out, 2000. Aplastic crisis caused by parvovirus B19 in an adult patient with sickle-cell disease Crise aplástica por parvovírus B19 em um paciente adulto com doença falciforme Sérgio Setúbal1, Adelmo H.D. Gabriel2, Jussara P. Nascimento3 e Solange A. Oliveira1 Abstract We describe a case of aplastic crisis caused by parvovirus B19 in an adult sickle-cell patient presenting with paleness, tiredness, fainting and dyspnea. The absence of reticulocytes lead to the diagnosis. Anti-B19 IgM and IgG were detected. Reticulocytopenia in patients with hereditary hemolytic anemia suggests B19 infection. Key-words: Human parvovirus B19. Sickle-cell disease. Transient aplastic crisis. Reticulocytopenia. Resumo Descreve-se um caso de crise aplástica devida ao parvovírus B19 num paciente adulto, manifestando-se por palidez, cansaço, lipotímias e dispnéia. A ausência de reticulócitos chamou a atenção para o diagnóstico. Detectaram-se IgM e IgG anti-B19. Reticulocitopenia em pacientes com anemia hemolítica hereditária sugere infecção por B19. Palavras-chaves: Parvovírus B19. Doença falciforme. Crise aplástica transitória. Reticulocitopenia. Parvovirus B19 is the only pathogenic and the virus was labeled serum-parvovirus-like parvovirus in humans. It is a DNA virus that infects particle. Retesting the sera from their panels, which and destroys erythroid cell progenitors. Cossart and were obtained mainly from British adults, Cossart coworkers3 discovered parvovirus B19 fortuitously and coworkers demonstrated that 30% of them in 1974, when they were trying to detect HBsAg had antibodies to the virus. in panels of human sera. Unexpectedly, the serum The virus was identified again two years later numbered 19 in panel B showed an anomalous in two blood donors12, and six years later in two precipitin line in a counter immunoelectrophoresis British soldiers returning from Africa15, all of which (CIE) employing another human immune serum. suffering from nonspecific febrile illness. These This same B19 serum showed no reactivity when patients were probably examples of the many tested for HBsAg with much more sensitive radio- instances in which parvovirus determines immuno or hemagglutination assays using animal asymptomatic infection or nonspecific febrile sera. Cossart excised the precipitin line from the disease. Nonetheless, the virus was subsequently CIE gel and, examining it under electron microscopy, associated with specific clinical pictures and saw 23-nanometer particles resembling parvovirus. syndromes. The new virus did not react with antisera to The first clinical syndrome doubtlessly linked adeno-associated viruses or to rat parvovirus, to parvovirus B19 was transient aplastic crisis 1. Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro. 2. Disciplina de Hematologia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal Fluminense, Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro. 3. Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense. Departamento de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biomanguinhos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Address to: Dr. Sérgio Setúbal, Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Rua Marquês de Paraná 303, 2º andar, Centro, 22030-210 Niterói, RJ, Brazil. Fax: 55 21 719-7262, e-mail: [email protected] Recebido para publicação em 29/9/99. 477 Setúbal S et al occurring among patients with sickle-cell megaloerythema. There are no hematologic disease11. The virus was demonstrated in plasma symptoms1. by electron microscopy during the aplastic crisis, Among those suffering from AIDS, the and there was evidence of seroconversion at immunodeficiency can render the infection chronic. convalescence — a time in which the virus was The destruction of erythroid cell progenitors, no longer detectable. Direct invasion and continued beyond the maximal life span of destruction of erythroid cell progenitors in bone erythrocytes, results in severe and protracted marrow results in transient interruption of anemia that responds to the intravenous erythropoiesis. Clinical manifestations of acute administration of standard human immune anemia occur only in patients with great globulin, which generally contains sufficient erythrocyte turnover (as in sickle-cell disease and amounts of antiviral antibodies7 18. other hemolytic anemias). In otherwise healthy In the case of pregnant women, infections individuals, the erythrocytes circulate for fully 120 caused by parvovirus B19 can produce severe days and the infection is cured spontaneously fetal damage, despite it’s little, or perhaps absent, 11 before any hematologic symptoms occur . teratogenic potential5. During fetal life, particularly The appearance of techniques for the in the second trimester, there is normally a great detection of IgM class antibodies enabled the increase in the fetal total red cell mass. The infected conclusion that parvovirus B19 was the only fetus, unable to keep the rate of erythropoiesis etiologic agent of an old common exanthematic needed for such an increase, develops severe benign disease of childhood: erythema infectiosum. intrauterine anemia. This is usually followed by This disease was described at the end of the heart failure (also caused to a certain extent by seventeenth century, and has been known myocarditis) and anasarca, in a picture denominated variously as fifth disease, slapped cheek disease, erythroblastosis fetalis, or non-immune hydrops academy rash, Sticker’s disease, and infectious fetalis1. CASE REPORT This is the case of a 28-year-old, male, afro- the time of admission, he was restricted to the Brazilian, born in Rio de Janeiro state, living with emergency room stretcher, with dyspnea, his female companion and three children in a poor generalized pains, and fainting on attempting to neighborhood of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro State, sit up. He was awake, fully conscious, but rather Brazil. He worked as a restaurant attendant, without pale and somewhat jaundiced. Submandibular and social insurance of any type. He was neither a pre-auricular adenopathy was noted. His respiratory smoker, nor a drinker. He had sickle-cell disease rate was twenty-eight. There was a third heart sound, diagnosed at the age of 5 months. This also affected and a mitral systolic murmur. He had audible a maternal uncle, and two sisters out of his six peristalsis, no visceral enlargements, and his siblings. Both parents are diabetic, and the father abdomen was not tender to palpation. He had a was hypertensive. At the age of three, he was chronic eschar on the right malleolus, and there admitted to the Infectious Diseases Department was no calf tenderness. A blood count showed of Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro with no reticulocytes and the diagnosis was changed jaundice and elevated aminotransferases, and to aplastic crisis. He was transfused with three was given a diagnosis of hepatitis. Since then, he units of packed red cells, and his painful and has attended the Hematology outpatients’ service cardiovascular symptoms rapidly improved. He on an irregular basis, suffering from frequent was discharged on March 25, 1999, afebrile, well acute respiratory infections and hemolytic crises. hydrated, and normotensive, for follow-up as an He takes folic acid continuously. outpatient. In a blood sample collected this day, He was admitted on March 16, 1999, complaining using immunofluorescence and a m-capture of tiredness, dyspnea and fainting, and was enzyme immunoassay, it was possible to detect provisionally diagnosed as having hemolytic specific IgG and IgM antibodies against crisis. Six days before admission, he had had parvovirus B194 13. A dot blot assay9 detected no symptoms attributed to a bout of tonsillitis, and parvovirus B19 DNA in this sample. The blood counts improved after being treated with a benzathine performed at admission can be seen in Figure 1, penicillin injection. However, after three days, he which include also the only three earlier counts began to faint and to feel increasingly tired. By available for comparison. 478 Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 33:477-481, set-out, 2000 Tonsillitis Transfusion IgM and IgG + Transfusion 600 30 500 25 Reticulocytes % 20 Hemoglobin, 400 Hematocrit, Platelets Reticulocytes 300 15 Hematocrit Hemoglobin 200 10 Platelets x 1000 100 5 0 0 July 27, 1995 March 21, 1990 March 10, 1999 March 16, 1999 March 17, 1999 March 18, 1999 March 19, 1999 March 21, 1999 March 24, 1999 March 25, 1999 October 10, 1985 Figure 1 - Evolution of some laboratory findings of a patient with sickle cell disease (1985-1999). DISCUSSION Parvovirus B19 is considered the most important worsening anemia, as experienced by our patient, cause of aplastic crisis in sickle-cell patients. but also confusion and evidence of congestive Aplastic crisis due to parvovirus B19 was also heart failure. Parvovirus B19 infection is frequently described in a wide range of other hemolytic associated with changes in blood lineages other disorders, as hereditary spherocytosis, thalassemia, than the erythroid: different degrees of neutropenia red cell enzyme disorders (as pyruvate kinase occur and thrombocytopenia, due to the cytopathic deficiency) and auto-immune hemolytic anemia. effect on megakaryocytes, is not uncommon. An aplastic crisis may be the first manifestation Some patients have massive bone marrow of a hemolytic disorder in a patient who was well necrosis1 8 17. compensated until that
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