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Late Quaternary Sediments of Lake Michigan

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Late Quaternary Sediments of Lake Michigan uj^^i^miSiSMi 2518 3051 00005 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://archive.org/details/latequaternaryse84wick LATE QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS OF LAKE MICHIGAN STUDIES OF LAKE MICHIGAN BOTTOM SEDIMENTS Number 13 Jerry T. Wickham, David L. Gross, Jerry A. Lineback, and Richard L. Thomas ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY NOTES 84 Jack A. Simon, Chief Number January 1978 Urbana, IL 61801 . Illinois—Geological Survey Environmental Geology Notes . EGN 84: Late Quaternary sediments of Lake Michigan. Jerry T. Wickham and others. January 1978. 26 p., illus., figs., tables. 28 cm. (Its Studies of Lake Michigan bottom sediments, no. 13) 1 . Sediments— Lake Michigan. 2. Geology, Stratigraphic—Quaternary. I. Wickham, Jerry T. (Series) LATE QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS OF LAKE MICHIGAN Jerry T. Wickham, David L. Gross, Jerry A. Lineback, and Richard L. Thomas Abstract INTRODUCTION Purpose Methods TOPOGRAPHY OF THE LAKE FLOOR 9 The southern basin The Mid-lake High The northern basin Green Bay The straits area STRATIGRAPHY OF LAKE MICHIGAN SEDIMENTS 13 Wedron Formation Wadsworth Till Member Shorewood Till Member Manitowoc Till Member Unnamed formation Two Rivers Till Member Equality Formation Carmi Member Lake Michigan Formation South Haven and Sheboygan Members Winnetka, Lake Forest, and Waukegan Members SUMMARY OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT RELATIONSHIPS 23 BIBLIOGRAPHY 25 Tables Table 1. Composition of Lake Michigan sediments 14 Figure 1. Late Pleistocene sediments underlying Lake Michigan Figure 2. Cruise tracks, sampling stations, and fix points for the August 1975 cruise of the C.S.S. Limnos Figure 3. Echograms from the southern, central, and northern parts of Lake Michigan showing the acoustical characteristics of the red and gray clays of the Lake Michigan Formation Figure 4. Example of a high-resolution profile of Lake Michigan bottom sediments taken during a cruise in October 1972 8 Figure 5. Generalized water depth 10 Figure 6. Thickness of the Equality Formation 15 Figure 7. Thickness of the Lake Michigan For- mation 18 Figure 8. Thickness of red clay 21 JT/iTf rBhUH Figure 9. Thickness of gray clay 22 LATE QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS OF LAKE MICHIGAN Jerry T. Wickham, David L. Gross, Jerry A. Lineback, and Richard L. Thomas A series of piston cores, gravity cores, and 5140 kilometers of subbottom echograms was obtained Abstract from Lake Michigan during a cruise aboard the C.S.S. Limnos in August 1975. After the echo- grams were correlated with the core descriptions, maps showing the thicknesses of several glacio- lacustrine and lacustrine stratigraphic units were constructed. Isopach maps prepared from the echograms, which show the distribution of lacustrine de- posits in Lake Michigan, were used to help identify the sediment sources of the units. The maps revealed that the glaciolacustrine Equality Formation is dis- continuous in Lake Michigan; however, in an area southwest of Grand Haven, Michigan, it displays a thickening that probably represents an offshore exten- sion of the Allendale Delta of the glacial Grand River. The two lower members of the overlying Lake Michigan Formation are thickest in the deepwater basins of Lake Michigan. These lower members are composed of an extremely fine- grained red glaciolacustrine clay deposited from suspension. In contrast, the upper three units of the Lake Michigan Formation are thickest in a belt along the eastern side of the lake and consist of gray clay resulting from erosion within the Lake Michigan drainage basin by waves and streams. A large influx of sediments from streams in western Michigan and possible redistribution of shoreline erosion debris by lake currents causes the accumulation of gray clay to be greatest on the eastern side of the lake. Acknowledgments The August 1975 cruise of the C.S.S. Limnos in Lake Michigan was a joint effort. Support by the Canada Centre for Inland Waters included the ship, most of the shipboard personnel, and the geological laboratory work and interpretive work necessary to characterize the sur- ficial sediment in the lake. The Illinois State Geological Survey provided shipboard per- sonnel and geological interpretations of echograms. R. L. Thomas and D. L. Gross were chief scientists for the first 24 days of the cruise, and J. A. Lineback served as chief scientist for the last three days. All are indebted to Captain N. L. Keeping and his crew for excellence in all aspects of the cruise. • R. L. Thomas is director of the Great Lakes Biolimnology Laboratory, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario. ILLINOIS STATE LATE QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS 0E LAKE MICHIGAN TFOLOGICAL SURVfcY LIBRARY , introduction Lake Michigan, which covers parts of Wisconsin, Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois, ranks third in area of the Laurentian Great Lakes and is the only Great Lake en- tirely within the United States. A complex sequence of glacial till and glacio- lacustrine and lacustrine sediments lie in a basin carved into Paleozoic bedrock beneath the lake. The distribution of Lake Michigan sediments is the result of events that took place during the waning stages of the last major continental glaciation (Wisconsinan) and during postglacial time (Holocene) (fig. 1). Stratigraphic, seismic, and sedimentological studies of the southern part of Lake Michigan Purpose have been published (Gross et al . , 1970; Line- back, Ayer, and Gross, 1970; Lineback et al . 1971; Lineback and Gross, 1972; Gross et al . 1972; and Lineback, Gross, and Meyer, 1972 and 1974). Seismic profiling efforts and detailed programs for sampling lake sedi- ments similar to the project reported here have been completed in the other Great Lakes by Thomas, Kemp, and Lewis (1972 and 1973) and Thomas et al . (1976). The results of this project are based on data obtained during an extensive re- search cruise by the Canadian Survey Ship Limnos during August 1975. Unlike earlier geological investigations of Lake Michigan, this cruise consisted of a systematic traverse over the entire lake basin, including Green Bay (fig. 2). The Pleistocene stratigraphic units previously recognized in the southern part of the lake (Lineback, Gross, and Meyer, 1972 and 1974) were mapped over the lake's entire extent. The .stratigraphic framework described here complements detailed mapping and descriptions of surficial sediments based on the same cruise (R. L. Thomas and others, in preparation). Analyses of the chemical compositions of the sediments are underway at the Illinois State Geological Survey. During August 1975, grab samples were collected at the intersections of a 14-by-l 4-kilometer Methods Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid over most of the lake bottom; a more detailed 7-by- 7-kilometer UTM grid was used in Green Bay and in the northeastern corner of the lake (fig. 2) Grab samples were obtained from 280 of the 296 sampling stations in the grid network. At the remaining 16 stations, coarse lag gravels or bedrock hin- dered or completely prevented recovery of samples. Descriptions of all the samples are in preparation by Thomas. Thirteen cores up to 1 meter long ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY NOTE 84 Series Stage Substage Formation Member Ravinia Sand Waukegan c oa> o Lake Forest o I Winnetka Lake Michigan Sheboygan Wilmette Bed illz Valderan South Haven LUo o Equality Carmi h- co LU 1 c / unnamed Two Rivers Till CL to _c c</> Twocreekan No deposits found o o (A 5 / Wedron Manitowoc Till Shorewood Till Woodford ian Wadsworth Till Figure 1. Late Pleistocene sediments underlying Lake Michigan were collected by using a Benthos coring device. Five other cores up to 18 meters long were collected with a 550-kilogram Alpine piston-coring device. The ship was navigated by means of a Decca 416 radar unit with a variable range marker. Fixes were determined upon arrival and departure at each sam- pling station and at 15-minute intervals between stations (fig. 2). The dis- tances between the ship and two or more identifiable shorelines, clocks, or major inland landmarks were determined by using the variable range marker. Locations were plotted on the navigation chart and recorded as longitude and latitude. The precision of the recorded positions is estimated to be within 500 meters in the center of the lake and somewhat more precise in nearshore areas. Continuous profiles were made by a Kelvin Hughes MS26B echosounder operating at 14.25 kHz. The echosounder provided accurate records in areas underlain by lacustrine sediment and allowed little or no acoustical penetra- tion in areas underlain by coarse gravel, till, or bedrock. Because Silver and Lineback (1972) determined the velocity of sound in lacustrine sediments cored from southern Lake Michigan to be within 10 percent of the velocity of sound in water, we used a uniform vertical scale in interpreting the profiles. Maximum acoustical penetration of the lake bottom was 35 meters. Records from the 14.25-kHz profiling provide neither the sharpness of detail nor the depth of sediment penetration obtained in earlier studies with 3.5- or 7.0-kHz high-resolution acoustical equipment (Lineback et al . , 1971). LATE QUATERNARY SEDIMENTS OF LAKE MICHIGAN — •4 '7* 7 i "a- YJHPP^ i i ^-T^-tO-?! ^ ">$ 0> *s **<\J \n ! ?> Ai /' \ / T * 1 \ Q£ ' 109 a. ^9^ ct •3 r /'in sf T / * / / * / * / $ * •'' * •- # *l" I'* XI hK V i 1/*/ j. / -^ ? / ? ?•—f??t—?vf5 \ ^ i ^ / $• © m 1? * ,' ! "> \ I iii / N* ?"?•*--•> ^9 Q QQ \ ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY NOTE 84 — 0) "O o> c en o (^ CO <u </> _ a> *•- o o a a - r st 01 < E C n o V i/> rO E 1/1 u t d o o< CD — CD ou U CO o C/1 ' .' cu +-> 3 5- U LT) tn 3 ~sH cXi * $ ^ « • 5 \ § > * <0 s in •r „ N§ '\£ ^ \* S- 03 S- 5 \ * *\ <o • «. /«> O o s- K. i- -C • c, # cv, ^ • • s N j \ v ^ \ to y „ ^ ^ ? c,o» c o ^ ^ "\2 Ni Xa \5 \q/ ^i y ST E co U) »^ O 5: Q \ ^ > to ^ * ,• •r- C7) \?x 4-> C \to / '^ / ^ L/ fT3 O .'V • • 4-> i N l/l t3 to / vi / CI >> c: '— •r- CO r— 3 d O E ^ (t> c: to i— 4-> •> C CO O ^.
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