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Addendum for Chlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins (Cdds)

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Addendum for Chlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins (Cdds) ADDENDUM TO THE TOXICOLOGICAL PROFILE FOR CHLORINATED DIBENZO-p-DIOXINS (CDDs) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Division of Toxicology and Environmental Medicine Atlanta, GA 30333 November 2012 ii CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (CDDS) CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................................... iii Background Statement .................................................................................................................... v 2. HEALTH EFFECTS.................................................................................................................. 1 2.1 HUMAN STUDIES...................................................................................................... 1 2.1.1 Death......................................................................................................................... 1 2.1.2 Systemic Effects........................................................................................................ 1 2.1.3 Immunological Effects.............................................................................................. 6 2.1.4 Neurological Effects ................................................................................................. 6 2.1.5 Reproductive Effects................................................................................................. 7 2.1.6 Developmental Effects .............................................................................................. 9 2.1.7 Genotoxic Effects .................................................................................................... 13 2.1.8 Cancer ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.2 ANIMAL STUDIES ................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Oral Exposure ......................................................................................................... 16 2.2.3 Dermal Exposure .................................................................................................... 51 2.3 TOXICOKINETICS ................................................................................................... 52 2.3.1 Absorption............................................................................................................... 52 2.3.2 Distribution ............................................................................................................. 53 2.3.3 Metabolism ............................................................................................................. 54 2.3.4 Elimination and Excretion ...................................................................................... 55 2.3.5 Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/Pharmacodynamic (PD) Models58 2.4 MECHANISMS OF ACTION.................................................................................... 60 2.4.2 Mechanisms of Toxicity ......................................................................................... 60 2.4.3 Animal-To-Human Extrapolations ......................................................................... 63 2.5 RELEVANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTH ...................................................................... 64 2.9 POPULATIONS THAT ARE UNUSUALLY SUSCEPTIBLE ................................ 64 3. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION ................................................................. 65 4. PRODUCTION, IMPORT/EXPORT, USE, AND DISPOSAL .............................................. 65 5. POTENTIAL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE............................................................................. 65 5.4 LEVELS MONITORED OR ESTIMATED IN THE ENVIRONMENT .................. 65 5.4.4 Other Environmental Media ................................................................................... 65 5.5 GENERAL POPULATION AND OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ........................ 66 6. ANALYTICAL METHODS ................................................................................................... 66 7. REGULATIONS AND ADVISORIES ................................................................................... 66 8. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 69 iii CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (CDDS) LIST OF TABLES 2-1. Cardiovascular Effects in Humans Exposed to TCDD/CDDs ............................................. 99 2-2. Hepatic Effects in Humans Exposed to TCDD/CDDs ....................................................... 100 2-3. Endocrine Effects in Humans Exposed to TCDD/CDDs ................................................... 101 2-4. Immunological Effects in Humans Exposed to TCDD/CDDs ........................................... 104 2-5. Neurological Effects in Humans Exposed to TCDD/CDDs ............................................... 106 2-6. Reproductive Effects in Humans Exposed to TCDD/CDDs .............................................. 108 2-7. Developmental Effects in Humans Exposed to TCDD/CDDs ........................................... 112 2-8. Genotoxic Effects in Humans Exposed to TCDD/CDDs ................................................... 113 2-9. Cancer in Humans Exposed to TCDD/CDDs ..................................................................... 115 2-10. Summary of Select Animal Systemic Effects Studies ...................................................... 117 2-11. Summary of Select Animal Immunotoxicity Studies ....................................................... 124 2-12. Summary of Select Animal Reproductive Toxicity Studies ............................................. 131 2-13. Summary of Select Animal Developmental Toxicity Studies .......................................... 136 2-14. Summary of Select Animal Carcinogenicity Studies ....................................................... 158 2-15. Genes with functional AhRE............................................................................................ 160 2-16. AhR-TCDD Equilibrium Dissociation Constants (Kd) in various Laboratory Species and Human Tissues .......................................................................................................... 161 2-17. World Health Organization (WHO) Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) Values ................ 162 5-1. Estimated Intake of CDD and CDF from Meat, Poultry, and Fish .................................... 163 5-2. Serum 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD (Lipid Adjusted) Concentrations (pg/g Lipid) for the U.S. Population .................................................................................................................. 164 5-3. Serum 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD (Lipid Adjusted) Concentrations (pg/g Lipid) for the U.S. Population .................................................................................................................. 166 iv CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (CDDS) 5-4. Serum 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD (Lipid Adjusted) Concentrations (pg/g Lipid) for the U.S. Population .................................................................................................................. 168 5-5. Serum 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD (Lipid Adjusted) Concentrations (pg/g Lipid) for the U.S. Population .................................................................................................................. 170 5-6. Serum 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-OCDD (Lipid Adjusted) Concentrations (pg/g Lipid) for the U.S. Population .................................................................................................................. 172 5-7. Serum 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD (Lipid Adjusted) Concentrations (pg/g Lipid) for the U.S. Population .................................................................................................................. 174 5-8. Serum 2,3,7,8-TCDD (Lipid Adjusted) Concentrations (pg/g Lipid) for the U.S. Population .................................................................................................................. 176 5-9. Blood TEQ levels for Dioxin-Like Compounds (CDDs, CDFs, and select PCBs) Levels (pg/g Lipid) at 90th and 95th Percentiles by Age Group in NHANES 2001– 2002 and 2003–2004 Survey Years ................................................................................... 178 5-10. Serum CDD/CDF Concentrations for Mean and Selected Percentiles for the NHANES 1999-2000, 2001-2002, and 2003–2004 Survey Years................................... 179 v CHLORINATED DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS (CDDS) ADDENDUM for CDDs Supplement to the 1998 Toxicological Profile for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins (CDDs) Background Statement This addendum to the Toxicological Profile for Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins supplements the profile that was released in 1998. Toxicological profiles are developed in response to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 which amended the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA or Superfund). CERCLA mandates that the Administrator of ATSDR prepare toxicological profiles on substances on the CERCLA Priority List of Hazardous Substances and that the profiles be revised “no less often than once every three years”. CERCLA further states that the Administrator will “establish and maintain inventory of literature, research, and studies on the health effects of toxic substances” [Title 42, Chapter 103, Subchapter I, § 9604 (i)(1)(B)]. The purpose of this addendum is to provide, to the
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