Improving Pain Assessment in Mice and Rats with Advanced Videography and Computational Approaches
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CURRICULUM VITAE Joseph S. Takahashi Howard Hughes Medical
CURRICULUM VITAE Joseph S. Takahashi Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Neuroscience University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., NA4.118 Dallas, Texas 75390-9111 (214) 648-1876, FAX (214) 648-1801 Email: [email protected] DATE OF BIRTH: December 16, 1951 NATIONALITY: U.S. Citizen by birth EDUCATION: 1981-1983 Pharmacology Research Associate Training Program, National Institute of General Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Clinical Sciences and Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 1979-1981 Ph.D., Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, Dr. Michael Menaker, Advisor. Summer 1977 Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California 1975-1979 Department of Zoology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 1970-1974 B.A. in Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 2013-present Principal Investigator, Satellite, International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, World Premier International Research Center Initiative, University of Tsukuba, Japan 2009-present Professor and Chair, Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center 2009-present Loyd B. Sands Distinguished Chair in Neuroscience, UT Southwestern 2009-present Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, UT Southwestern 2009-present Professor Emeritus of Neurobiology and Physiology, and Walter and Mary Elizabeth Glass Professor Emeritus in the Life Sciences, Northwestern University -
Neurobiology, Endocrinology and Behavior E
Neurobiology, Endocrinology and Behavior E. Adkins-Regan, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA C. S. Carter, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA ã 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction In subsequent centuries, many scientists examined and described the structure of the brain and nervous system Two types of mechanisms, neural and hormonal, have in an array of animal species. A common theme was to note been prominent in the history of research directed at what seemed to be marked differences in the organization uncovering the proximate physiological causes of animal of the brain, especially the forebrain, and in the relative behavior. During the first part of this history, the nervous sizes of structures and brain divisions, and to speculate and endocrine systems were envisioned as separate sys- about their relationship to behavior and intelligence. tems and were studied by somewhat different research With the publication of Charles Darwin’s theory of communities. As a result, research on physiological evolution by natural selection, these species differences mechanisms of animal behavior has tended to develop in brain structure and size began to be interpreted in an along two somewhat separate and parallel tracks. These evolutionary framework. Until the middle of the 1900s, dual origins are reflected in the organization of this sur- the dominant view had been that the brains (especially vey. Beginning in the twentieth century, several discov- forebrains) of different vertebrate classes (as represented eries led to the realization that the nervous and endocrine by a small number of species from each of the largest systems are physiologically integrated to a highly signifi- classes) were fundamentally different in organization, cant extent, which is of great importance for animal that they formed an evolutionary series progressing behavior. -
Guidelines for Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals: Responsibilities, Recognition, and Intervention
Guidelines for Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals: Responsibilities, Recognition, and Intervention Introduction Animals can experience pain and distress. It is the ethical and legal obligation of all personnel involved with the use of animals in research to reduce or eliminate pain and distress in research animals whenever such actions do not interfere with the research objectives. The Institute/Center Animal Care and Use Committee (IC ACUC) has the delegated responsibility and accountability for ensuring that all animals under their oversight are used humanely and in accordance with a number of Federal Regulations and policies.2,21,29,30,32 Key to fulfilling the responsibilities for both the Principal Investigator (PI) and the IC ACUC are to: • understand the legal requirements, • be able to distinguish pain and distress in animals from their normal state, • relieve or minimize the pain and distress appropriately; and • establish humane endpoints. Regulatory Requirements and IC ACUC Responsibilities The IC ACUC must ensure that all aspects of the animal study proposal (ASP) that may cause more than transient pain and/or distress are addressed; alternatives6 to painful or distressful procedures are considered; that methods, anesthetics, and analgesics to minimize or eliminate pain and distress are included when these methods do not interfere with the research objectives; and that humane endpoints have been established for all situations where more than transient pain and distress can not be avoided or eliminated. Whenever possible, death or severe pain and distress should be avoided as endpoints. A written scientific justification is required to be included in the ASP for any more than transient painful or distressful procedure that cannot be relieved or minimized. -
Do “Prey Species” Hide Their Pain? Implications for Ethical Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research 2 (2020) 216–236 brill.com/jaae Do “Prey Species” Hide Their Pain? Implications for Ethical Care and Use of Laboratory Animals Larry Carbone Independent scholar; 351 Buena Vista Ave #703E, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA [email protected] Abstract Accurate pain evaluation is essential for ethical review of laboratory animal use. Warnings that “prey species hide their pain,” encourage careful accurate pain assess- ment. In this article, I review relevant literature on prey species’ pain manifestation through the lens of the applied ethics of animal welfare oversight. If dogs are the spe- cies whose pain is most reliably diagnosed, I argue that it is not their diet as predator or prey but rather because dogs and humans can develop trusting relationships and because people invest time and effort in canine pain diagnosis. Pain diagnosis for all animals may improve when humans foster a trusting relationship with animals and invest time into multimodal pain evaluations. Where this is not practical, as with large cohorts of laboratory mice, committees must regard with skepticism assurances that animals “appear” pain-free on experiments, requiring thorough literature searches and sophisticated pain assessments during pilot work. Keywords laboratory animal ‒ pain ‒ animal welfare ‒ ethics ‒ animal behavior 1 Introduction As a veterinarian with an interest in laboratory animal pain management, I have read articles and reviewed manuscripts on how to diagnose a mouse in pain. The challenge, some authors warn, is that mice and other “prey species” © LARRY CARBONE, 2020 | doi:10.1163/25889567-bja10001 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0Downloaded license. -
Scientific Advances in the Study of Animal Welfare
Scientific advances in the study of animal welfare How we can more effectively Why Pain? assess pain… Matt Leach To recognise it, you need to define it… ‘Pain is an unpleasant sensory & emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage’ IASP 1979 As it is the emotional component that is critical for our welfare, the same will be true for animals Therefore we need indices that reflect this component! Q. How do we assess experience? • As it is subjective, direct assessment is difficult.. • Unlike in humans we do not have a gold standard – i.e. Self-report – Animals cannot meaningfully communicate with us… • So we traditionally use proxy indices Derived from inferential reasoning Infer presence of pain in animals from behavioural, anatomical, physiological & biochemical similarity to humans In humans, if pain induces a change & that change is prevented by pain relief, then it is used to assess pain If the same occurs in animals, then we assume that they can be used to assess pain Quantitative sensory testing • Application of standardised noxious stimuli to induce a reflex response – Mechanical, thermal or electrical… – Used to measure nociceptive (i.e. sensory) thresholds • Wide range of methods used – Choice depends on type of pain (acute / chronic) modeled • Elicits specific behavioural response (e.g. withdrawal) – Latency & frequency of response routinely measured – Intensity of stimulus required to elicit a response • Easy to use, but difficult to master… Value? • What do these tests tell us: – Fundamental nociceptive mechanisms & central processing – It measures evoked pain, not spontaneous pain • Tests of hypersensitivity not pain per se (Different mechanisms) • What don’t these tests tell us: – Much about the emotional component of pain • Measures nociceptive (sensory) thresholds based on autonomic responses (e.g. -
Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching
Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching Fourth edition © 2020. Published by the American Dairy Science Association®, the American Society of Animal Science, and the Poultry Science Association. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). American Dairy Science Association® American Society of Animal Science Poultry Science Association 1800 South Oak Street, Suite 100 PO Box 7410 4114C Fieldstone Road Champaign, IL 61820 Champaign, IL 61826 Champaign, IL 61822 www.adsa.org www.asas.org www.poultryscience.org ISBN: 978-0-9634491-5-3 (PDF) ISBN: 978-1-7362930-0-3 (PDF) ISBN: 978-0-9649811-2-6 (PDF) 978-0-9634491-4-6 (ePub) 978-1-7362930-1-0 (ePub) 978-0-9649811-3-3 (ePub) Committees to revise the Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching, 4th edition (2020) Senior Editorial Committee Cassandra B. Tucker, University of California Davis (representing the American Dairy Science Association®) Michael D. MacNeil, Delta G (representing the American Society of Animal Science) A. Bruce Webster, University of Georgia (representing the Poultry Science Association) Ag Guide 4th edition authors Chapter 1: Institutional Policies Chapter 7: Dairy Cattle Ken Anderson, North Carolina State University, Chair Cassandra Tucker, University of California Davis, Chair Deana Jones, ARS USDA Nigel Cook, University of Wisconsin–Madison Gretchen Hill, Michigan State University Marina von Keyserlingk, University of British Columbia James Murray, University of California Davis Peter Krawczel, University of Tennessee Chapter 2: Agricultural Animal Health Care Chapter 8: Horses Frank F. -
PAIN SCORING in DOGS: an OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT PAIN SCORING in CATS: an OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT (Combined)
PAIN SCORING IN DOGS: AN OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT PAIN SCORING IN CATS: AN OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT (Combined) Kirk Munoz, DVM (Hons), PgCert BA, MRCVS, cVMA, DACVAA Board Certified Specialist in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia Assistant Professor, Anesthesia Fear Free Certified Professional College of Veterinary Medicine- Michigan State University 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824 [email protected] Maggie (Pratt) Bodiya BS, LVT, VTS- AVTAA Veterinary Technician Specialist (Anesthesia/Analgesia) Veterinary Nurse III (Anesthesia Dept.) Academic Instructor (MSU Veterinary Nursing Program) Fear Free Certified Professional College of Veterinary Medicine- Michigan State University 784 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824 [email protected] Pain is a multifactorial experience involving both sensory and emotional components. There have been many definitions of pain but the most recent and accepted one has been stated by The International Association for the Study of Pain which states that, “Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.” Cats tend to display many of the signs associated with pain in dogs, but they may vary from dogs in the sense that they can also appear very grumpy and remain in a quiet crouched position. In some cases, cats will purr when they are happy and also in pain, so this cannot be relied on to determine if a cat is painful or not. This goes to prove the point that no one sign can be used to determine if an animal is painful and the extent of the pain that animal is experiencing. Animals that are painful may become very reserved and quiet, i.e. -
Neuromechanics of Coordination During Swallowing in Aplysia Californica
1470 • The Journal of Neuroscience, February 1, 2006 • 26(5):1470–1485 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Neuromechanics of Coordination during Swallowing in Aplysia californica Hui Ye,1 Douglas W. Morton,2 and Hillel J. Chiel1,2,3 Departments of 1Biomedical Engineering, 2Neuroscience, and 3Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7080 Bernstein (1967) hypothesized that preparation of the periphery was crucial for correct responses to motor output. To test this hypothesis in a behaving animal, we examined the roles of two identified motor neurons, B7 and B8, which contribute to feeding behavior in the marine mollusk Aplysia californica. Neuron B7 innervates a hinge muscle and has no overt behavioral effect during smaller-amplitude (type A) swallows, because the hinge muscle is too short to exert force. Neuron B8 activates a muscle (I4) that acts solely to grasp material during type A swallows. During larger-amplitude (type B) swallows, the behavioral actions of both motor neurons change, because the larger-amplitude anterior movement of the grasper sets up the periphery to respond differently to motor outputs. The larger anterior movement stretches the hinge muscle, so that activating neuron B7 mediates the initial retraction phase of swallowing. The changed position of the I4 muscle allows neuron B8 not only to induce grasping but also to pull material into the buccal cavity, contributing to retraction. Thus, larger-amplitude swallows are associated with the expression of two new degrees of freedom (use of the hinge to retract and use of the grasper to retract) that are essential for mediating type B swallows. These results provide a direct demonstration of Bernstein’s hypothesis that properly positioning the periphery can be crucial for its ability to correctly respond to motor output and also demonstrate that biomechanical context can alter the functions of identified motor neurons. -
October 2019
ANIMAL WELFARE SCIENCE UPDATE ISSUE 66 – OCTOBER 2019 The aim of the animal welfare science update is to keep you informed of developments in animal welfare science relating to the work of the RSPCA. The update provides summaries of the most relevant scientific papers and reports received by the RSPCA Australia office in the past quarter. Email [email protected] to subscribe. ANIMALS USED FOR SPORT, ENTERTAINMENT, RECREATION AND WORK Observations on human safety and horse emotional state during grooming sessions Grooming is a basic aspect of horse care, and when During grooming, only 5% of the horses expressed performed correctly can be a pleasant experience for mutual grooming, approach or relaxed behaviour, the horse. However, when performed incorrectly it whereas avoidance and threatening behaviour were can lead to negative emotions in horses and these expressed by four times more horses. This behaviour may lead to handling difficulties and potential safety was independent of the horse’s gender or breed, issues. In fact, one quarter of injuries caused by horses suggesting that these behaviours are less related to the that require hospital treatment occur while the rider characteristics of the horses, and more related to the is on foot, and children are substantially more likely way they are groomed. During the observations there to be seriously injured when they are on foot near a were 9 potentially dangerous incidents where a horse’s horse compared to when they are riding. This study teeth or hoof passed within 10cm of the rider’s body, examined the behaviours of both horse and rider and the riders were often unaware of this behaviour in during a grooming session to determine whether their horse. -
A Review of Pain Assessment in Pigs Ison, SH; Clutton, RE; Di Giminiani, P; Rutherford, KMD
Scotland's Rural College A review of pain assessment in pigs Ison, SH; Clutton, RE; Di Giminiani, P; Rutherford, KMD Published in: Frontiers in Veterinary Science DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00108 First published: 28/11/2016 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication Citation for pulished version (APA): Ison, SH., Clutton, RE., Di Giminiani, P., & Rutherford, KMD. (2016). A review of pain assessment in pigs. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 3, 8 - 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2016.00108 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 29. Sep. 2021 REVIEW published: 28 November 2016 doi: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00108 A Review of Pain Assessment in Pigs Sarah H. Ison1,2*†, R. Eddie Clutton2, Pierpaolo Di Giminiani3 and Kenneth M. D. Rutherford1 1 Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, UK, 2 Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK, 3 Food and Rural Development, School of Agriculture, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK There is a moral obligation to minimize pain in pigs used for human benefit. -
A Redefinition of Facial Communication in Non-Human Animals
Central Journal of Behavior Review Article *Corresponding author Claude Tomberg, Faculty of Medecine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium, 808, route de Lennick, CP 630, Brussels, Belgium, Tel: +32-02-555.64.05; Email: ctomberg@ A Redefinition of Facial ulb.ac.be Submitted: 22 October 2020 Communication in Non-Human Accepted: 17 November 2020 Published: 21 November 2020 Animals ISSN: 2576-0076 Copyright Sophie Pellon, Margaux Hallegot, Julian Lapique and Claude © 2020 Pellon S, et al. Tomberg* OPEN ACCESS Faculty of Medecine, Université libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Keywords Abstract • Facial expressions • Facial behaviors In humans, social communication is mostly conveyed by facial expressions, which • Facial movements are widely shared among Mammals. Based on current knowledge, we explore the • Social communication concept of facial communication from an evolutionary point of view and examine • Amniotes how far it might not only be performed by Mammals, but more broadly by Amniotes. • Cutaneous muscles As we investigate facial communication in various species, we find out that facial • Cranial nerve expressions are restrained to Mammals. However, even if non-mammals lack of cutaneous facial muscles responsible of facial expressions, they display facial signals bearing a communicative value. Thus, facial communication is not clustered to Mammals. Moreover, some facial displays are shared by almost every Amniotes, as the eye- blink which has been suggested to be related to social factors aside its physiological role. Yet, to understand the terminology of this research field, definitions should be unified. Thus, based on current data on Amniotes’ facial communication, we proposed extended definitions of facial movements, behaviours and expressions: movements are visible displacements of body segments or tissues. -
Scientific Opinion Concerning the Killing of Rabbits for Purposes Other Than Slaughter
SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 10 December 2019 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5943 Scientific opinion concerning the killing of rabbits for purposes other than slaughter EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), Søren Saxmose Nielsen, Julio Alvarez, Dominique Joseph Bicout, Paolo Calistri, Klaus Depner, Julian Ashley Drewe, Bruno Garin-Bastuji, Jose Luis Gonzales Rojas, Christian Gortazar Schmidt, Virginie Michel, Miguel Angel Miranda Chueca, Helen Clare Roberts, Liisa Helena Sihvonen, Karl Stahl, Antonio Velarde Calvo, Arvo Viltrop, Christoph Winckler, Denise Candiani, Chiara Fabris, Olaf Mosbach-Schulz, Yves Van der Stede and Hans Spoolder Abstract Rabbits of different ages may have to be killed on-farm for purposes other than slaughter (where slaughter is defined as killing for human consumption) either individually or on a large scale (e.g. for production reasons or for disease control). The purpose of this opinion was to assess the risks associated to the on-farm killing of rabbits. The processes during on-farm killing that were assessed included handling, stunning and/or killing methods (including restraint). The latter were grouped into four categories: electrical methods, mechanical methods, controlled atmosphere method and lethal injection. In total, 14 hazards were identified and characterised, most of these related to stunning and/or killing. The staff was identified as the origin for all hazards, either due to lack of the appropriate skill sets needed to perform tasks or due to fatigue. Possible corrective and preventive measures were assessed: measures to correct hazards were identified for five hazards and the staff was shown to have a crucial role in prevention.