DOCSLIB.ORG

UW Erasmus Orcid.Org 0000-0002-3673-7413

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UW Erasmus Orcid.Org 0000-0002-3673-7413 The Subsidiarity-principle in language planning and policy in South African universities: A comparative analysis UW Erasmus orcid.org 0000-0002-3673-7413 Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Linguistics and Literary Theory at the North West University Supervisor: Prof I Bekker Graduation ceremony: May 2019 Student number: 23385944 Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincerest gratitude to my supervisor, Prof Ian Bekker, who embodied the subsidiarity principle in his supervision of this dissertation. Thank you for your patience, encouragement and advice. I further wish to thank my husband, Cobus, for his belief in me, as well as my family for their love and support. Lastly, I would like to thank the North-West University for the financial support they afforded me throughout my studies. ii Abstract Keywords: Language policy and planning (LPP); subsidiarity principle; multilingualism; anglicisation; decentralisation; centralisation; territoriality principle; personality principle; mother tongue education (MTE); Historically Afrikaans Universities (HAUs). Despite the Constitution granting official status to eleven languages, English dominates public life in South Africa. For one, the South African educational system, and higher education (HE) in particular, does not reflect the de jure national language policy. The Historically Afrikaans Universities (HAUs) are succumbing to anglicisation one after the other, and the rest of the 26 public universities in South Africa are struggling to promote the use of indigenous languages in HE. The lack of mother tongue education (MTE) and differences in levels of English proficiency and academic literacy perpetuate existing ethnolinguistic inequality, making the promotion of multilingualism imperative. As part of the goal of achieving true multilingual practices at tertiary institutions in South African HE, the broad aim of this study is to investigate the potential utility of the subsidiarity principle, as originally devised and applied in the European context and as often linked to decentralisation and linguistic autonomy. To achieve this aim, a theoretical exploration of the field of LPP and the principle of subsidiarity is conducted, and the potential for application of the subsidiarity principle in LPP is delineated. A comparative case-study is then performed by investigating the governmental structure, linguistic regime and educational system in Belgium, a country that fully embraces the concept of decentralisation (closely linked to so-called negative subsidiarity) and in which all official languages (Dutch, French and German) are represented in the public domain and in education. The central argument of this study is that the framework of subsidiarity in LPP is a valuable tool with which to guide the national project of developing and promoting the use of the indigenous languages, and that it can inform the current language debate at South African universities. This study argues that English-monolingualism in HE, which is in direct contravention with the Constitution, several national language-in-education policy documents, and institutional language policies, is not because of inadequate decentralisation over institutional LPP (or the flouting of negative subsidiarity). Rather, the failure to establish multilingual universities is a consequence of inadequate assistance from central government (or the flouting of positive subsidiarity), and is an indictment of central government’s failure to provide necessary support and oversight for the implementation of multilingual institutional language policies. iii Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................ II ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................ III CONTENTS.........................................................................................................................................IV FIGURES AND TABLES ................................................................................................................ VII ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................... VIII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 CONTEXTUALISATION AND PROBLEM STATEMENT ................................................................................... 1 1.2 AIMS OF THE STUDY .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 HYPOTHESIS ................................................................................................................................................ 4 1.4 METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 CHAPTER DIVISION ...................................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2: LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING (LPP) ..................................................... 8 2.1 THE FIELD OF LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING ................................................................................... 8 2.1.1 The history of LPP research ................................................................................................................. 8 2.1.2 Language policy theory ........................................................................................................................ 9 2.1.3 Language planning theory .................................................................................................................. 13 2.2 LANGUAGE AND POLITICS ........................................................................................................................ 16 2.2.1 Language as a means of control ......................................................................................................... 16 2.2.2 Language rights .................................................................................................................................. 17 2.2.3 Language conflict ............................................................................................................................... 22 2.3 NATIONAL LANGUAGE POLICY ................................................................................................................ 24 2.3.1 Monolingual nation states .................................................................................................................. 24 2.3.2 Multilingual multinational states ........................................................................................................ 26 2.3.3 Language policy and planning in Europe ........................................................................................... 30 2.3.4 Language policy and planning in Africa ............................................................................................ 31 2.4 LANGUAGE-IN-EDUCATION POLICY ......................................................................................................... 32 2.4.1 The importance of LPP in education .................................................................................................. 32 2.4.2 English as medium of instruction (MoI) ............................................................................................ 35 2.4.3 Mother tongue education (MTE) ........................................................................................................ 36 2.4.4 Bilingual education (BLE) and multilingual education (MLE) .......................................................... 37 CHAPTER 3: THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY .................................................................. 40 3.1 CONCEPTUALISATIONS OF SUBSIDIARITY THROUGHOUT HISTORY ........................................................ 40 3.1.1 Aristotle, Aquinas and Althusius ....................................................................................................... 40 3.1.2 Roman Catholic social teaching ......................................................................................................... 43 iv 3.1.3 Defining the subsidiarity principle ..................................................................................................... 46 3.1.4 Positive and negative subsidiarity ...................................................................................................... 49 3.2 SUBSIDIARITY IN GOVERNANCE AND POLITICS ....................................................................................... 52 3.2.1 Applying the principle ........................................................................................................................ 52 3.2.2 Subsidiarity in the European Union ................................................................................................... 54 3.2.3 Subsidiarity in the United States ........................................................................................................ 59 3.2.4 Subsidiarity in Africa ......................................................................................................................... 60 3.3 SUBSIDIARITY IN LANGUAGE POLICY AND PLANNING
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Oral Poetry As Channel for Communication
    ISSN 1712-8358[Print] Cross-Cultural Communication ISSN 1923-6700[Online] Vol. 8, No. 4, 2012, pp. 20-23 www.cscanada.net DOI:10.3968/j.ccc.1923670020120804.365 www.cscanada.org Oral Poetry as Channel for Communication A. Anthony Obaje[a],*; Bola Olajide Yakubu[b] [a] Department of English and Literary Studies, Faculty of Arts and from one generation to another. It is also called African Humanities, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria. traditional poetry whose modus operandi is collective [b] Department of Theatre Arts, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria. participation. It can be described as a collective experience *Corresponding author. that is initiated by an individual in a group and shared by the rest of the group; it is a common heritage shared by all Received 1 June 2012; accepted 5 August 2012 and handed over from one generation to another. African oral poetry was not meant traditionally for a few or a Abstract particular group, but for the entirety of the community. It African village traditionally was a small unit where is the culture, heritage and pride of a particular African every inhabitant knew and was interested in the affair society where such oral poetry is created and performed. of his neighbor. This common heritage produces poems In other words it is not the property of a few bards, but passed on by words of mouth from one generation to the entire society. This is because, oral poetry is created another. This paper discusses the transmission of African and effectively used to create the desired atmosphere and socio-cultural values from one generation to another evoke the appropriate emotion as conditioned by occasion through oral poetry.
    [Show full text]
  • TAO Ferienkatalog Im PDF Formatfk2020 DE
    www.ostbelgien.eu Entdecken Discover Erleben Experience Genießen Enjoy Ferienkatalog / holiday catalog 2020 www.ostbelgien.eu Willkommen in Europas kraftvollem Garten. Bienvenue dans le surprenant jardin de l’Europe. Welkom in de ruige tuin van Europa. TAO_FK2020_Cover.indd 1 03/12/19 16:01 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis Contents 4 Unterkünfte Accommodation 42 Ausflugsziele Excursion destinations Willkommen in Europas kraftvollem Garten. Bienvenue dans le surprenant jardin de l’Europe. Welkom in de ruige tuin van Europa. 58 Veranstaltungen Events 67 Informationsstellen Tourist information offices 3 TAO_FK2020.indd 3 03/12/19 15:19 HOTEL 1 Hotel Amel Mitte *** Auf dem Kamp 1a 4770 Amel +32 80 34 80 50 [email protected] www.amelmitte.be 20 10 HOTEL 2 Hotel Müller ** Zum Höchst 6 4770 Heppenbach +32 80 34 94 82 [email protected] www.hotel-mueller.be 30 10 HOTEL 3 Haus Tiefenbach **** Trierer Straße 21 4760 Büllingen +32 80 64 73 06 [email protected] www.haus-tiefenbach.be 80 37 4 TAO_FK2020.indd 4 03/12/19 15:19 HOTEL 4 Holzheimer Hütte Holzheim 157 4760 Büllingen +32 476 06 54 02 [email protected] www.holzheim.be 30 10 HOTEL 5 Hotel Drosson *** Kirchenseite 8 4760 Wirtzfeld +32 80 64 71 17 [email protected] www.drosson.be 80 30 HOTEL 6 Hotel Eifeler Hof *** Manderfeld 304 4760 Büllingen +32 80 54 88 35 [email protected] www.eifelerhof.be 34 13 5 TAO_FK2020.indd 5 03/12/19 15:19 HOTEL 7 Hotel International Trierer Straße 1 4760 Büllingen +32 80 33 83 00 [email protected] www.international-bullingen.be 38 10 HOTEL 8 Hotel
    [Show full text]
  • On Anthropological Colour Phenomena in Belgium and Elsewhere
    On Anthropological Colour Phenomena in Belgium and Elsewhere. Author(s): John Beddoe Source: The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 10 (1881), pp. 374-380 Published by: Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2841539 . Accessed: 14/06/2014 10:12 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 195.34.78.242 on Sat, 14 Jun 2014 10:12:06 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 374 J. BEDDOE.-On AnthropologicalColoutr Phenomena. From the SOCIETY.-Transactionsof the Royal Dublin Society, Vol. I, Vol. II, Parts 1, 2. -Journal of the Asiatic Societyof Bengal,Nos. 230-232,and extranumber to Part 1, 1878. Annual Report of the Leeds Philosophicaland Literary Society,1879-80. NeunzehnterBericht der OberhessischenGesellschaft fur Natur-undHeilkunde. - Schriftender Physikalisch-ikonomischenGesellschaft zu Kdnigsberg,1880-81. Fromthe EDITOR.-Revue Internationale des Sciences,Nos. 7,9,10.
    [Show full text]
  • World in One Country
    World in One Country World in One Country 20 days | Johannesburg to Cape Town SMALL GROUP ACCOMMODATED • Kingdom of Eswatini - explore the • Transportation in a suitable touring SAFARI :The South African safari Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary and visit the vehicle according to group size (Toyota that has it all! Wonderful wildlife, Umphakatsi Chief's homestead Quantum, Mercedes Benz Sprinter, Vito • Cape Town - see the highlights of the or other appropriate vehicle) breathtaking scenery and insights southern tip of Africa on a Cape Peninsula • Services of an experienced local guide/ into culture and history. Travel from tour, including Hout Bay and the penguins driver Jo'burg to Kruger National Park, at Boulder's Beach • Games drives - Kruger National Park, through the Kingdom of Eswatini • iSimangaliso Wetland Park - take to the Hluhluwe and onto Zululand. Hike in the water of the St Lucia estuary on a boat Umfolozi Game Reserve, Addo Elephant Drakensberg Mountains and go cruise in search of hippos and crocodiles National Park • Drakensberg Mountains - hike in the • Lesotho - pony trekking and St Lucia pony trekking in Lesotho. Journey incredible scenery of rugged mountains, Estuary boat cruise south through Addo Elephant indigenous forests and rushing streams • Oudtshoorn - Cango Caves excursion Park with wonderful game viewing • Lesotho - enjoy a pony trek and learn • Robertson - Wine blending experience and the lush Tsitsikamma Forest. about the distinct culture of the Basotho • Cape Peninsula tour Before reaching Cape Town, visit people • What's Not Included Oudtshoorn's Cango Caves and the Addo Elephant National Park - spot elephants, rhinos, lions and more on an • Tipping - an entirely personal gesture Wine Route.
    [Show full text]
  • TOURS Day Tours
    ACCOMMODATION WORLD’S BEST LUXURY ENTERTAINMENT & LIFESTYLE DESTINATION Image courtesy of City Sightseeing Cape Town Hop-on Hop-off touring around Cape Peninsula 76 77 TOURS Day Tours ape Town is unusually rich in diversity like food and wine, and is a favourite destination and offers a host of activities for visitors. for adventurous activities such as rock-climbing C Apart from sightseeing, shopping and cycling. The largest timed cycle tour in the markets and high-end brands and visiting iconic world takes place here every year and there is a World Heritage sites and beaches, the Western cycle tour between Cape Town and Knysna, on Cape also offers a wealth of cultural heritage, the Garden Route, for the truly adventurous. Cape Point to the summit in under ten minutes whilst Cape Point is the southernmost tip of the Cape rotating gondola’s ensure a 360 degree view Peninsula. The drive takes you via Chapmans of Cape Town and Table Bay. At the top stroll Peak past steep mountains, secluded coves, along 2km of pathways and enjoy magnificent beaches, villages and fishing communities. views from over 12 viewing sites and decks. At Cape Point visit the Cape of Good Hope Facilities on the mountain include a self- nature reserve – home of fynbos species service restaurant, bistro, and a shop selling found nowhere else in the world and a variety gifts and curios. of wildlife including baboons, rhebok, Cape Mountain zebra, bontebok and the elusive Winelands Tour eland. Return via the historical Simonstown A visit to the Cape Winelands is an absolute naval base.
    [Show full text]
  • Zunde Ramambo As a Traditional Coping Mechanism for the Care of Orphans and Vulnerable Children: Evidence from Gutu District, Zimbabwe
    ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ AJSW, Volume 7 Number 2 2017 Ringson, J. Publisher African Journal of Social Work Afri. j. soc. work © National Association of Social Workers-Zimbabwe/Author(s) ISSN Print 1563-3934 ISSN Online 2409-5605 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International License ZUNDE RAMAMBO AS A TRADITIONAL COPING MECHANISM FOR THE CARE OF ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN: EVIDENCE FROM GUTU DISTRICT, ZIMBABWE RINGSON, John ABSTRACT This study sought to examine the feasibility of rejuvenating and strategically repositioning the Zunde raMambo (King’s granary) as a traditional orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) coping mechanism in Zimbabwe with a special reference to Gutu District. The study was motivated by the intellectual and theoretical paucity of a harmoniously synchronised and integrated approach of OVC coping strategies. Particularly, addressing the centralization of the Zunde raMambo community oriented OVC coping strategy caused by colonialism in Gutu District was the main thrust of this study. The basic human needs and Ubuntu philosophy were used as the underlying theories of this study. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews were used to collect data from the OVCs, care-givers and key informants. The study established that the Zunde raMambo OVC mechanism which was formerly and traditionally owned by the communities is now centrally owned and controlled by the government. The traditional leaders who were formerly custodians of this cultural intellectual heritage have been absorbed into the mainstream of modern government and politics in contravention to their core traditional ethics. The implementation of the Zunde Ramambo in the local rural communities is cosmetically packaged in modern contemporary strategies such as the policy and legislative frameworks.
    [Show full text]
  • Kenya and Lesotho
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Export Processing Zones in Sub-Saharan Africa – Kenya and Lesotho Lene Kristin Vastveit 01.09.2013 Department of Economics University of Bergen Acknowledgements I would like to first thank my family and friends for their encouragement and wonderful support during my time writing this thesis. I also want to acknowledge my supervisor, Rune Jansen Hagen, who has given me guidance and advice, and who has been of great help and support during the year. I am grateful for the amount of time set aside to consult with me and guide me through this process. Lene Kristin Vastveit 29.11.2013 ii Abstract This thesis examines two cases of Export Processing Zone (EPZ) programmes in sub- Saharan Africa (SSA), specifically in Kenya and Lesotho. Using data from the respective countries’ EPZ programme authorities, central banks, relevant studies, and country reports, I show that although the programmes have facilitated employment generation and foreign exchange earnings from textile and apparel exports, such exports rely highly on preferential trade agreements such as the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The reliance on preferential market access, and the uncertainty regarding the continuation of such preferences are important sources of vulnerability. This causes fluctuations in investments and also helps explain the low level of backward linkages. This is especially evident in Lesotho. Moreover, such production within the zones is mainly of low productivity and low added value. The vast number of zone programmes that have materialised in the last decades has contributed to reducing the possible net benefit of EPZs, and the increase in competition has made it difficult to attract investors.
    [Show full text]
  • Lesotho Chapter
    LESOTHO THE LANDSCAPE FOR IMPACT INVESTING IN SOUTHERN AFRICA WITH SUPPORT FROM ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project was funded with UK aid from the UK Government though the Department for International Development’s Impact Programme. The Impact Programme (www.theimpactprogramme.org.uk) aims to catalyze the market for impact investment in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The Bertha Center at the University of Cape Town contributed to this report by providing access to their database of active impact investors operating across sub- Saharan Africa. We would also like to thank Susan Balloch and Giselle Leung from the GIIN for their guidance throughout the research process and contributions to this report. We would further like to thank the tireless Open Capital Advisors (OCA) research team—Neal Desai, David Loew, Rodney Carew, Holden Bonwit, Katie Bach, Sarah Ndegwa, Elijah Ndarua, Joel Muli, Getrude Okoth, and Charles Njugunah—for their work interviewing impact investors, ecosystem players, and entrepreneurs, conducting rigorous data collection under tight timelines. We would especially like to thank our interview participants. Without their key insights this report would not have been possible. We include a full list of interviewees in the Appendix. For any questions or comments about this report, please email Rachel Bass at [email protected]. GIIN Advisory Team Abhilash Mudaliar, Research Manager Kimberly Moynihan, Senior Associate, Communications Rachel Bass, Associate, Research Open Capital Advisors Annie Roberts, Partner Nicole DeMarsh,
    [Show full text]
  • Moroccan Adventure Morocco '05 Northern Presidential Traverse – Of
    BOOTPRINTS Volume 9 Issue 4 July 2005 Northern Presidential Traverse – Of Sorts By Richard Harris he idea of the Northern Presidential Traverse was Tborn with an image of a beautiful June day with the sun shining and the northern peaks beckoning to a band of intrepid hikers. Unfortunately (or fortunately), nature did not get the message. So, on a morning of misty rain (and some downright downpours), the five hikers (Bob Morgan, Alison Cook, Kathleen Damon, Gary Tompkins, and myself) set off from the Appalachia Trailhead off Route 2 shortly before 8:00 a.m. with the intent of hiking to Mt. Madison, Mt. Adams, and Mt. Jefferson. The first several miles along the Valley Way trail were really nice and Moroccan Adventure Morocco ‘05 nontaxing. We enjoyed the numerous By Norm Plante By Marcia Kelly flowers (including Pink Lady Slippers) and lush green plants. While we any thanks to Marcia Kelly or the past 4 years we had hoped the rain would pass, it did not. for organizing a hiking trip traveled to Ireland hiking but Approximately 3 hours after setting Mto Morocco in F this year the ante was upped out on the Valley Way, we reached Northwestern Africa from April 29 to and we had a meeting where it was Madison Hut (we could barely see the May 9, 2005. Five adventurous souls open where we would go. The hut for the clouds – very reminiscent from P.V.H.C., Marcia, Donna decision later was Morocco and 4 of last year’s hike on the southern Blanchard, Jeanne Tsatsos, Mike decided to take the risk and join me.
    [Show full text]
  • Mozambique, Kruger & Swazi Discoverer
    Tel : +47 22413030 | Epost :[email protected]| Web :www.reisebazaar.no Karl Johans gt. 23, 0159 Oslo, Norway Mozambique, Kruger & Swazi Discoverer - DSMZ Turkode Destinasjoner Turen starter 23700 Mosambik - Sør-Afrika - Swaziland 8799564https://rest.gadventures.com/places/87 Turen destinasjon Reisen er levert av 0 dager 8799564https://rest.gadventures.com/places/8799564Johannesburg Fra : NOK 0 Oversikt Want to tell a better travel story at your next dinner party? Tell ‘em about the time you went to southeast Africa. Nature is front-and-centre on this 13-day trip across three countries, with plenty of time devoted to the region’s amazing national parks and spotless beaches. Wander around the Portuguese-influenced cities of Mozambique, take a traditional dhow safari boat around Bazaruto National Park, track the "big five" in Kruger National Park, and drive the legendary Panorama Route to Johannesburg. Your stories are improving already. Reiserute Johannesburg Arrive at any time. There are no planned activities until the evening welcome meeting. Johannesburg/Eswatini Cross the border to Eswatini and stop at the local markets to find authentic Swazi crafts. Visit the mountainous Kingdom of Eswatini. Ruled by King Mswati III, Eswatini is one of three monarchies in Africa. Spend some time exploring the local markets, where you can find traditional Swazi candles, handmade baskets, carvings, and jewellery. Eswatini/Maputo Enjoy an early morning guided walk in Mlilwane Wildlife Sanctuary, before departing for Mozambique. Cross the border and continue to the capital city, Maputo. Take a short orientation walk with your CEO when you arrive in the afternoon. Maputo/Inhambane Head to Inhambane as a base for exploring Praia do Tofo.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Compendium
    Country Compendium A companion to the English Style Guide July 2021 Translation © European Union, 2011, 2021. The reproduction and reuse of this document is authorised, provided the sources and authors are acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the texts are not distorted. The right holders and authors shall not be liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse. CONTENTS Introduction ...............................................................................1 Austria ......................................................................................3 Geography ................................................................................................................... 3 Judicial bodies ............................................................................................................ 4 Legal instruments ........................................................................................................ 5 Government bodies and administrative divisions ....................................................... 6 Law gazettes, official gazettes and official journals ................................................... 6 Belgium .....................................................................................9 Geography ................................................................................................................... 9 Judicial bodies .......................................................................................................... 10 Legal instruments .....................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 30-Fk-E-Bastias Saavedra-5
    Zeitschrift des Max-Planck-Instituts für europäische Rechtsgeschichte Rechts R Journal of the Max Planck Institute for European Legal History geschichte g Rechtsgeschichte Legal History www.rg.mpg.de http://www.rg-rechtsgeschichte.de/rg26 Rg 26 2018 325 – 337 Zitiervorschlag: Rechtsgeschichte – Legal History Rg 26 (2018) http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/rg26/325-337 Manuel Bastias Saavedra * Jurisdictional Autonomy and the Autonomy ofLaw:EndofEmpireandtheFunctional Differentiation of Law in 19th-century Latin America * Alexander von Humboldt Fellow, Zentrum für europäische Rechtspolitik (ZERP), Universität Bremen, [email protected] Dieser Beitrag steht unter einer Creative Commons cc-by-nc-nd 3.0 Abstract This contribution discusses the collapse of the Iberian Empire and the transformation of legal regimes in 19th-century Latin America. While most of the literature on this period centers on the process of state-building and the reform of legal institutions, my discussion will focus on the im- portant changes produced in the form of law according to Luhmann’s theory of functional dif- ferentiation. The main argument is that systems theory can provide a re-evaluation of the history of law in the 19th and 20th centuries if one focuses on the idea of the autonomy of law. I argue that this way of reading the functioning of law is analogous to the legal historical re-evaluation of early-modern Iberianlegalregimesthroughtheideaofjurisdic- tional autonomy. Taken together both ways of understanding autonomy in legal observation di- rect our attention to shifts in law that go beyond the question of empire and nation-state building. Keywords: empire, Latin America, legal history, indigenous peoples, frontiers □× Fokus focus Manuel Bastias Saavedra Jurisdictional Autonomy and the Autonomy ofLaw:EndofEmpireandtheFunctional Differentiation of Law in 19th-century Latin America* I.
    [Show full text]