Salvia Macrosiphon Seeds and Seed Oil: Pharmacognostic, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties
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Research Journal of Pharmacognosy (RJP) 3(4), 2016: 27-37 Received: Feb 2106 Accepted: Aug 2016 Original article Salvia macrosiphon seeds and seed oil: pharmacognostic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties A. Hamedi1,2, A. Jamshidzadeh1,3, S. Ahmadi4, M. Sohrabpour1, M.M. Zarshenas1,5* 1Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 2Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 3Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 4Student Research Committee, International Branch, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. 5Department of Phytopharmaceuticals (Traditional Pharmacy), School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Abstract Background and objectives: Wild Sage (Salvia macrosiphon Boiss.) known as “Marvak” in Persian is one of the polymorphic and abundant plants of Lamiaceae. The plants whole seeds usually soaked or boiled in hot water are widely used for inflammatory ailments in folk medicine. Documents have shown that there is scant information on the chemical constituents of this plant seeds. The current study was carried out to assess the phytochemical constituents of Salvia macrosiphon seeds as well as anti-inflammatory activities. Methods: The seed oil extracted via a Soxhlet extractor was subjected to pharmacognostic assays using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of fatty acids and sterols as well as evaluation of the possible anti-inflammatory activities in rats. Results: Total ash, acid insoluble and water soluble ash values were determined as 51.67±7.53, 10.00±0.02 and 30.01±5.01 mg/g, respectively. HPTLC assessment revealed the presence of different steroids, triterpenes and fatty acids. Amount of sterols in oil was found 2.44, 24.92 and 4.60 mg/g for esterified β-sitosterol, free β-sitosterol and free stigmasterol, respectively. The α-linolenic acid (77.69±6.10%) was the principal fatty acid. Regarding the anti-inflammatory activity, the seed oil showed low activity in the early phase of formalin test; however, could not significantly inhibit the neutrophil-induced damage by reducing MPO activity in the paws of the rat. Conclusion: The seed oil did not exhibit satisfactory effects on acute inflammation in this study but considering the rich phytosterols content, the seed and its oil can be introduced as useful dietary supplements. Keywords: α-linolenic acid, pharmacognostic, Salvia macrosiphon, seed oil, β-sitosterol Introduction The Lamiaceae family encompasses more than species is the largest genus of Lamiaceae [1,2]. 236 genera and 7000 related species. Salvia Among all Salvia species, 56 are represented in (commonly known as sage) with about 900 the flora of Iran [3]. © Available at: http://rjpharmacognosy.ir Copy right 2014 by the Iranian Society of Pharmacognosy *Corresponding author: [email protected], Tel: +9871-32424127, Fax: +9871-32424256 Hamedi A. et al. Wild sage (Salvia macrosiphon Boiss.) is one of pharmaceutical manuscripts have indicated that the polymorphic and abundant plants of this herb can be used as diuretic, carminative and Lamiaceae and is widely distributed in Iran. This anti-flatulent. Instillation of the seeds with milk herbaceous and perennial plant appears in pale was reported effective in otic inflammations. yellowish green color and has lemon-scented Seeds have been applied to improve the aromatic odor [4]. Documents have shown that gastrointestinal weakness and if roasted, they there is little information about the chemical could be effective for diarrhea and intestinal constituents of this plant. Studies have abrasions. Traditional application of S. demonstrated linalool, hexyl hexanoate, hexyl macrosiphon leaves included uterine painful isovalerate, sclareol, and hexyl octanoate as conditions as well as headache and major essential oil constituents [5]. In other inflammations [13-15]. investigations, α-gurjunene, β-cubebene and germacrene-B have also reported as the main Apart from the aerial parts of S. macrosiphon, ingredients [6,7]. Moreover, some flavonoids investigations on the seeds are very little. such as eupatorin, salvigenin , 13-epi-manoyl Concerning the pharmacognosic and oxide and sitosterol have been isolated and phytochemical analysis of the seeds, only seed identified from the essential oil or the dimethyl gum has been investigated [16]. In this regard, ether extract S. macrosiphon aerial parts and the current study was carried out to assess the fresh stem [6,7]; furthermore, compounds such as pharmacognostic properties of wild sage seeds as flavones and flavone glycosides have been well as their anti-inflammatory activities. recently derived from the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of S. macrosiphon aerial parts Experimental [8]. Materials Literature reviews show the lack of N, O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide pharmacological investigations on S. (BSTFA), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), fatty acid macrosiphon. One report has shown the potent and phytosterol standards were purchased from antioxidant activity of the aerial part methanol Sigma-Aldrich (USA). All other solvents and extract (404.12±27.81 g FeSO4 in 100 g extract) reagents were obtained from Merck (Germany). [9]. An experimental study revealed the antitumor activity of the methanol extract Sample collection obtained from the aerial parts of S. macrosiphon Seeds of S. macrosiphon were collected from (IC50 77±1 μg/mL) [10]. In regard to the Banaruiyeh in Fars province ,Iran (May 2015). antimicrobial activity, S. macrosiphon essential They were authenticated by the botanist of oil showed the respective effects on Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Streptococcus pneumoniae [11]. Known as Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical “Marv”, “Tokhm-e-marv” or “Marvak” in Sciences. A voucher specimen (code: PM-58) Persian traditional medicine, the plants whole was preserved for further reference. The plant seeds usually soaked or boiled in hot water are material was subsequently powdered, sieved and widely used for inflammatory ailments especially kept in dark closed container. respiratory ailments [12]. In Iranian traditional markets and medicinal plants stores, seeds of this Physicochemical analysis natural medicament are mostly applied for Determination of total ash, acid insoluble ash and respiratory tract ailments in association with water soluble ash was employed in line with the other mucilaginous seeds. The seeds of S. standard analysis methods for quality control of macrosiphon involve large amounts of mucilage herbal medicines described in the World Health and thus possess demulcent effects [12]. On the Organization (WHO) guidelines [17]. To detect other hand, traditional Persian medical and the extractive values and High Performance Thin 28 RJP 3(4), 2016: 27-37 Salvia macrosiphon seeds and seed oil Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint acid. All chemicals and solvents were of analysis, 100 g of the powder was extracted with analytical grade purchased from Merck n-hexane by a Soxhlet extractor for 6 h. The (Germany) or Sigma Aldrich (USA) [19, 20]. residue was dried and subsequently macerated in dichloromethane and ethanol (48 h each). Fatty acid analysis of the seed oil Collected hexane, dichloromethane and ethanol Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared in line fractions were subsequently concentrated using a with the procedure explained by Official rotary evaporator. Each concentrated fraction was Methods of Analysis of AOAC [21]. Oil or then dried in a speed vacuum apparatus at 40 ºC. standard fatty acids (0.2 g) were kept in a Teflon The solvent free n-hexane fraction was labeled as caped test tube. Followed by adding 0.1 mL of the seed fixed oil-containing fraction. Dried hexadecanoic acid (2 g/L), as the internal fractions were weighed out and kept in Teflon standard a combination of toluene (1 mL) and caped tubes at -20 ºC. sulfuric acid in methanol (1%, 2 mL) was added Refractive index of the seed oil was measured at to the samples. The tubes were incubated at 50 40°C by using an automatic ATAGO Rx7000-α °C overnight. Subsequently, NaCl 5% solution digital refractometer (ATAGO, Japan). Oil was added and the required esters were extracted thermal behavior was assessed via differential with n-hexane (2×5mL). The extract was washed scanning clorimetry (DSC) on Bahr DSC 310 with sodium bicarbonate 2% solution and dried calorimeter (Germany). The temperature was by anhydrous Na2So4. The tubes were calibrated with indium. At a rate of 5 °C/min, the centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The upper oil temperature was decreased from room to -20 layer was moved to a test tube and the solvent °C, maintained for 5 min and then increased to was removed under a stream of nitrogen and kept 300 °C. An empty DSC pan was used as an inert at -20 °C. Prior to gas chromatography/mass reference [18]. spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, 500 μL n- hexane was added to dissolve the samples [18]. High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography To screen for the seed primary and secondary Isolation and TMS derivatization of sterols metabolites, 10 µL of dichloromethane and Following addition of 0.2 mg of free cholesterol ethanol fractions (5 mg/mL) as well as 2 µL of and cholesteryl heptadecanoate as the internal the oil sample were applied to HPTLC standards, the oil (300 μL) was applied to a (CAMAG, Switzerland) to the silica gel plate pipette pasture filled and packed with Silica gel 60F254 (10 - 20 cm, Merck, Germany). The and fractionated sequentially with A: 10 mL plates were run in non-polar (toluene- acetone, hexane- diethyl ether (200:1, v/v, fraction 1), B: 80:20, MP1), semi-polar (toluene- chloroform- 10 mL hexane- diethyl ether (96:4, v/v, fraction acetone, 40:25:35, MP2) and polar (n-butanol- 2) and C: 10 mL diethyl ether- acetic acid glacial acetic acid- water, 50:10:40, MP3) mobile (100:0.2, v/v, fraction 3). Wax esters and sterol phases. The TLC profile of the oil was run in esters were eluted in fraction 1, triacylglycerols chloroform- acetone- water (98:1.99:0.01, MP4).