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Repor T Resume S REPOR TRESUME S ED 018 518 BLACK YOUTH IN A SOUTHERN METROPOLIS. BY- CONYERS, JAMES E. AND OTHERS SOUTHERN REGIONAL COUNCIL, ATLANTA, GA. PUB DATE JAN 68 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.25 HC-$1.36 32P. DESCRIPTORS- * SOUTHERN STATES *NEGRO YOUTH; *NEGRO ATTITUDES. *SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS, NEGRO LEADERSHIP,VALUES, QUESTIONNAIRES, CITY PROBLEMS, EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES, SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND, NEIGHBORHOOD, SELF CONCEPT, ASPIRATION, COUNSELOR CHARACTERISTICS, CIVIL RIGHTS, RACIAL ATTITUDES, ORGANIZATIONS (GROUPS), DELINQUENCY, RELIGIOUS FACTORS, TABLES (DATA), BIBLIOGRAPHIES, IDENTIFICATION (PSYCHOLOGICAL), ATLANTA, GEORGIA TO DETERMINE THE ATTITUDES, VALUES; AND OPINIONS OF SOUTHERN NEGRO YOUTH, A QUESTIONNAIRE WAS DISTRIBUTED TO 688 STUDENTS FROM FIVE ALL-NEGRO HIGH SCHOOLS IN ATLANTA, GEORGIA. RESPONDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR ENVIRONMENTSHOWED CONSIDERABLE DISSATISFACTION. TWO-THIRDS OF THE LISTED NEIGHBORHOOD FACILITIES AND SERVICES WERENEGATIVELY EVALUATED BY AT LEAST 34 PERCENT OF THE STUDENTS. MOST POSITIVELY EVALUATED WERE ITEMS RELATED MOSTCLOSELY TO PERSONAL ENVIRONMENT. ELEVEN OUT OF 14 ASPECTS OF CITYLIFE RECEIVED NEGATIVE RESPONSES FROM ONE -THIRD OR MORE RESPONDENTS. A LITTLE MORE THAN 25 PERCENT DESIRED SUBSTANTIAL OR TOTAL CHANGE IN THEMSELVES. OTHER QUESTIONS INVOLVED QUALITIES IMPORTANT TO "GETTING AHEAD,"DESIRE FOR EDUCATION, CUSTOMARY SOURCES OF ADVICE, MOST IMPORTANTNEGRO LEADERS IN ATLANTA, ATTITUDES TOWARD RACIALPROBLEMS (INCLUDING APPROVAL OF VARIOUS CIVIL RIGHTS ORGANIZATIONSAND APPROACHES), DELINQUENCY, AND RELIGIOUS ATTITUDES. CONSIDERABLE AMBIVALENCE AND CONTRADICTION IN THE RESPONSES SUGGEST A SENSE OF CONFUSION AND TRANSITIONAMONG NEGRO YOUTH IN ATLANTA. AN APPENDIX CONTAINS AN EXHIBIT OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE. THIS DOCUMENT IS ALSO AVAILABLE FROMSOUTHERN REGIONAL COUNCIL, 5 FORSYTHSTREET, N.W., ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30318, FOR $0.50. (AF) Originally, the SouthernRegional Council conceived andplanned this study delinquency among as a surveyof the attitudes andvalues which contribute to urban Negro youth. It soonbecame apparent that thisphenomenon cannot be isolated from the otherserious problems whichface Negro youth today. Thus the scope of the study wasbroadened to encompass other areasof critical concern in theculture of youth. Hopefully, the results of thisstudy will give impetus to morecomprehensive research efforts in this areaand will provide the SouthernRegional Council's Project on Crime and Correctionswith a base upon which we maybuild other research programs a, we supportrelevant projects in the areaof delinquency prevention. We are indebted to Dr.James Conyers, AssociateProfessor, Department of Sociology, Atlanta University,and to William Farmar of theSouthern Regional Council for the production of thisdocument. We are very grateful to Dr.Martin Levin, Assistant Professorof Sociology, Emory University, whose counseland material assistance wereinvaluable contributions at every stage of the study. We are also indebted to Mr. LloydYarborough, Atlanta University School of Social Work, Mr. Ronald Sturrup,Street Worker, House of U. S. E., Butler Street YMCA, and Dr. Jack Schmidt,Community Council of the Atlanta Area, for their assistance as we developed theinstruments that were to be used in this study and in other planning areas. f Dr. Jarvis Barnes, Assistant Superintendentof Research and Development of the Atlanta Public Schools, was mostcooperative, as were the principals of Harper, Howard, Washington, Archer, and PriceHigh Schools, who were kind enough to grant us entry into their schools. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude toGeorge Lawrence, Eddie Collins, Joyce Smith, and William V. Frazier, all graduatestudents at Atlanta University, for the assistance they gave in Imy punchingand coding tasks. John 0. Boone, Director Project on Crime and Corrections Southern Regional Council, Inc. BLACK YOUTH IN A efforts to meet the challenges presented by youth are SOUTHERN METROPOLIS all too often designed, implemented, and administered by individuals who lack any kind of practical or the- INTRODUCTION: Purpose of the Study oretical understanding of the attitudes, aspirations, and perceived needs of the people whom the projects are In lie Twentieth Century, there has been a growing, designed to assist. More often than not, the problems to if gradual, recognition thatattitudes of youth are which youth programs must respond are stated in quasi- crucial to problems involving social change and social structural terms, but the treatment is directed toward control. This is especially true in countries where in- individualpathology.. The "Alicein Wonderland" dustrialization and the complexity of society's require- quality of such prngrnnle is essentially the reason why rnents are lengthening the period of childhood depend- the application of social welfare agency services on an ency, and where youth are taught to make choices and individual basis has not thus fak produced significant to evaluate alternatives, yet are robbed of a meaningful change. institutional base for participation in society. In Atlanta, as elsewhere, there is need for a reason- In trying to come to terms with problems of status, ably objective statement of the opinions and attitudes young people seize on varying adaptive mechanisms to of youth toward themselves, their communities, their bridge the "generation gap." While some youth retreat leaders and their city, as Negroes, and not merely as into a "drop-out" world, others develop individual victims of deprivation, as potential delinquents, incip- forms of pathology. Not enough is known at present ient rioters, or members of the various categories of about the process by which different youth adapt to "otherness" under which they are usually subsumed. the problems posed by age gradients and the social In view of the above considerations, the staff broad- system. One thing is certain, however: the values of ened the research objectives to include: (1) social and youth are increasingly central to the complex of changes background factors of Negro youth in Atlanta; (2) of which the adult world and its agencies of social con- neighborhood evaluation and problems; (3) attitudes trol have to take cognizance. If youth behave in ways toward the city of Atlanta; (4) self-concept, level of as- which conflict with cultural mores, agents of control piration, and significant reference group symbols and respond with programs intended to motivate and/or patterns of identification; (5) attitudes about Negro- reorient. If young people indulge in individual or group white relations, civil rights approaches and organiza- violence, programs of detention and/or reform are often tions, and (6) religious attitudes and participation.' forthcoming. Thus it is that as social requirements grow more complex and valuable skills take longer to acquire, the social structure responds with ever increasing force Approaches to Negro Youth to any kind of youthful behavior which threatens to There has been no comprehensive study of Negro undermine the roles (i.e., "student" or "apprentice") youth in America which has produced generalizations which young people are expected to assume. related to a body of theory and which is amenable to This paper was originally conceived as a study of empirical testing. Even the assumption that Negro Negro delinquency with implications and suggestions youth constitute a sub-culture different from white for correction and reform. Although this idea has not youth awaits further documentation and refinement. been completely abandoned, it was felt to be far too This is not to say that Negro youth have not been stud- narrow in its conception to have practical or theoretical ied. More often than not, however, the approach has significance for understanding black youth in a southern been focused either on the gang behavior of Negro metropolis. Stating the problem of black youth in terms youth,theirassumed "culturaldeprivation,"their of the many factors impinging upon their existence and motivation and school performance, their differential known to affect their behavior would seem to have more treatment, or on subjective "truths" and insights. relevance to delinquency than merely requesting in- In the 1940's the American Council on Education formation about delinquent acts, pqr se. conducted a series of studies in different sections of The most crucial aspects of reform partake of more the United States to explore the types of distinctive than mere delinquent acts. The objective conditions in problems Negro youth face in their development as which the Negro youth of America exist are the mater- individual personalities. The principal works which ials out of which meaningful reform and correction must came from this endeavor were: grow. In a Minor Key: Negro Youth in Story and Fact, It is an unfortunate fact that action programs for by Ira De A. Reid. social change, delinquency prevention projects, the on- 'The many questions that these topical headings represent may be seen going programs of social service agencies, and other by referring to the questionnaire found in the Appendix. [3] 71, =nZffe4ziarkliob,", Children of Bondage: The Personality Develop- this is not a study of all Negro youth. As a matter of ment of Negro Youth in the Urban South, by Al- convenience in data collection, only high school stud- lison Davis and John Dillard. ents were chosen. This means that youth below the :Ugh school level, in college, or in military service are Their Personality Negro Youth at the Crossways:
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