Introducing The third edition of the leading international research on energy development of BRICS countries prepared by young researchers and scientists INITIATIVE APPROVED BY BRICS ENERGY MINISTERS 2015 - 2020 BRICS YOUTH ENERGY AGENCY ANALYTICAL CENTRE 2 Maly Konushkovsky pereulok, Moscow 123242, Russian Federation T +7-967-139-72-59 E [email protected] www.yeabrics.org BRICS YOUTH ENERGY AGENCY BRICS YOUTH ENERGY OUTLOOK 2020 #5 INDIA ........................................................................ 90 EDITORIAL SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................................. 92 BRICS POWERED. 1. THE ECO-TRANSPORT OF THE FUTURE.THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRIC CARS ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS AND NEEDED INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THEIR UNIMPEDED OPERATION .......................................................................................... 94 2. CURRENT STATE, FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CONTRIBUTION OF NON-TRADITIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES TO THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM OF LOCAL AIR POLLUTION IN LARGE CITIES.................................................................101 YOUTH DRIVEN. 3. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AS A TREND: HOW IS IT IMPLEMENTED IN INDIA, AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE INDUSTRY? . 107 4. DEVELOPMENT OF NON-TRADITIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES (NRES): PRICING, MANAGEMENT OF OPERATING MODES @dimikangaroo via Twenty20 OF NRES AND INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF POWER PLANTS BASED ON THEM ......................................................114 5. NON-TRADITIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES VS TRADITIONAL POWER SYSTEM: THE CHANGE OF THE ESTABLISHED FOUNDATIONS BY RENEWABLE GENERATION .......................................................................................................122 6. THE POLICY OF REDUCING CO2 AND OTHER GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION: GLOBAL TRENDS, CAPTURE AND STORAGE TECH- NOLOGY AND THE PROSPECTS .........................................................................................................................127 7. DEVELOPMENT OF PETROCHEMISTRY: PROHIBITION OF THE USE OR RECYCLING ......................................................131 8. NUCLEAR PLANTS FOR DIVERSIFICATION OF ENERGY BALANCE, REDUCTION OF ECOLOGY LOAD DUE TO THERMAL GENERA- Inside the Outlook TION IN DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRIES WITH SUSTAINABLE GROWTH OF DEMAND ON ELECTRIC POWER ..................140 — 9. THE TRANSITION TO “DIGITAL” IS INEVITABLE: HOW THE POWER INDUSTRY IS CHANGING WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF DIG- ITAL AND SMART SYSTEMS ...............................................................................................................................148 WELCOME .................................................................................................................................................................... 6 PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8 ACKNOWLEGMENTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 10 CHINA .....................................................................158 EDITORIAL SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................160 1. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION AS A TREND: HOW IS IT IMPLEMENTED IN CHINA, AND HOW DOES IT AFFECT THE INDUSTRY? 162 BRAZIL ................................................................... 12 2. THE POLICY OF REDUCING CO AND OTHER GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION: GLOBAL TRENDS, CAPTURE AND STORAGE TECH- 2 EDITORIAL SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. 14 NOLOGY AND THE PROSPECTS .........................................................................................................................169 1. SMART CITY: ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES. PERSPECTIVES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS OF CREATING SUCH CITIES ON THE SCALE OF BRAZIL ............................................................................................................................................ 18 2. THE ECO-TRANSPORT OF THE FUTURE. THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRIC CARS ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY INDICATORS AND NEEDED INFRASTRUCTURE FOR THEIR UNIMPEDED OPERATION .......................................................................................... 27 SOUTH AFRICA ............................................... 177 3. ENERGY STORAGE IN BRAZIL: A FIRST STEP TOWARDS SMART STORAGE ................................................................... 38 EDITORIAL SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................178 1. SMART CITY: ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES. PERSPECTIVES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PROBLEMS OF CREATING SUCH CITIES ON THE SCALE OF SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................................................................................180 2. NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF DELIVERING NON-TRADITIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY AND TRADITIONAL SOURCES TO RUSSIA ....................................................................48 CONSUMERS .................................................................................................................................................185 EDITORIAL SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................. 50 3. TRADITIONAL HYDROCARBON ENERGY WITHIN A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: CURRENT CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, THE 1. TRADITIONAL HYDROCARBON ENERGY WITHIN A SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: CURRENT CONSUMPTION PATTERNS, THE PROSPECTIVE, THE SEARCH FOR NEW SOLUTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES ..................................................................191 PROSPECTIVES, THE SEARCH FOR NEW SOLUTIONS AND TECHNOLOGIES (EXTRACTION, STORAGE, TRANSPORT, PROCESSING, 4. NUCLEAR STATIONS FOR DIVERSIFICATION OF ENERGY BALANCE, REDUCTION OF THE ECOLOGY LOAD DUE TO THERMAL GEN- TRANSFORMATION AND CONSERVATION) ............................................................................................................. 52 ERATION IN THE DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRIES WITH SUSTAINABLE GROWTH OF DEMAND ON ELECTRIC POWER .......195 2. NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF TRANSPORT AND ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION AT A DISTANCE .............................................. 65 5. DESALINATION COMPLEXES INTEGRATED WITH NUCLEAR ENERGY STATIONS AS A MEAN TO PROVIDE DRINKABLE WATER IN 3. LOW CAPACITY NUCLEAR STATIONS WITH A LONG FUEL CYCLE TO SUPPLY ENERGY TO REMOTE AREAS AND THE AREAS WITH A CONDITIONS OF EXPECTED GLOBAL SHORTAGE OF THIS RESOURCE .......................................................................204 LOW LEVEL OF GRID DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................................... 70 6. LOW CAPACITY NUCLEAR STATIONS WITH A LONG FUEL CYCLE TO SUPPLY ENERGY TO REMOTE AREAS AND THE AREAS WITH 4. NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE DELIVERY OF NON-TRADITIONAL RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND TRADITIONAL ENERGY A LOW LEVEL OF GRID DEVELOPMENT ...............................................................................................................209 SOURCES TO CONSUMERS ................................................................................................................................ 81 LINKS & RESOURCES ..................................................................................................................................................218 DISCLAIMER ..............................................................................................................................................................219 BRICS YOUTH ENERGY AGENCY BRICS YOUTH ENERGY OUTLOOK 2020 Welcome — #7 Message from the Chairperson In front of you a result of hard work of numerous research- ers, professionals and students aged 35 and below from BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China & South Africa) who be- lieve that there is a future for BRICS energy cooperation. I will not hide my excitement between the lines and encourage you to read the third edition of our flagship project which is aimed to provide broader understanding of the BRICS energy sectors' pathways for the future. It is obvious that long-term sectoral planning cannot be compre- hensive if its developers neglect the standpoint of younger generation of professionals, research fellows and students. We, as BRICS Youth, make a significant contribution to our countries' energy cooperation by sharing today our vision for the future that should help the present leaders make decisions in line with the decisions to come. The BRICS Youth Energy Outlook 2020 is one of vivid examples that the BRICS Youth stays committed to the decision they made 5 years ago - to cooperate on energy matters and drive this area of BRICS youth cooper- ation forward. We will stay open to all relevant stakeholders and develop this format of collaborative annual study to meet the highest standards. As I mentioned, the Outlook 2020 is presented within' the year of the 5th Anniversary of the BRICS Youth Energy Agency. I would like to thank everyone who has been committed to this project throughout the years as you are the reason why the Outlook 2020 is one of the very few interna- tional energy studies