Dr. S Sreekumar

LONG TERM MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR LANDSLIDE HAZARDS IN HILL RANGES OF KOZHIKODE DISTRICT, KERALA. UGC File No. F. 42-70/2013 (SR) MAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT Submitted to UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION NEW DELHI Submitted by Dr. S Sreekumar Associate professor (Retd.) PG & Research Department of Geology and Environmental Science, Christ college (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda, Calicut University 2018 i LONG TERM MITIGATION STRATEGIES FOR LANDSLIDE HAZARDS IN HILL RANGES OF KOZHIKODE DISTRICT, KERALA. UGC File No. F. 42-70/2013 (SR) MAJOR RESEARCH PROJECT Submitted to UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION NEW DELHI Submitted by Dr. S Sreekumar Associate professor (Retd.) PG & Research Department of Geology and Environmental Science, Christ college (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda, Calicut University Research Fellow Arish Aslam 2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The Principal Investigator wishes to place on record his sincere thanks and in debtedness to the UGC, New Delhi for their financial support. The engineering properties of soil was determined in the geotechnical laboratory of Government Engineering College, Thrissur. The author wishes to thanks Mr. Anilkumar P S, Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Government Engineering College, Thrissur for the guidance rendered during the course of work. I express my sincere gratitude to Rev Fr. Dr. Jose Thekkan, Principal, Christ College, Irinjalakuda, for his valuable supports and for providing the infrastructure facilities of the college. I also wish to express gratitude to Dr. R V Rajan, Head, Department of Geology and Environmental science. We acknowledged the assistance provided by Sial Tech Surveys, Kozhikode, for carrying out the total station survey. I am thankful to Mr. Alex Jose for the consultancy with regard to GIS analysis. I sincerely thank the revenue officials, presidents of Gramapanchayths in Kozhikode Districts for providing information’s. I gratefully acknowledge the librarian of Mathrubumi daily at Kozhikode. Investigator thanks to all colleagues who helped in successful completion of the project. Dr. S Sreekumar iii CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF PLATES CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………1-10 1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..…1 1.2 LANDSLIDES IN INDIA …………………………………………………………….1 1.3 WESTERN GHATS ……………………………………………………………..……2 1.4 LANDSLIDES IN KERALA………………………………………………………….3 1.5 TYPES OF SLOPE FAILURES……………………………………………..……..….4 1.6 PREVIOUS LANDSLIDE STUDIES IN KERALA…………………………………..4 1.7 STUDY AREA………………………………………………………………...…….…5 1.8 ADMINISTRATION …………………………………………………………….…….5 1.9 CLIMATE ……………………………………………………………………………....7 1.10 GEOLOGY …………………………………………………………...……………….7 1.11 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL TYPES………………………...…………………8 1.12 METHODOLOGY………………………………………………….…………………9 1.13 OBJECTIVE ………………………………………………………………………….10 CHAPTER 2 PALAEO LANDSLIDES………………………………………………………………..11- 16 2.1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………..….…11 2 .2 FEATURES OF LANDSLIDES IN KOZHIKODE ………………………..….……15 iv CHAPTER 3 IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS AREAS………………………………………..17-38 3.1 METHODOLOGY……………………….……………………………………….…17 3.2 LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAPPING BY QUANTITATIVE ZONATION METHOD………………………………………..33 3.3 RISK ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………..…..37 CHAPTER 4 SITE SPECIFIC STUDIES…………………………………………………………….…39-67 4.1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………….39 4. 2 METHODOLOGY………………..………………………………………………….40 4.3 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF SLOPE MATERIALS……………………………...43 4.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS………………………………………………………….67 CHAPTER 5 RAINFALL…………………………………………………………………………….....68-74 5.1 INTRODUCTION………………...………………………………………………..68 5.2 METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………………68 5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……..……………………………………………..69 5.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS……………………………………………………….74 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………….75-77 6.1 CONCLUSIONS………………………………………………………………..……75 6.2 RECOMMENDATIONS……………………………………………………….……76 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………..78-81 ANNEXURE 1 – LIST OF PUBLICATIONS………………………………………………82 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Landslide History of Kozhikode (1984-2012)…………………………………….11 Table 3.1 Slope……………………………………………………………………………….18 Table 3.2 Relative Relief……………………………………………………………………..20 Table 3.3 Aspect……………………………………………………………………………...23 Table 3.4 Curvature………………………………………………………………………… 23 Table 3.5 Drainage density…………………………………………………………………...25 Table 3.6 Drainage frequency………………………………………………………………..25 Table 3.7 Landuse / land cover……………………………………………………………....28 Table 3.8 Road buffer………………………………………………………………………...30 Table 3.9 Drainage buffer…………………………………………………………………....30 Table 3.10 Area % falling under each zone……………………………………………….....35 Table 3.11 Distribution of panchayath areas (Km2) in different risk zones………………….37 Table 4.1. Geographical coordinates of the selected locations………………………………39 Table 4.2 Engineering properties of soil……………………………………………………..43 Table 5.1 The amount of rainfall in different locations on the day of the event and six days prior to the failure …………………………………….69 vi LIST OF FIGURES Fig 1.1. Study area map………………………………………………………………………..6 Fig 1.2. Geology map………………………………………………………………………….8 Fig 3.1. Slope map of the study area…………………………………………………………19 Fig 3.2. Relative Relief map of the study area……………………………………………….21 Fig 3.3. Aspect map of the study area………………………………………………………..22 Fig 3.4. Curvature map of the study area…………………………………………………….24 Fig 3.5. Drainage density map of the study area……………………………………………..26 Fig 3.6. Drainage frequency map of the study area…………………………………………..27 Fig 3.7. Landuse map of the study area………………………………………………………29 Fig 3.8. Road buffer map of the study area…………………………………………………..31 Fig 3.9. Drainage buffer map of the study area………………………………………………32 Fig 3.10. Landslide Susceptibility Zonation map of the Kozhikode district…………………36 Fig 4.1. Detailed geological map of the Thalayadu scar……………………………………..45 Fig 4.2. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane…………46 Fig 4.3. Detailed geological map of the Muthukad scar……………………………………..47 Fig 4.4. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane……….....48 Fig 4.5. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane………….49 Fig 4.6. Detailed map of Pasukadav scar…………………………………………………..51 Fig 4.7. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane………….52 Fig 4.8. Detailed geological map of Chakkittapara scar……………………………………..55 Fig 4.9. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane………….56 Fig 4.10. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane…...……57 Fig 4.11. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane………..58 vii Fig 4.12. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane……..60 Fig 4.13. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane………61 Fig 4.14. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane………..63 Fig 4.15. Geological map of the Manchuvad scar…………………………………………...65 Fig 4.16. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane……...…66 Fig 4.17. β diagram of joint planes. Complete circle represents the friction angle. Dotted arc represents hill slope and continuous arc represents joint plane………...67 Fig 5.1. Daily rainfall at Thalayad……...……………………………………………………70 Fig 5.2. Daily rainfall at Muthukad………………………………………………………….70 Fig 5.3. Daily rainfall at Pasukadav………………………………………………………….71 Fig 5.4. Daily rainfall at Chakkittapara………………………………………………………71 Fig 5.5. Daily rainfall at Vattipana…………………………………………………………...72 Fig 5.6. Daily rainfall at Narendradev Colony……………………………………………….72 Fig 5.7. Daily rainfall at Kakkayam Dam Road………………...……………………………73 Fig 5.8. Daily rainfall at Neetukotta…………………………….……………………………73 viii LIST OF PLATES Plate 1. Total station survey at Chakkitapara……...…………………………………………40 Plate 2. Sampling for the determination of geotechnical properties…...…………………….41 Plate 3. Core samples…………………………………………………..…………………….41 Plate 4. Determination of shear strength……………………………………………………..42 Plate 5. Sheared samples from shear box apparatus………………………………………….42 Plate 6. Quarries functioning in Pasukkadavu………………………………………………..50 Plate 7. Damaged road at Chakkitapara by the impact of debris…………………………….53 Plate 8. Slumps have been noticed in the vicinity of the major slope failure (Poozhithodu)…………………………………………………...53 Plate 9. Horizontal piping observed Poozhithodu near Chakkittapara……………………….54 Plate 10. Joints act as potential slide surface…………………………………………………54 Plate 11. Intense quarry operation zone in Vattippanamala………………………………….57 Plate 12. Repeated slope failures along Kakkayam dam road, slope protection

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