Glacial Isostatic Adjustment of the Laurentian Great Lakes Basin
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I I I I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I
I I WISCONSIN I A Summary of Cooperative Water Resources Investigations I U.S. Geological Survey and I Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I 2000 USGS I science for a changing world I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I A SUMMARY OF COOPERATIVE WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water Resources Division I 8505 Research Way Middleton, Wisconsin 53562 and I WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES P.O. Box 7921 I Madison, Wisconsin 53707 I I I I I I I I i 2000 i I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I A Summary of Cooperative Water-Resources Investigations « U.S. Geological Survey and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources .- "V-._.-;; , - 2000 The cooperative program of water-resources investigations between the U.S. Geological Survey and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources began as a continuation of cooperative programs with the various State agencies which were merged to form the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. These investigations involve various aspects of research, resource evaluations, and water-quantity- and water- quality-monitoring activities. This is a brief summary report of the activities and plans for the cooperative projects during the July 1999 through June 2000 fiscal year. Each project summary includes a brief description of the objectives, approach, and progress during the 2000 fiscal year, and plans for the 2001 fiscal year. -
Lexicon of Pleistocene Stratigraphic Units of Wisconsin
Lexicon of Pleistocene Stratigraphic Units of Wisconsin ON ATI RM FO K CREE MILLER 0 20 40 mi Douglas Member 0 50 km Lake ? Crab Member EDITORS C O Kent M. Syverson P P Florence Member E R Lee Clayton F Wildcat A Lake ? L L Member Nashville Member John W. Attig M S r ik be a F m n O r e R e TRADE RIVER M a M A T b David M. Mickelson e I O N FM k Pokegama m a e L r Creek Mbr M n e M b f a e f lv m m i Sy e l M Prairie b C e in Farm r r sk er e o emb lv P Member M i S ill S L rr L e A M Middle F Edgar ER M Inlet HOLY HILL V F Mbr RI Member FM Bakerville MARATHON Liberty Grove M Member FM F r Member e E b m E e PIERCE N M Two Rivers Member FM Keene U re PIERCE A o nm Hersey Member W le FM G Member E Branch River Member Kinnickinnic K H HOLY HILL Member r B Chilton e FM O Kirby Lake b IG Mbr Boundaries Member m L F e L M A Y Formation T s S F r M e H d l Member H a I o V r L i c Explanation o L n M Area of sediment deposited F e m during last part of Wisconsin O b er Glaciation, between about R 35,000 and 11,000 years M A Ozaukee before present. -
Vegetation and Fire at the Last Glacial Maximum in Tropical South America
Past Climate Variability in South America and Surrounding Regions Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research VOLUME 14 Aims and Scope: Paleoenvironmental research continues to enjoy tremendous interest and progress in the scientific community. The overall aims and scope of the Developments in Paleoenvironmental Research book series is to capture this excitement and doc- ument these developments. Volumes related to any aspect of paleoenvironmental research, encompassing any time period, are within the scope of the series. For example, relevant topics include studies focused on terrestrial, peatland, lacustrine, riverine, estuarine, and marine systems, ice cores, cave deposits, palynology, iso- topes, geochemistry, sedimentology, paleontology, etc. Methodological and taxo- nomic volumes relevant to paleoenvironmental research are also encouraged. The series will include edited volumes on a particular subject, geographic region, or time period, conference and workshop proceedings, as well as monographs. Prospective authors and/or editors should consult the series editor for more details. The series editor also welcomes any comments or suggestions for future volumes. EDITOR AND BOARD OF ADVISORS Series Editor: John P. Smol, Queen’s University, Canada Advisory Board: Keith Alverson, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), UNESCO, France H. John B. Birks, University of Bergen and Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norway Raymond S. Bradley, University of Massachusetts, USA Glen M. MacDonald, University of California, USA For futher -
Lake Ontario a Voice!
Statue Stories Chicago: The Public Writing Competition Give Lake Ontario a voice! Behind the Art Institute of Chicago, is the Fountain of the Great Lakes. Within the famous fountain is the wistful figure of Lake Ontario. She sits apart from her sister lakes, gazing into the distance with arms outstretched. But what does she have to say for herself? Write a Monologue! Monologos means “speaking alone” in Greek, but we all know that people who speak without thinking about their listener can be very dull indeed. Your challenge is to find a ‘voice’ for your statue and to write an engaging monologue in 350 words. Get under your statue’s skin! Look closely and develop a sense of empathy with the sculpture and imagine how it would feel. How does Lake Ontario feel about her sister lakes? Invite your listener to feel with you: create shifts in tempo and emotion, use different tenses, figures of speech and anecdotes, sensory details and even sound effects. Finding your sculpture’s voice? Write in the first person and adopt the persona of your character: What kind of vocabulary will you use - your own or that of another era/dialect? Your words will be spoken so read them aloud: use their rhythm and your sentence structure to convey emotion and urgency. Read great monologues for inspiration, for example Hamlet’s Alas Poor Yorick, or watch film monologues, like Morgan Freeman’s in The Shawshank Redemption. How will you keep people listening? Structure your monologue! How will you introduce yourself? With a greeting, a warning, a question, an order, a riddle? Grab and hold your listener’s attention from your very first line. -
Southern Accent July 1953 - September 1954
Southern Adventist University KnowledgeExchange@Southern Southern Accent - Student Newspaper University Archives & Publications 1953 Southern Accent July 1953 - September 1954 Southern Missionary College Follow this and additional works at: https://knowledge.e.southern.edu/southern_accent Recommended Citation Southern Missionary College, "Southern Accent July 1953 - September 1954" (1953). Southern Accent - Student Newspaper. 33. https://knowledge.e.southern.edu/southern_accent/33 This Book is brought to you for free and open access by the University Archives & Publications at KnowledgeExchange@Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Southern Accent - Student Newspaper by an authorized administrator of KnowledgeExchange@Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SOUTHERN msmm college UBRMV THE OUTH^^ ACCENT Souchern Missionary^ollege, Collegedale, Tennessee, July 3. 1953 o lleven SMC Graduates Ordained Young Men Ordained to M^ Kennedy Supervises Varied Gospel Ministry f. at Five Iprog am of Summer Activities Southern Union Camp Meetings fcht chapel scat Wednesday e c n ng br ngs these comn ents for once tadi week we ha\e chapel Many % r cd ch-ipel progran s ha e been '> p anned bj Dr R chard Hammill of the college rfOMffliililiins ! Thursday udenb and it d(-r e\en ng at the ball field br ngs torth to bu Id up cred cheers as a runner si des the hon e or as the umpire calls 6tr kc Three Student o^ram Comm ... and h ult) al ke mansh p of Profc share the thr II of a hon e run V d) hi\e out! ned Come th me -
Indiana Glaciers.PM6
How the Ice Age Shaped Indiana Jerry Wilson Published by Wilstar Media, www.wilstar.com Indianapolis, Indiana 1 Previiously published as The Topography of Indiana: Ice Age Legacy, © 1988 by Jerry Wilson. Second Edition Copyright © 2008 by Jerry Wilson ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 For Aaron and Shana and In Memory of Donna 3 Introduction During the time that I have been a science teacher I have tried to enlist in my students the desire to understand and the ability to reason. Logical reasoning is the surest way to overcome the unknown. The best aid to reasoning effectively is having the knowledge and an understanding of the things that have previ- ously been determined or discovered by others. Having an understanding of the reasons things are the way they are and how they got that way can help an individual to utilize his or her resources more effectively. I want my students to realize that changes that have taken place on the earth in the past have had an effect on them. Why are some towns in Indiana subject to flooding, whereas others are not? Why are cemeteries built on old beach fronts in Northwest Indiana? Why would it be easier to dig a basement in Valparaiso than in Bloomington? These things are a direct result of the glaciers that advanced southward over Indiana during the last Ice Age. The history of the land upon which we live is fascinating. Why are there large granite boulders nested in some of the fields of northern Indiana since Indiana has no granite bedrock? They are known as glacial erratics, or dropstones, and were formed in Canada or the upper Midwest hundreds of millions of years ago. -
Chapter 1. Natural History
CHAPTER 1. NATURAL HISTORY CHAPTER 1. NATURAL HISTORY —THE WILDERNESS THAT GREETED THE FIRST SETTLERS The land one sees today traveling through northern Ohio took gone. Thus, some 14,000 years ago as the last glacier receded millions of years to form. We can see evidence of tropical sea into the Lake Erie basin, the first Native Americans arrived and reefs on the Lake Erie Islands and deep ocean sediments here in began to utilize the natural resources that these natural processes the cliffs of the Black River. Ohio was just south of the equator had produced. at that time, some 350 million years ago, and over the millennia The natural history of Sheffield encompasses all those natural has migrated northward to its present position. Mountain features and processes of the environment that greeted the Native building to the east eventually raised the sea floor from under Americans, and later the pioneers, when they first arrived in the waves and erosion by streams, and later glacial ice, began Sheffield. To be sure, the landscape was a magnificent wilderness to sculpture the land. At the same time plants and animals were to the settlers, but it needed to be “tamed” in order to support evolving and began to populate the new land once the ice was the newcomers. Ice formation on the shale bluff of the Black River north of Garfield Bridge (2005). 1 BICENTENNIAL HISTORY OF SHEFFIELD TOPOGRAPHY Regional Physiography The topography of an area is the configuration of the land Physiography refers to the physical features or landforms of surface, including its relief [vertical differences in elevation of a region. -
Post-Glacial Lake Nipissing Waterworn Assemblages from the Southeastern Huron Basin Area
39 Post-Glacial Lake Nipissing Waterworn Assemblages from the Southeastern Huron Basin Area Chris J. Ellis and D. Brian Deller Artifacts from eight locations in the Thedford embay- of the area is the modern Lake Huron shore which ment area have been modified by the post-glacial waters is lined by a series of well-developed sand dunes of the Lake Nipissing phase prior to about 4000 to 4500 formed on a baymouth bar of the Nipissing phase years ago. The location of these sites relative to other (Cooper 1979:35). Partially because of the encom- inferred pre-Nipissing strandlines in the region and de- tailed external artifact comparisons provide new' infor- passing baymouth bar, drainage of the area is poor mation on the age and sequence of early preceramic and prior to modern alterations designed to make occupations in the lower Great Lakes. the area suitable for market gardening, the area was predominantly low and marshy and contained a Introduction small lake (Smith Lake). The major drainage through the area today is the Ausable River and its While the general trend in the lower Great Lakes tributaries such as Parkhill Creek (Fig. 2). throughout much of the earlier part of the post- The sequence of pro- and post-glacial lake level glacial sequence was for water levels to be much changes throughout the Great Lakes is a complex lower than modern lake levels, the Nipissing trans- one and the southern Huron basin is no exception. gression of circa 5000 BP was an exception. At By about 12,500 years ago, the Warren series of that time, water levels rose to a height above the pro-glacial lakes had formed between the Wyoming modern Lakes Huron-Michigan levels and inun- Moraine south of the study area and the retreating dated a number of sites ranging from Paleo-Indian ice-sheet (Fig. -
Imaging Laurentide Ice Sheet Drainage Into the Deep Sea: Impact on Sediments and Bottom Water
Imaging Laurentide Ice Sheet Drainage into the Deep Sea: Impact on Sediments and Bottom Water Reinhard Hesse*, Ingo Klaucke, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada William B. F. Ryan, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964-8000 Margo B. Edwards, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 David J. W. Piper, Geological Survey of Canada—Atlantic, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia B2Y 4A2, Canada NAMOC Study Group† ABSTRACT the western Atlantic, some 5000 to 6000 State-of-the-art sidescan-sonar imagery provides a bird’s-eye view of the giant km from their source. submarine drainage system of the Northwest Atlantic Mid-Ocean Channel Drainage of the ice sheet involved (NAMOC) in the Labrador Sea and reveals the far-reaching effects of drainage of the repeated collapse of the ice dome over Pleistocene Laurentide Ice Sheet into the deep sea. Two large-scale depositional Hudson Bay, releasing vast numbers of ice- systems resulting from this drainage, one mud dominated and the other sand bergs from the Hudson Strait ice stream in dominated, are juxtaposed. The mud-dominated system is associated with the short time spans. The repeat interval was meandering NAMOC, whereas the sand-dominated one forms a giant submarine on the order of 104 yr. These dramatic ice- braid plain, which onlaps the eastern NAMOC levee. This dichotomy is the result of rafting events, named Heinrich events grain-size separation on an enormous scale, induced by ice-margin sifting off the (Broecker et al., 1992), occurred through- Hudson Strait outlet. -
2. Blue Hills 2001
Figure 1. Major landscape regions and extent of glaciation in Wisconsin. The most recent ice sheet, the Laurentide, was centered in northern Canada and stretched eastward to the Atlantic Ocean, north to the Arctic Ocean, west to Montana, and southward into the upper Midwest. Six lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet entered Wisconsin. Scale 1:500,000 10 0 10 20 30 PERHAPS IT TAKES A PRACTICED EYE to appreciate the landscapes of Wisconsin. To some, MILES Wisconsin landscapes lack drama—there are no skyscraping mountains, no monu- 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 mental canyons. But to others, drama lies in the more subtle beauty of prairie and KILOMETERS savanna, of rocky hillsides and rolling agricultural fi elds, of hillocks and hollows. Wisconsin Transverse Mercator Projection The origin of these contrasting landscapes can be traced back to their geologic heritage. North American Datum 1983, 1991 adjustment Wisconsin can be divided into three major regions on the basis of this heritage (fi g. 1). The fi rst region, the Driftless Area, appears never to have been overrun by glaciers and 2001 represents one of the most rugged landscapes in the state. This region, in southwestern Wisconsin, contains a well developed drainage network of stream valleys and ridges that form branching, tree-like patterns on the map. A second region— the northern and eastern parts of the state—was most recently glaciated by lobes of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which reached its maximum extent about 20,000 years ago. Myriad hills, ridges, plains, and lakes characterize this region. A third region includes the central to western and south-central parts of the state that were glaciated during advances of earlier ice sheets. -
Champlain Valley (Why Are Clay Soils Where They Are?)
Geomorphic history of the Champlain Valley (why are clay soils where they are?) part 1) How did landscape evolve and where do “clay” minerals come from? part 2) How were they deposited in Lake Vermont/ Champlain Sea? part 3) Can we predict the distribution of “clay” thickness? (…can we compare prediction with what people observe) 500,000,000 years Today ~500,000,000 years: Sediments of “Champlain Valley Sequence” deposited on shoreline of ancient ocean Monkton quartzite + Taconic Slates Limestones + Marbles ~460,000,000 years: Collision of island arc causes thrusting + metamorphism Champlain Thrust Fault Champlain Thrust: -Exposed at Snake Mtn + Mt. Philo -delineates boundary between “low” and “mid” grade metamorphic rocks -Marbles pf middlebury syncline folded along back of thrust -Topography of Addison County reflects erodibility of bedrock: T1: lower surface: “low grade” sedimentary rocks below thrust (e.g. shale) T2: upper surface: “mid grade” meta-sedimentary rocks above thrust (e.g. marble) Green Mountains= “high grade” metamorphic rocks (e.g. schist and gneiss) T1 T2 Green Mtn gneiss Geologic map of Addison County Taconics Part 2: How were clays deposited in Lake Vermont and the Champlain Sea? 500,000,000 years Today ~96,000 - 20,000 years (i.e. yesterday…): Champlain Valley sat below 1-3 km of ice Soils and clay minerals from previous inter-glacial cycles were stripped by advancing glaciers Rocks were ground into “clay size fraction” and trapped under ice retreating glacial ice withdrew from Champlain Valley between ~14-13 kyr Many depositional features in Champlain Valley record ice retreat -Layers of “basal till” deposited beneath ice sheets (coarse, angular, poorly sorted debris) -Meltwater streams flow between glacier and hillslopes -Sedimentary deposits accumulate, leaving ‘kame terraces’ when glacier retreats Lake Vermont had 2+ stages: Coveville: Ice dammed in So. -
Constraints on Lake Agassiz Discharge Through the Late-Glacial Champlain Sea (St
Quaternary Science Reviews xxx (2011) 1e10 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quascirev Constraints on Lake Agassiz discharge through the late-glacial Champlain Sea (St. Lawrence Lowlands, Canada) using salinity proxies and an estuarine circulation model Brandon Katz a, Raymond G. Najjar a,*, Thomas Cronin b, John Rayburn c, Michael E. Mann a a Department of Meteorology, 503 Walker Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA b United States Geological Survey, 926A National Center, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA 20192, USA c Department of Geological Sciences, State University of New York at New Paltz, 1 Hawk Drive, New Paltz, NY 12561, USA article info abstract Article history: During the last deglaciation, abrupt freshwater discharge events from proglacial lakes in North America, Received 30 January 2011 such as glacial Lake Agassiz, are believed to have drained into the North Atlantic Ocean, causing large Received in revised form shifts in climate by weakening the formation of North Atlantic Deep Water and decreasing ocean heat 25 July 2011 transport to high northern latitudes. These discharges were caused by changes in lake drainage outlets, Accepted 5 August 2011 but the duration, magnitude and routing of discharge events, factors which govern the climatic response Available online xxx to freshwater forcing, are poorly known. Abrupt discharges, called floods, are typically assumed to last months to a year, whereas more gradual discharges, called routing events, occur over centuries. Here we Keywords: Champlain sea use estuarine modeling to evaluate freshwater discharge from Lake Agassiz and other North American Proglacial lakes proglacial lakes into the North Atlantic Ocean through the St.