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Renaissance to Regent Street: Harold Rathbone and the Della Robbia Pottery of Birkenhead

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Renaissance to Regent Street: Harold Rathbone and the Della Robbia Pottery of Birkenhead RENAISSANCE TO REGENT STREET: HAROLD RATHBONE AND THE DELLA ROBBIA POTTERY OF BIRKENHEAD JULIET CARROLL A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Liverpool John Moores University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy APRIL 2017 1 Renaissance to Regent Street: Harold Rathbone and the Della Robbia Pottery of Birkenhead Abstract This thesis examines the ways in which the unique creativity brought to late Victorian applied art by the Della Robbia Pottery was a consequence of Harold Rathbone’s extended engagement with quattrocento ceramics. This was not only with the sculpture collections in the South Kensington Museum but through his experiences as he travelled in Italy. In the first sustained examination of the development of the Della Robbia Pottery within the wider histories of the Arts and Crafts Movement, the thesis makes an original contribution in three ways. Using new sources of primary documentation, I discuss the artistic response to Italianate style by Harold Rathbone and his mentors Ford Madox Brown and William Holman Hunt, and consider how this influenced the development of the Pottery. Rathbone’s own engagement with Italy not only led to his response to the work of the quattrocento sculptor Luca della Robbia but also to the archaic sgraffito styles of Lombardia in Northern Italy; I propose that Rathbone found a new source of inspiration for the sgraffito workshop at the Pottery. The thesis then identifies how the Della Robbia Pottery established a commercial presence in Regent Street and beyond, demonstrating how it became, for a short time, an outstanding expression of these Italianate styles within the British Arts and Crafts Movement. 2 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep gratitude to Professor Julie Sheldon for her continuous support and encouragement throughout the writing of this thesis and for her unstinting generosity in sharing her knowledge and expertise. My thanks also go to Colin Simpson of The Williamson Art Gallery and Museum for giving me the opportunity to co-curate the exhibition Renaissance to Regent Street: The Della Robbia Pottery of Birkenhead in 2016 and for his unwavering optimism throughout. My family, friends and colleagues have stood beside me in the most difficult of times, especially Matthew, Tom and Michaela. From the very start, the late Mike Carroll truly believed that everything is possible. 3 Table of Contents Title Page ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 Abstract ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 Acknowledgments ………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Table of Contents …………………………………………………………………………………… 4 List of Illustrations ………………………………………………………………………………….. 5 Introduction …………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 Chapter one: Artistic and literary responses to Italy ……………………………….. 23 Chapter two: Tools, techniques and the vision of the Della Robbia Pottery 115 Chapter three: Regent Street and beyond: The Della Robbia Pottery and the 199 business of display Conclusion. …………………………………………………………………………………………… 278 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………....... 283 4 List of Illustrations Chapter one Figure Page 1. The Della Robbia Pottery, (Harold Rathbone, after a design 36 by T.E. Collcutt),1898, fountain for the Savoy Hotel, London. Glazed Terracotta bas-relief panels, destroyed WW2. Illustration from Art Journal (July 1898) p.222 2. Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. (Ford Madox Brown), 42 Design for a stained-glass window, 1862, pencil and wash, Victorian and Albert Museum, London 3. The Della Robbia Pottery (Harold Rathbone) Gideon, after 42 Ford Madox Brown, 1896, glazed terracotta, Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington 4. Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co., (Ford Madox Brown) Gideon, 1863, stained glass, St. Martins on the Hill, 43 Scarborough 5. The Della Robbia Pottery (Harold Rathbone), signed ‘after Ford Madox Brown’, Alfred Ye Greate (1895), relief panel in 44 glazed terracotta, Williamson Art Gallery & Museum, Birkenhead 6 Ford Madox Brown, Oure Ladye of Saturday Night (Our Ladye of Good Children), 1847–61, pastel, watercolour, 47 chalk, gold paint. Tate Collection 5 7. Harold Rathbone, The Banqueting Hall, Conwy Castle, 1888, oil on canvas, National Museums of Liverpool 50 8. Harold Rathbone, (attributed), A View of a house and farm buildings, undated, oil on panel, William Morris Gallery, 53 Walthamstow 9. Harold Rathbone, Portrait of Mathilde Blind, 1889, pastel on paper, Private Collection 58 10. Edward (Edouard) Lanteri, Mathilde Blind, 1898, bronze medallion, 180mm, National Portrait Gallery, London 64 11. William Holman Hunt, Harold Rathbone, 1893, oil on panel, National Museums of Liverpool 66 12. Luca della Robbia, Cantoria (The Singing Choir), 1431-38, marble, Museo dell’ Opera del Duomo, Florence 76 13. William Holman Hunt, The Triumph of the Innocents, 1876- 87, oil on canvas, National Museums of Liverpool 77 14. Della Robbia Pottery (A J Peirce & Harold Rathbone), Cherubs, 1896 and 1897, polychrome terracotta panels, 78 Williamson Art Gallery & Museum, Birkenhead 15. William Holman Hunt, The Lady of Shalott, 1886-1905, Manchester City Art Gallery 80 16. William Holman Hunt, Cyril Benoni Holman Hunt, The Fisherman, 1880, oil on canvas, Fitzwilliam Museum, 82 Cambridge 17. Della Robbia Pottery (Cassandra Walker and Alice Jones), two lizard-handled jugs with moulding, 1903, Williamson 106 Art Gallery, Birkenhead 6 Chapter two 1. The Della Robbia Pottery (Cassandra Walker), large glazed 132 earthenware plaque, 1904, Glasgow Museums Collection 2. The Della Robbia Pottery (Harold Rathbone and Carlo Manzoni), The 135 Wallasey Reredos, 1899, Liscard Memorial Unitarian Church, Wallasey 3. Luca della Robbia, Madonna and Child, c1475, glazed terracotta, 138 National Gallery of Art, Washington 4. The Della Robbia Pottery (Ellen Mary Rope), Madonna and Child, 138 glazed terracotta, c1896, Williamson Art Gallery & Museum, Birkenhead 5. Advertisement, Western Daily Press, 11th January 1861 143 6. The Della Robbia Pottery (Harold Rathbone), Madonna with Child, 148 glazed terracotta, 1898, Williamson Art Gallery & Museum, Birkenhead 7. Andrea della Robbia, Virgin and Child panel relief, glazed terracotta, 149 1475-1500, Victorian and Albert Museum, London 8. Cantagalli of Florence, Madonna and Child, glazed terracotta, after 151 1878, Private Collection 9 George Andrews, G. F. Watts with della Robbia tondo, 1895, b/w 154 photo, Watts Gallery, Compton 10. Andrea della Robbia, polychrome terracotta roundel, c1487, 157 Ospedale degli Innocenti, Florence 11. Della Robbia Pottery (Marian de Calawe) Polychrome terracotta 157 roundel, c. 1903, Victoria Gallery, Liverpool, lately retrieved from Alder Hey Childrens Hospital, Liverpool during renovation work. 7 12. Artist unknown, front and reverse of unglazed terracotta plaque in 158 style of Andrea della Robbia, undated, The Potters Art Guild, Compton 13. Burmantofts Pottery, press moulded bas-relief faience tile, c.1890 159 14. Doultons Carrara ware, undated, former Debenhams building, 160 Wigmore Street, London 15. Minton & Co., fountain, moulded earthenware, decorated with 161 coloured glazes, 1870-1890, Victorian and Albert Museum, London 16. The Della Robbia Pottery (incised and painted by Charles Collis), 164 c.1903, circular plaque, Williamson Art Gallery & Museum, Birkenhead 17. Aller Vale Art Pottery, Italianate Jardinière and stand, undated, blue 167 . and cream slip on white clay, photograph: Torquay Potteries Collectors Society 18. Sgraffito fragments from Lombardia (14th & 15th C), collected by 169 Carlo Loretz, Musei Castello Sforzesco, Milan 19. Pieces from (left) Dossena period in the early 1880s and (right) from 172 Milan period from 1896 identifying the signature of Carlo Loretz 20. The Della Robbia Pottery (William Williams and Harold Rathbone), 176 Tree of Life sgraffito decorated large charger with design, 1895 Williamson Art Gallery & Museum, Birkenhead 21. Loretz & Co., sgraffito decorated shallow bowl, c.1899, private 176 collection 22. Loretz & Co., sgraffito decorated shallow bowl, 1899, private 178 collection 23. Della Robbia Pottery (Ruth Bare), 1900, green and black glazed 179 terracotta jug, Williamson Art Gallery, Birkenhead 24. Loretz & Co. of Milan, Green and black sgraffito plate (1899) and 180 bowl (1899). Private collection. 8 25. Loretz and Co, Milan, Business card 181 26. Loretz & Co. of Milan, undated, panel of medieval sgraffito 183 fragments curated by Carlo Loretz and photographed by his son Giano Loretz. Inscribed on the rear: ‘Fabbriche miste’. Private collection 27. Joseph Loretz & Co., Advertisement (after 1868) 184 28. Advertisement, Liverpool Mercury (18 Feb 1884) 185 29. Advertisement, Liverpool Mercury (25 Dec 1880) 186 30. Photographer unknown, The Music room at Greenbank Cottage, 192 undated, b/w photo. Williamson Art Gallery & Museum, Birkenhead 31. Cantagalli, della Robbia style Madonna and Child, domed 197 rectangular plaque earthenware and coloured glazes, late nineteenth century, private collection Chapter three 1. Harold Rathbone, Philip Rathbone with his Daughter Elfrida, 200 c1895, oil on canvas, Williamson Art Gallery & Museum, Birkenhead 2. Advertisement, Manchester Courier and Lancashire General 203 Advertiser (26 Dec 1896) 3. Advertisement, Dundee Courier (24 May 1895) 204 4. Advertisement for Waring’s, Liverpool Mercury (22 December 1897) 204 5. Advertisment, Magazine of Art (November 1896) 205 9 6. The Della Robbia Pottery, miniature sgraffito globe vase, marks obscured by Liberty label on underside. Private Collection. 210 7.
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