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A Dichotomous Key to the Genera of Marine Fungi Recorded on Rhizophora Spp

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A Dichotomous Key to the Genera of Marine Fungi Recorded on Rhizophora Spp Indian Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences Vol. 44(4), April 2015, pp. A dichotomous Key to the Genera of Marine Fungi recorded on Rhizophora spp. V.V. Sarma Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Pondicherry-605014, India [E.Mail:[email protected]] Received ; revised A dichotomous taxonomic key to the genera of marine fungi reported from Rhizophora spp. in mangroves is presented. It includes 3 basidiomycetous, 85 ascomycetous and 51 anamorphic genera of fungi totaling 139 genera. [Key words: Mangroves, taxonomic keys, ascomycetes, basidiomycetes, anamorphic fungi] Introduction Keys to large number of marine fungi, 321, 3. Basidioma sub-globose, puff ball-like, no stalk, 444 or 530 have been proposed1-6. However, it is basidiospores with appendages……………....Nia difficult to find a Rhizophora-associated marine 3.Basidioma cyphelloid, funnel-shaped ………..4 fungus from such a large number. On the contrary, keys to particular host or location make 4. Basidioma white, surface hairs smooth, ……… identification easier7-8. An attempt has been made ……………………………………...Halocyphina here to present a dichotomous key to genera of 4.Basidioma yellowish to ochre yellow, cup-like, marine fungi occurring on species of Rhizophora wall with surface hairs,………………..Calathella L. Rhizophora spp. occur in mangroves and are good hosts for colonization of marine fungi. There 5. Ascomata with bitunicate asci.……………….6 are 201 marine fungi that have so far been 5.Ascomata with unitunicate asci……………..41 reported on Rhizophora spp. belonging to 139 9 genera . In the present dichotomous key these 6. Ascomata apothecioid or hysterothecioid…….7 genera have been covered including 3 6.Ascomata different……………………………9 basidiomycetous, 85 ascomycetous and 51 anamorphic genera. The occurrence of some of 7. Ascomata apothecoid or discoid……………...8 the fungal genera such as Eutypa, Zopfiella and 7.AScomata hysterothecioid, transversely Rhabdospora is doubtful. Therefore, if more multiseptate ascosproes……………….Hysterium records are found they may be placed under Rhizophora as otherwise the host may be double 8. Asci are externally provided with amyloid caps, checked. marine species with uniseptate, brown ascospores The key to the marine fungi occurring on ……………………………………...Dactylospora Rhizophora spp is provided below. The key has 5 10-11 8.Asci fissitunicate, non-amyloid, transversely basically followed Jones et al. and Ellis . multiseptate, hyaline ascospores……....Patellaria Dichotomous key to genera of marine fungi on 9.Ascomata under a or surrounded by a Rhizophora spp. thallus…………………………………………..10 9.Ascomata developing differently……………11 1.Sexual spores through meiosis……………….2 1 .Asexual spores, namely, conidia 10. Ascomata lirelliform with an opening that ………………….……….Anamorphic fungi (84) runs the length of the ascoma, asci with an ocular chamber and amyloid; ascospores one-septate, 2.Meiospores primarily exogenous, born on with a mucilaginous sheath …………..Melaspilea basidia or similar structures………………….. 10.Ascomata developing under a dark stroma, ………………………………...Basidiomycota (3) subglobose to fusiform, asci bitunicate with non 2.Meiospores produced endogenously formed in asci……………………………....Ascomycota (5) INDIAN J. MAR. SCI., VOL. 44, NO. 4 APRIL 2015 amyloid apical ring, ascospores ellipsoidal to 20. Ascospores lacking appendages or sheaths fusiform, 3-eptate, ………………. Pyrenographa ……………………...…………… Acrocordiopsis 10.Ascomata immersed, asci with an ocular 20.Ascospores with appendages or mucilaginous chamber, ascospores fusiform, dark brown the end sheaths………………………………………….21 cells paler, 9-13-distoseptate, …..….…Mauritania 21.Ascospores with lenticular appendages on 11.Ascomata lacking paraphyses, sides ...…………………………..…Paraliomyces pseudoparaphyses or paraphysoids, asci globose, 21.Ascospores with mucilaginous sheaths and ellipsoidal or subcylindrical………………..…..12 lack appendages………………………………..22 11.Ascomata with cellular or trabeculate pseudoparaphyses; asci cylindrical, clavate, 22. Ascomata ostiole slit-like, ascospores with oblong saccate………………………………….17 mucilaginous appendages……………...………23 22.Ascomata not slit-like………………...……24 12. Ascomata formed by lysigenous locules within stromatic tissue, interascal tissue lacking, 23. Ascospores fusiform, 3-septate, longer asci fissitunicate………………………………..13 ……………………………………………Rimora 12.Ascomata small, immersed in host tissue, asci 23.Ascospores fusiform, 3-septate, shorter ovoid to saccate to subcylindrical, ascospores ………………………………….…..Lophiostoma hyaline to slightly pigmented, mostly 1-septate 23. Ascospores with 4th cell usually the largest, …………..................................... Mycosphaerella tapering at the ends sharply 12. Paraphyses present, ascospores 3-6 septate ………………………...………..Splanchnonema ……...……………………………….Sphaerulina 24. Asci with ocular chamber but no apical 13. Ascospores with central cells brown and end apparatus, ascospores hyaline, surrounded by a cells hyaline, ………………….……Passeriniella gelatinous sheath ………………..Halomassarina 13.Ascospores different……………………….14 24. Asci with an ocular chamber and an apical apparatus, ascospores hyline with or without a 14. Ascomata cleistothecial without a definite gelatinoush sheath or cap ……….. .Morosphaeria centrum, semi-immersed; asci evanescent at an early stage ……..…………………Coronopapilla 25. Ascomata immersed in substratum, 14.Ascomata different; asci widely clavate...…15 multiloculate (several ascoma with central pore), ascospores with a delicate sheath, 15.Ascomata superficial with stalk, ascospores ………………………………………..Helicascus one-septate, with large brown cell and short 25.Ascomata different……………………..….26 hyaline cell…………………………...Manglicola 15. Ascomata without a stalk; ascospores 26. Ascomata mammiform, ascospores with different………………………………………..16 bipolar germ tubes ......................... Caryosporella 26.Ascomata superficial or semi-immersed, 16. Ascospores hyaline with fine halo of fine ascospores brown…..………..Kirschsteiniothelia hairs, appendages surrounding the ascospores 26. Ascomata immersed in substratum………27 completely at maturity …………..Capillataspora 16. Ascospores with tuberculate wall and 27.Ascospores verrucose………………………28 surrounded by a sheath………………...Belizeana 27.Ascospores not verrucose but have longitudinal striations ……………….....Lineolata 17.Ascospores 1-septate……………………….18 17. Ascopores multiseptate……………………29 28. Ascospores brown, verrucose with dark band 17. Ascospores muriform……………………..40 at septum………………………..Didymosphaeria 28.Ascospores dark brown with verrucose 18. Ascospores hyaline………………………...19 ornamentation…………………...…..Verruculina 18.Ascospores brown………………………….25 29. Ascospores 1-3 septate………….…………30 19. Ascospores with central septum…………...20 29.Ascospores more than 3-septate……..…….33 19.Ascospores with eccentric septum and a sheath………………………………….Didymella 30. Ascospores pale yellowish to brown………31 30.Ascospores hyaline ………………………. 32 SARMA: DICHOTOMOUS KEY TO GENERA OF MARINE FUNGI RECORDED ON RHIZOPHORA SPP. 31.Ascomata soft, superficial with setae 42. Ascoma perithecial, rarely cleistothecial, asci ….............................................................Tubeufia thin-walled often deliquescing, ascospores 31.Ascomata not with setae, small, soft, septate, hyaline to brown................................... 43 superficial, ascospores in tetrads...…Sporormiella 42. Ascomata perithecial, rarely cleistothecial, asci often thick-walled, ascospores 0-1- 32.Ascomata superficial, crater-like septate.................................................................72 ……………………………………….Ascocratera 42.Ascomata, asci and ascospores different 32.Ascomata immersed, ascospores with or ………..………………………………………..74 without a sheath……………………….Massarina 43. Ascomata in a stroma, perithecial, with short 33. Ascospores with septa at the ends, centrally necks, often brightly coloured…………………44 wider and tapering towards ends, 43. Ascomata rarely in a stroma, with long necks, ……………………………………....Biatriospora ascospores hyaline rarely coloured, 1-many- 33.Septa uniformly spread along ascospores….34 septate, often with appendages or sheaths or both….................................................................49 34. Ascomata superficial, ascospores with a sheath, 7-14 septate…………...Massariosphaeria 44.Ascospores unicellular globose or oval 34.Ascomata immersed or erumpent…………35 ......................................................... Payosphaeria 44.Ascospores septate ...................................... 45 35. Ascospores versicolored…………………...36 35.Ascospores hyaline or uniformly colored….37 45. Ascomata brightly colored ………………...46 45.Ascomata color is pale or black, with 36. Ascomata immersed erumpent, ascospores appendages …………………………………….48 striated ………...……………....Astrosphaeriella 36.Ascomata immersed, ascospores with end 46. Ascospores one-septate, colored…………...47 cells hyaline,………………... ……Byssothecium 46.Ascospores 1-3-septate, colored in masses ........................................................Swampomyces 37. Pseudoparaphyses trabeculate……………..38 37.Pseudoparaphyses cellular…………………39 47.Ascomata yellow to pale brown, epapillate …………..........................................Heleococcum 38.Ascomata erumpent, ascospores fuscous 47. Ascomata orange, papillate ........Kallichroma .…..…………………………….Trematosphaeria 38.Ascomata completely immersed, ascospores 48.Ascospores 1-septate with appendages hyaline …………………………...……Quintaria ……………………………………..Etheirophora 48. Ascospores 3-septate, with forked 39.Ascomata with
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