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Notes Introduction 1. Reproduced in W. G. Knop, Compiler, Beware of the English: German Propa- ganda Exposes England (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1939), p. 147. 2. Lewis F. Richardson, Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (London, Stevens, 1960), pp. 173–175. Britain had participated in most wars, Germany in most bat- tles, though Richardson warned his readers about the tentative nature of the statistics. 3. Ramsay Muir, The Expansion of Europe (London, Constable, 1935), p. 2. For a different formulation of the same pervasive thought, see Lord Acton, Lectures on Modern History (London, Fontana, 1960), p. 44 and Sir J. R. Sleeley, The Expansion of England (London, Macmillan, 1900), p. 212. 4. Philip Everts and Pierangelo Isernia (eds), Public Opinion and the International Use of Force (London, Routledge, 2001). 5. For a recent examination of the motives behind British and US foreign policy, see Walter Russell Mead, God and Gold: Britain, America and the Making of the Modern World (London, Atlantic Books, 2007). 6. Statement on Defence Estimates 1996, Cm 3223 (London, HMSO, 2006), p. 3. 7. The Military Balance 2008 (London, International Institute for Strategic Stud- ies/Routledge, 2008), p. 161. See also the speech by Tony Blair at the R.U.S.I. on 11 January 2007. 8. François Crouzet, ‘The impact of the French Wars on the British Economy’ in H. T. Dickinson (ed.), Britain and French Revolution, 1789–1815 (Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1989), p. 195. For casualty statistics on the First World War, see David Stevenson, 1914–1918: The History of the First World War (London, Allen Lane, 2004 ), p. 20. 9. Alex Mercer, Disease, Mortality and Population in Transition (Leicester, Leicester University Press, 1990). 10. Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York, Galaxy/Oxford, 1966); Yuval Noah Harari, Renaissance Military Memoirs: War, History and Identity (Woodbridge, Suffolk, Boydell, 2004). 11. R. B. McCallum, Public Opinion and the Last Peace (London, Oxford University Press, 1944). 12. William Roger Louis, Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonisation (London, Tauris, 2006). 13. ‘British Institute of Public Opinion’, Public Opinion Quarterly, March 1940; Jean Owen, ‘The polls and newspaper appraisal of the Suez Crisis’, Public Opinion Quarterly, Fall 1957, pp. 350–354; Anthony King (ed.), British Political Opinion 1937–2000 (London, Politicos, 2001); ‘The war with Iraq: The ides of March Poll’, MORI at http:/www.mori.com/polls/2003/Iraq3 downloaded 11 August 2003. 166 Notes 167 14. David Dilks (ed.), The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan 1938–1945 (London, Cassell, 1971), p. 447, entry for 17 April 1942. 15. J. W. Fortescue, British Statesmen of the Great War 1793–1814 (Oxford, Claren- don Press, 1911). For a defence of Pitt’s strategy, see Piers Mackesy, ‘Strategic problems of the British war effort’, in Dickinson, Britain and the French Revolution. 16. David Lloyd George, War Memoirs (London, Odhams Press, 1938), preface; Stephen Roskill, Churchill and the Admirals (London, Collins, 1977); Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (eds), War Diaries 1939–1945: Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2001). 17. For civil–military relations in Britain, see Hew Strachan, The Politics of the British Army (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1997). 18. Jeremy Black, The English Press (Stroud, Sutton Publishers, 2001), Chapters 1 and 10. 19. Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons (HoC), July–October 1990, column 762. 20. J. A. Hobson, The Psychology of Jingoism (London, Grant Richards, 1901); C. E. Playne, The Neurosis of the Nations (London, George Allen and Unwin, 1925); Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (New York, Free Press Paperbacks, 1997). 21. Lloyd George, War Memoirs, particularly the Foreword. 22. Sir Alfred Zimmern, Spiritual Values and World Affairs (Oxford, Oxford Uni- versity Press, 1939). 23. ‘Two nations: The curious role of social class in modern politics’, The Times, 9 June 2004; John E. Mueller, War, Presidents and Public Opinion (New York, John Wiley, 1973), p. 272. Seventy-five per cent of college-educated were in favour of the Korean War in August 1951 against 49 per cent of grade-school- educated. 24. For a discussion of the debates about the First World War, see Brian Bond, The Unquiet Western Front: Britain’s Role in Literature and History (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002). 25. A century beforehand, a British soldier serving in the Spanish Peninsula had complained, ‘the duties of a besieging force are both harrowing and severe; and, I know not how it is, death in the trenches never carries with it the stamp of glory which seals the memory of those who perish in a well-fought field’. See Moyle Sherer, Recollections of the Peninsula (Staplehurst, Kent, Spellmount Library, 1996), p. 152. 26. Parliamentary Debates, House of Lords (HoL), 17 March 2003. 27. W. Trotter, Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War (London, Ernest Benn, 1930, first published 1916); Wilson, Patriotic Gore,p.xi. 28. Public Opinion Quarterly 1945–6, pp. 385 and 391. 29. For reactions to the end of the war with Japan, see H. G. Nicholas (ed.), Wash- ington Despatches 1941–1945: Weekly Political Reports from the British Embassy (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1981), pp. 598 ff.; Hadley Cantril and Mildred Strunk, Public Opinion 1935–1946 (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1951), p. 20. 30. MORI, ‘War with Iraq: Public view’, 19 November 2002, www.mori.com/polls/ 2002/Iraq-approval.shtml. MORI, ‘End of the Baghdad bounce’, 8 June 2003, www.mori.com/polls/2003/t030526.shtml. 168 Notes 31. Linda L. Clark, Social Darwinism in France (Alabama, University of Alabama Press, 1984); Paul Crook, Darwinism, War and History (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994). 32. Ironically Charles Darwin himself had always seen that this was the case in warfare, see Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (London, Penguin, 2004), p. 154. 1 Culture and Circumstance 1. A. H. Halsey, Change in British Society (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1981), p. 2. 2. Viscount Grey of Fallodon, Twenty-Five Years: 1892–1916 (London, Hodder and Stoughton, 1925), Volume 2, p. 1. 3. Francis Beer, Peace Against War: The Ecology of International Violence (San Francisco, Freeman, 1981), p. 16. 4. I use the term ‘culture’ rather than ‘character’ to emphasise its ability to change. On character, see Sir Ernest Barker, National Character and the Fac- tors in its Formation (London, Methuen, fourth and revised edition 1948); Daniel Jenkins, The British: Their Identity and the Churches (SCM Press, Lon- don, 1975); Peter Mandler, The English National Character: The History of an Idea from Edmund Burke to Tony Blair (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2006). 5. For the way in which European romantic notions increased the gap between Japanese and Western culture, see Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze: Cherry Blossom and Nationalisms (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2002). 6. Jonathan R. Adleman and Chih-yu Shi, Symbolic War: The Chinese Use of Force 1840–1980 (Taipei, National Chengchi University, 1993). 7. M. A. Salahi, Muhammad: Man and Prophet (Shaftesbury, Element, 1995); Harfiyah, Abdel Haleem, Oliver Ramsbotham et al., The Crescent and the Cross: Muslim and Christian Approaches to War and Peace (London, Council of Chris- tian Approaches to Defence and Disarmament, 1999); Bernard Lewis, The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror (London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2003). 8. John Proctor (ed.), Village Schools: A History of Rural Elementary Education from the Eighteenth to the Twenty-First Century in Prose and Verse (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005), introduction. 9. Harari, Y. N., Renaissance Military Memoirs: War, History and Identity 1450–1600 (Woodbridge, Boydell, 2004), p. 21. 10. Peter Laslett, The World We Have Lost (London, Methuen, 1965), p. 68. For an individual view of mobility and immobility see Jack Ayres (ed.), Paupers and Pig Killers: The Diary of William Holland a Somerset Parson 1799–1818 (Gloucester, Allan Sutton, 1984). 11. ‘Review of the history of the ancient Barony of Castle Combe’ by G. P. Scrope MP, Quarterly Review, March 1853. 12. Rowland Parker, The Common Stream (London, Paladin-Grafton, 1976), pp. 132–133. 13. Amiram Raviv et al., How Children Understand Peace and War (San Francisco, Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1999), p. 192. Notes 169 14. See particularly the section from Joshua, Chapter 23 to Judges, Chapter 12. The nearest British equivalent is, perhaps, The Ecclesiastic History of the English People, written by ‘the Venerable’ Bede in about 731. 15. ‘Banker “paid price” for being good citizen’, The Times, 1 October 2008. 16. Quoted in W. O. Lester Smith, Education (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1965), p. 9. 17. Kenneth Charlton, ‘Mothers as educative agents in pre-industrial England’, History of Education, 1994, Volume 23, No. 2. 18. For an analysis of the way modern children learn, see David Coulby and Crispin Jones, Education and Warfare in Europe (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2001), p. 69. 19. Oliver Morley Ainsworth (ed.), Milton on Education: The Tractate of Education (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1928), p. 55. See also W. O. Lester Smith, Education (Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1965), p. 9. 20. Knop, Beware of the English, p. 195. 21. F. H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1975). 22. Snorri Sturluson, King Harald’s Saga: Harald Hardradi of Norway (Penguin, Harmondsworth, 1966), pp. 102, 129 and 142. 23. Harari, Military Memoirs,p.78ff. 24. Blaise Pascal, The Provincial Letters of Blaise Pascal (London, Griffith Farran, Okeden and Welsh, undated), p. 109. 25. Eugenia Stanhope, Letters Written by the Late Right Honourable Philip Dormer Stanhope Earl of Chesterfield to His Son (London, Dodsley, 1792), Volume 2, p. 95. 26. E. de Vattel, The Law of Nations and the Principles of Natural Law (Washing- ton, Carnegie Institution, 1916); Donald Read, Cobden and Bright: A Victorian Political Partnership (London, Edward Arnold, 1988), p.
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