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Selecting Design Fires Selecting design fires Staffansson, Leif 2010 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Staffansson, L. (2010). Selecting design fires. Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety, Lund University. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Selecting design fires Leif Staffansson Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety Lund University, Sweden Brandteknik och Riskhantering Lunds tekniska högskola Lunds universitet Report 7032 Lund 2010 Selecting design fires Leif Staffansson Lund 2010 Selecting design fires Leif Staffansson Report 7032 ISSN: 1402-3504 ISRN: LUTVDG/TVBB--7032--SE Number of pages: 105 Illustrations: Leif Staffansson Keywords Design fires, fire characteristics, heat release rate, deterministic analysis. Sökord Dimensionerande brand, brandegenskaper, effektutveckling, deterministisk analys. Abstract The fire safety of a performance-based design is often evaluated using deterministic analysis. In deterministic analysis, a number of representative fire scenarios, the design fire scenarios, are described and analysed. A quantitative description of the assumed fire characteristics for each fire scenario must then be made. These assumed fire characteristics are referred to as the design fire, i.e. there is one design fire associated with each design fire scenario. A design fire is often described in terms of heat release rate, fire load, toxic species and smoke production rate. This report provides exhaustive guidance for selecting design fires and it should be a useful resource for the fire protection engineer working with analyses involving design fires. The report describes a step-by-step working method for selecting design fires and explains factors that affect the design fire. The report also includes relevant calculation methods and references to where more data can be found. © Copyright: Department of Fire Safety Engineering and Systems Safety, Lund University, Lund 2010. Brandteknik och Riskhantering Department of Fire Safety Engineering Lunds tekniska högskola and Systems Safety Lunds universitet Lund University Box 118 P.O. Box 118 221 00 Lund SE-221 00 Lund Sweden [email protected] http://www.brand.lth.se [email protected] http://www.brand.lth.se/english Telefon: 046 - 222 73 60 Telefax: 046 - 222 46 12 Telephone: +46 46 222 73 60 Fax: +46 46 222 46 12 Table of contents List of symbols and abbreviations .................................................................................... viii PART 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 3 1.1 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Objective .................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Outline of the report .............................................................................................. 4 2 The fire safety design process .................................................................................. 5 2.1 Evaluation of the trial designs .............................................................................. 7 2.1.1 Deterministic analysis ............................................................................................ 7 2.1.2 Probabilistic analysis .............................................................................................. 8 PART 2 THEORETICAL SECTION .............................................................................. 9 3 Working method ...................................................................................................... 11 4 Enclosure fire development ................................................................................... 17 5 Combustion ............................................................................................................... 19 5.1 Smouldering combustion .................................................................................... 19 5.2 Flaming combustion ............................................................................................ 19 6 Quantifying design fires .......................................................................................... 21 6.1.1 Using actual tests ................................................................................................. 21 6.1.2 Using algorithms derived from tests ................................................................. 22 6.1.3 Calculations based on tested properties and materials .................................. 22 6.1.4 Mathematical models of fire spread and development .................................. 22 6.1.5 Estimations based on use and occupancy ........................................................ 22 7 Uncertainties with experimental data ................................................................... 23 7.1 Measuring technique ............................................................................................ 23 7.2 Full-scale methods ................................................................................................ 23 7.3 Bench-scale methods ........................................................................................... 24 7.4 Using test methods to determine parameters .................................................. 24 7.4.1 Choosing values from several test data ............................................................ 25 PART 3 PRACTICAL SECTION ................................................................................. 27 8 Fire initiation ............................................................................................................. 29 9 Schematic design fire ............................................................................................... 31 9.1 Smouldering or flaming ....................................................................................... 31 9.2 Predicting flashover .............................................................................................. 31 9.3 Suggested approach .............................................................................................. 32 10 Initial fire characteristics ......................................................................................... 33 10.1 Smouldering fires .................................................................................................. 33 10.2 Flaming fires .......................................................................................................... 33 10.2.1 Growth stage – heat release rate ..................................................................... 33 10.2.2 Fully developed fire – peak heat release rate ................................................. 37 10.2.3 Calculating the peak heat release for the fuel-controlled fire ..................... 38 10.2.4 Calculating the peak heat release for the ventilation-controlled fire ......... 39 10.3 Prediction of combustion products species ..................................................... 41 10.3.1 Suggested approach ........................................................................................... 45 11 Ventilation ................................................................................................................. 47 12 Fire suppression ....................................................................................................... 49 12.1 Automatic water sprinkler systems .................................................................... 51 12.1.1 Suggested approach ........................................................................................... 52 12.2 Gaseous fire suppression systems ...................................................................... 52 12.3 Other suppression systems ................................................................................. 53 13 Flashover ................................................................................................................... 55 13.1.1 Suggested approach ........................................................................................... 56 14 Fuel becoming consumed ......................................................................................
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