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Appendix D Fire Load Energy Densities

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Appendix D Fire Load Energy Densities Fire Engineering Design Guide A H Buchanan editor university of canterbury • fire engineering programme centre for advanced engineering • christchurch • new zealand second edition • april 2001 ISBN 0-908993-21-8 Printing History First Edition 1994 Reprinted April 1995 Reprinted December 1996 Second Edition April 2001 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise disseminated, in any form or by any means, except for the purposes of research or private study, criticism or review, without the prior permission of the Centre for Advanced Engineering. Copyright © 2001 Centre for Advanced Engineering Publisher Centre for Advanced Engineering University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand Editorial Services, Graphics and Book Design Charles Hendtlass, Centre for Advanced Engineering. Graphics reproduced from the first edition drawn by Janine Griffin. Printing Wickliffe Press, Christchurch Cover Design Origin Design, Wellington Photograph Credits Cover photograph shows the Canterbury Regional Council building fire of 17 November 1992. Disclaimer It will be noted that the authorship of this document has been attributed to the many individuals and organisations involved in its production. While all sections have been subject to review and final editing, the opinions expressed remain those of the authors responsible and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Centre for Advanced Engineering. No responsibility is taken by the authors, their employers or sponsoring organisations for the safety of any persons or property in buildings designed using this document or the buildings themselves. Recommendations need to be interpreted with care and judgement. Preface The purpose of this Design Guide is to provide an introduction to fire engineering. It will be useful for those wishing to carry out or review specific fire engineering designs to meet the requirements of the New Zealand Building Code or the Building Code of Australia. The first edition of this Guide reported the findings of a study group formed by the Structural Engineering Society New Zealand, and the New Zealand Fire Protection Association in 1992, following the introduction of the Building Act in 1991. The Building Act consolidated a wide range of previous legislation relating to building construction, established the Building Industry Authority (BIA), and required all new construction to be in accordance with the New Zealand Building Code, in a performance-based framework. The fire safety performance requirements of the Building Code can be met either by complying with the prescriptive provisions of the BIA Acceptable Solution, or by an “alternative solution” involving specific fire engineering design. This Guide provides a framework for carrying out specific fire engineering design when the Acceptable Solution is not applicable, the owner’s requirements go beyond those of the Building Code, or when additional benefits in cost or safety are warranted. The second edition of this Design Guide has been produced by members of the original study group, with help from several new contributors. It has been updated throughout with new material and recent references. New sections include: • Documentation and peer reviews • Domestic fire safety • Design fires for computer modelling • Updated tenability limits • New fire detector technology • Regulatory framework in Australia Fire protection engineering is a vast and rapidly expanding discipline. It is hoped that this book will provide a useful introduction to the subject for all those involved in the design or assessment of fire safety in buildings, and for many others including students and fire fighters. Andy Buchanan University of Canterbury March 2001 i ii Australian Preface I wish to welcome Australian readers to the Fire Engineering Design Guide. While this Design Guide was written primarily for use in New Zealand, the second edition has been modified with the Australian design process and the Australian practitioner in mind. Clearly a number of aspects of the building codes, legislation and regulations differ between Australia and New Zealand. However, there is a similarity between many of the Performance Requirements, and fire safety engineering in both countries is based on common fundamentals of fire science and engineering. This Design Guide therefore provides a range of analytical methods, data and design approaches, which many Australian fire engineers and approval authorities may find useful. It also highlights the Australian performance requirements and refers to Australian standards and other documents to which design professionals in Australia and New Zealand may refer. This Fire Engineering Design Guide does not replace the “Fire Engineering Guidelines” developed by the Fire Code Reform Centre for use in Australia. Rather it is complementary and offers Australian fire engineers an additional information resource in a rapidly expanding field of endeavour. Peter Johnson Arup Fire, Melbourne March 2001 iii iv Acknowledgements The first edition of this document was produced by a study group formed by the New Zealand Structural Engineering Society and the New Zealand Fire Protection Association in 1992. The second edition was produced with the help of many of the original authors and some new contributors in 2000, incorporating corrections and improvements. The original study group and new contributors include the following: Andy Buchanan (Convenor) University of Canterbury Dave Allen New Zealand Fire Service David Barber Arup Fire, Melbourne David Barnard Cement and Concrete Association Cliff Barnett Macdonald Barnett Partners Ian Billings Beca Carter Hollings and Ferne Richard Brand Beca Carter Hollings and Ferner Barry Brown Fraser Thomas Ltd Peter Byrne Sinclair Knight Merz Carol Caldwell Caldwell Consulting Ltd Jim Clarke Fraser Thomas Ltd Paul Clements Fire Risk Consultants Charles Clifton N.Z. Heavy Engineering Research Association Simon Davis New Zealand Fire Service Roger Estall M&M Protection Consultants Charley Fleischmann University of Canterbury Marianne Foley Holmes Fire and Safety, Sydney John Fraser N.Z. Fire Protection Association Hans Gerlich Winstone Wallboards Ltd Tony Gibson Gibson Consultants Peter Johnson Arup Fire, Melbourne Sandy Lawson Institution of Fire Engineers Peter Lowe University of Auckland Peter Smith Spencer Holmes Ltd Mike Spearpoint University of Canterbury Ian Thomas BHP Melbourne Research Laboratory Colleen Wade Building Research Association of New Zealand The text was assembled and edited by Andy Buchanan who wrote most of the material not referred to below. Major contributions were made by Cliff Barnett (Chapters 6,8 & 13), Stuart Bould (Chapter 9), Richard Brand (Chapter 10), Barry Brown (Chapter 15), Peter Byrne (Chapters 12 & 13), Paul Clements (Chapter 11), Charles Clifton (Chapter 5), Charley Fleischmann (Chapter 6 & 14), Russell Gregory (Chapter 9), Peter Johnson (Chapter 16) and Colleen Wade (Chapter 8). Committee members of the New Zealand Chapter of the Society of Fire Protection Engineers assisted with reviewing the second edition. Final editing for publication was done by Charles Hendtlass of the Centre for Advanced Engineering, University of Canterbury. Graphics were done by Charles Hendtlass and Janine Griffin. Financial assistance to this project was provided by the Centre for Advanced Engineering. The contributions of the employer organisations listed above are gratefully acknowledged. v Structural Engineering Society New Zealand The New Zealand Structural Engineering Society (SESOC) promotes the science, art and practise of structural engineering, the advancement and dissemination of knowledge relating to structural engineering and provides a forum for structural engineering practitioners to communicate among themselves and the public. The Society is a technical group of the Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (IPENZ). [www.sesoc.org.nz] Fire Protection Association The New Zealand Fire Protection Association (FPA) actively promotes fire prevention, fire detection and fire protection, encourages and provides training for the fire protection community, and is a forum for all activities which relate to the protection of life and property from fire. Society of Fire Protection Engineers The New Zealand Chapter of the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE)is a professional association for those with an interest in the development, application and promotion of scientific and engineering methods to reduce the risk and effects of unwanted fires. The Chapter is a Technical Group of the Institution of Professional Engineers New Zealand (IPENZ). [www.sfpe.org.nz] University of Canterbury The Fire Engineering Programme at the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, carries out research into many aspects of fire science and fire safety in buildings, and offers Masters and Ph.D. degrees in related topics. The programme is partially supported by the New Zealand Fire Service. [www.civil.canterbury.ac.nz] CAE The Centre for Advanced Engineering was established in May 1987 as a centre for the promotion and encouragement of innovation and excellence in engineering and technology, to commerorate the Centenary of the School of Engineering at the University of Canterbury. Through a range of projects, publications and symposia, CAE brings together selected groups of experts who provide specialist knowledge relevant to the engineering and related professions,
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