The Efficient Improvement of Original Magnetite in Iron Ore Reduction
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Recovery of Magnetite-Hematite Concentrate from Iron Ore Tailings
E3S Web of Conferences 247, 01042 (2021) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701042 ICEPP-2021 Recovery of magnetite-hematite concentrate from iron ore tailings Mikhail Khokhulya1,*, Alexander Fomin1, and Svetlana Alekseeva1 1Mining Institute of Kola Science Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity, 184209, Russia Abstract. The research is aimed at study of the probable recovery of iron from the tailings of the Olcon mining company located in the north-western Arctic zone of Russia. Material composition of a sample from a tailings dump was analysed. The authors have developed a separation production technology to recover magnetite-hematite concentrate from the tailings. A processing flowsheet includes magnetic separation, milling and gravity concentration methods. The separation technology provides for production of iron ore concentrate with total iron content of 65.9% and recovers 91.0% of magnetite and 80.5% of hematite from the tailings containing 20.4% of total iron. The proposed technology will increase production of the concentrate at a dressing plant and reduce environmental impact. 1 Introduction The mineral processing plant of the Olcon JSC, located at the Murmansk region, produces magnetite- At present, there is an important problem worldwide in hematite concentrate. The processing technology the disposal of waste generated during the mineral includes several magnetic separation stages to produce production and processing. Tailings dumps occupy huge magnetite concentrate and two jigging stages to produce areas and pollute the environment. However, waste hematite concentrate from a non-magnetic fraction of material contains some valuable components that can be magnetic separation [13]. used in various industries. In the initial period of plant operation (since 1955) In Russia, mining-induced waste occupies more than iron ore tailings were stored in the Southern Bay of 300 thousand hectares of lands. -
Banded Iron Formations
Banded Iron Formations Cover Slide 1 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures Kalmina gorge banded iron (Gypsy Denise 2013, Creative Commons) BIFs were deposited in shallow marine troughs or basins. Deposits are tens of km long, several km wide and 150 – 600 m thick. Photo is of Kalmina gorge in the Pilbara (Karijini National Park, Hamersley Ranges) 2 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock Iron rich bands: hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). Iron poor bands: chert (fine‐grained quartz) and low iron oxide levels Rock sample from a BIF (Woudloper 2009, Creative Commons 1.0) Iron rich bands are composed of hematitie (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). The iron poor bands contain chert (fine‐grained quartz) with lesser amounts of iron oxide. 3 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock • Archaean and Proterozoic in age BIF formation through time (KG Budge 2020, public domain) BIFs were deposited for 2 billion years during the Archaean and Proterozoic. There was another short time of deposition during a Snowball Earth event. 4 Why are BIFs important? • Iron ore exports are Australia’s top earner, worth $61 billion in 2017‐2018 • Iron ore comes from enriched BIF deposits Rio Tinto iron ore shiploader in the Pilbara (C Hargrave, CSIRO Science Image) Australia is consistently the leading iron ore exporter in the world. We have large deposits where the iron‐poor chert bands have been leached away, leaving 40%‐60% iron. -
Smelting Iron from Laterite: Technical Possibility Or Ethnographic Aberration?
Smelting Iron from Laterite: Technical Possibility or Ethnographic Aberration? T. O. PRYCE AND S. NATAPINTU introduction Laterites deposits (orlateriticsoilsastheyarealsocalled)arefrequently reported in Southeast Asia, and are ethnographically attested to have been used for the smelting of iron in the region (Abendanon 1917 in Bronson 1992:73; Bronson and Charoenwongsa 1986), as well as in Africa (Gordon and Killick 1993; Miller and Van Der Merwe 1994). The present authors do not dispute this evidence; we merely wish to counsel cautioninitsextrapolation.Modifyingour understanding of a population’s potential to locally produce their own iron has immediate ramifications for how we reconstruct ancient metal distribution net- works, and the social exchanges that have facilitated them since iron’s generally agreed appearance in Southeast Asian archaeological contexts during the mid-first millennium b.c. (e.g., Bellwood 2007:268; Higham 1989:190). We present this paper as a wholly constructive critique of what appears to be a prevailingperspectiveonpre-modernSoutheastAsianironmetallurgy.Wehave tried to avoid technical language and jargon wherever possible, as our aim is to motivate scholars working within the regiontogivefurtherconsiderationtoiron as a metal, as a technology, and as a socially significant medium (e.g., Appadurai 1998; Binsbergen 2005; Gosden and Marshall 1999). When writing a critique it is of course necessary to cite researchers with whom one disagrees, and we have done this with full acknowledgment that in modern archaeology no one person can encompass the entire knowledge spectrum of the discipline.1 The archaeome- tallurgy of iron is probably on the periphery of most of our colleagues’ interests, but sometimes, within the technical, lies the pivotal, and in sharing some of our insights we hope to illuminate issues of benefit to all researchers in Metal Age Southeast Asia. -
ITP Mining: Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry: Chapter 4: Iron
Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry 4 Iron The chemical element iron is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust and the second most abundant metal. About five percent of the Earth's crust is composed of iron. The metal is chemically active and is found in nature combined with other elements in rocks and soils. In its natural state, iron is chemically bonded with oxygen, water, carbon dioxide, or sulfur in a variety of minerals. Forms of Iron Minerals, Ores, and Rocks Iron occurs mainly in iron-oxide ores. Some ores are a mixture of minerals rich in iron. Other iron ores are less rich and have a large number of impurities. The most important iron ore- forming minerals are: • Magnetite - Magnetite (Fe3O4) forms magnetic black iron ore. There are large deposits of magnetite in Russia and Sweden. • Hematite - Hematite (Fe2O3) is a red iron ore. Hematite occurs in almost all forms, from solid rock to loose earth. It is the most plentiful iron ore and occurs in large quantities throughout the world. • Goethite - Goethite (Fe2O3.H2O), a brown ore, contains iron. • Limonite - Limonite (Fe2O3.H2O) is a yellow-brown iron ore. Limonite is a collective term for impure goethite and a mixture of hydrated iron oxides. Iron 4-1 Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Mining Industry Taconite contains low-grade iron in fine specks and bands. It is an extremely hard and flinty - containing about 25 - 30 percent iron. The iron in taconite occurs principally as magnetite and hematite and finely dispersed with silica in sedimentary deposits. -
Conservation and Systematic Development of Iron
1 PART : II INTRODUCTION CONSERVATION (PRESERVATION) AND SYSTEMATIC DEVELOPMENT OF IRON ORE One of the species of National Wealth is iron ore. Conservation of this mineral is of prime importance for industrial development. Indian legislature has recognized it in Section: 18 of the Mines & Minerals (Development & Regulation) Act, 1957. Section : 18, inter-alia, directs the Central Government to take all such steps as may be necessary for: (a) the conservation (Preservation) (b) and systematic development of minerals in India Systematic development of minerals in India would require: (a) exact estimate of reserves available (b) reasonable estimate of resources from where probable reserves can be estimated. This, inter–alia, would require opening of new mines. For that purpose, exploration is necessary. 2 For this, it would be worthwhile to refer to: A (REPORTS FOR EXPLORATION) (i) DOCUMENT ON STRATEGY FOR EXPLORATION, EXPLOITATION AND DEVELOPMENT FOR IRON ORE IN INDIA, PUBLISHED BY THE SUB–GROUP ON IRON ORE in India (January, 2006) (ii) MINERAL POLICY ISSUES IN THE CONTEXT OF EXPORT AND DOMESTIC USE OF IRON ORE IN INDIA - REPORT - FEBRUARY 2008 (INDIAN COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH ON INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC RELATIONS) (iii) ECONOMICS OF SPONGE IRON AND STEEL PRODUCTION (SEPTEMBER, 2008) BY STEEL AND NATURAL RESOURCES STRATEGY RESEARCH, VASANT KUNJ, NEW DELHI (iv) IRON ORE – STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS” by M. S. Jairam, Director, Geological Survey of India (v) IBM REPORT, 2009, AND PROVISIONAL FIGURES, AS ON 1-4-2010, SUPPLIED BY IBM, FOR IRON ORE 3 B (ILLEGAL MINING) (vi) 19TH REPORT OF STANDING COMMITTEE ON COAL & STEEL which highlights menace of illegal mining. -
CARBONATE and MAGNETITE PARAGENESES AS MONITORS of CARBON DIOXIDE and OXYGEN FUGACITY Andrea M
Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI 1424.pdf CARBONATE AND MAGNETITE PARAGENESES AS MONITORS OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND OXYGEN FUGACITY Andrea M. Koziol, Department of Geology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469-2364 USA; e-mail: [email protected] Introduction: A geologist or meteoriticist magnetite grains, led Brearley to suggest that a may have before them an assemblage of miner- later reheating event caused the carbonate to als that together record a history of the tem- decompose. The CO2 evolved would produce perature, pressure, and fluid composition that the small voids. The siderite component of the the rock has experienced. Certain key minerals carbonate would preferentially break down, do record water, CO2, and O2 fugacities. forming magnetite [5]. Siderite, FeCO3, is one of those key miner- als. The stable coexistence of siderite with an- Alternatively, an increase in oxygen fugac- other key mineral, such as graphite or magnet- ity would promote magnetite formation by ite (Fe3O4), is only possible under certain re- strictive conditions. If other variables are 3 FeCO3 + 1/2 (O2) = Fe3O4 + 3 CO2. (1) known, the activity or fugacity of CO2 or O2 in the fluid phase once present in the rock can Oxygen fugacity could change as pore fluid often be estimated. This is an oxybarometer: a changes, or as certain mineral reactions pro- way of estimating oxygen fugacity (fO2) from gress. The oxygen may not be present in a gas mineral assemblages. The results can be used to phase, but may be dissolved in a fluid or supplied understand parageneses of iron-rich carbonate by a mineral. -
Porphyry Deposits
PORPHYRY DEPOSITS W.D. SINCLAIR Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth St., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E8 E-mail: [email protected] Definition Au (±Ag, Cu, Mo) Mo (±W, Sn) Porphyry deposits are large, low- to medium-grade W-Mo (±Bi, Sn) deposits in which primary (hypogene) ore minerals are dom- Sn (±W, Mo, Ag, Bi, Cu, Zn, In) inantly structurally controlled and which are spatially and Sn-Ag (±W, Cu, Zn, Mo, Bi) genetically related to felsic to intermediate porphyritic intru- Ag (±Au, Zn, Pb) sions (Kirkham, 1972). The large size and structural control (e.g., veins, vein sets, stockworks, fractures, 'crackled zones' For deposits with currently subeconomic grades and and breccia pipes) serve to distinguish porphyry deposits tonnages, subtypes are based on probable coproduct and from a variety of deposits that may be peripherally associat- byproduct metals, assuming that the deposits were econom- ed, including skarns, high-temperature mantos, breccia ic. pipes, peripheral mesothermal veins, and epithermal pre- Geographical Distribution cious-metal deposits. Secondary minerals may be developed in supergene-enriched zones in porphyry Cu deposits by weathering of primary sulphides. Such zones typically have Porphyry deposits occur throughout the world in a series significantly higher Cu grades, thereby enhancing the poten- of extensive, relatively narrow, linear metallogenic tial for economic exploitation. provinces (Fig. 1). They are predominantly associated with The following subtypes of porphyry deposits are Mesozoic to Cenozoic orogenic belts in western North and defined according to the metals that are essential to the eco- South America and around the western margin of the Pacific nomics of the deposit (metals that are byproducts or poten- Basin, particularly within the South East Asian Archipelago. -
Rock and Mineral Identification for Engineers
Rock and Mineral Identification for Engineers November 1991 r~ u.s. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration acid bottle 8 granite ~~_k_nife _) v / muscovite 8 magnify~in_g . lens~ 0 09<2) Some common rocks, minerals, and identification aids (see text). Rock And Mineral Identification for Engineers TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................ 1 Minerals ...................................................................................... 2 Rocks ........................................................................................... 6 Mineral Identification Procedure ............................................ 8 Rock Identification Procedure ............................................... 22 Engineering Properties of Rock Types ................................. 42 Summary ................................................................................... 49 Appendix: References ............................................................. 50 FIGURES 1. Moh's Hardness Scale ......................................................... 10 2. The Mineral Chert ............................................................... 16 3. The Mineral Quartz ............................................................. 16 4. The Mineral Plagioclase ...................................................... 17 5. The Minerals Orthoclase ..................................................... 17 6. The Mineral Hornblende ................................................... -
Sustainable Underground Iron Ore Mining in Ukraine with Backfilling Worked-Out Area
sustainability Review Sustainable Underground Iron Ore Mining in Ukraine with Backfilling Worked-Out Area Oleg Bazaluk 1,* , Mykhailo Petlovanyi 2 , Vasyl Lozynskyi 2,* , Serhii Zubko 3, Kateryna Sai 2 and Pavlo Saik 2 1 Belt and Road Initiative Centre for Chinese-European Studies, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China 2 Department of Mining Engineering and Education, Dnipro University of Technology, 49005 Dnipro, Ukraine; [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (P.S.) 3 PJSC Zaporizhzhia Iron-ore Plant, 69061 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (O.B.); [email protected] (V.L.) Abstract: The present paper considers aspects of underground iron ore mining in Ukraine, in par- ticular the level of mine production and reserves of basic ore fields. It analyzes and generalizes the practice of using cemented rockfill under difficult mining and hydrogeological conditions of the Pivdenno-Bilozerske high-grade iron ore field. The Belozersky iron ore district is the only one in Ukraine that, without any technological cycle of beneficiation, can provide both domestic and foreign consumers with high-quality raw iron ore as required by world markets. The PJSC Zaporizhzhia iron ore plant extracts iron ore from the Pivdenno-Bilozerske field with an iron content of more than 60% using the low-waste, environmentally friendly technology of backfilling the mined-out area with a hardening mixture. The peculiarities of the technology for steep deposit mining and the main processes of backfilling operations in terms of preparation, transportation, and construction of the backfill mass with its stability assessment are explained in detail in this paper. -
The Magnetite-Series and Ilmenite-Series Granitoids in Chile
MINING GEOLOGY,30(3),183•`190,1980 The Magnetite-series and Ilmenite-series Granitoids in Chile Shunso ISHIHARA*and Carlos E. ULRIKSEN** Abstract: Paleozoic and Mesozoic-Cenozoic granitoids of the Chilean Andes were studied magnetically in the area between Latitude 22-35•KS. The Paleozoic granitoids are found to be composed of the ilmenite-series and weakly magnetic magnetite-series, whereas all the Mesozoic-Cenozoic ones appear to be the magnetite-series. Lack of significant sulfide deposits in the Paleozoic terrains may have been resulted from the reducing nature of the granitic magmatism. Within the magnetite-series terrains of Mesozoic-Cenozoic age, magnetic susceptibility of the granitoids seems to increase continentward. Granitoids related to porphyry copper deposits in the Andean Cordillera have higher magnetic susceptibility than those occurring in the Coast Range which could be genetically associated with manto-type deposits. The different styles of mineralization may possibly be in consequence of the different oxidation status of the granitic magmatism. areas are shown in Figure 1. Introduction Granitoids in Chile Granitoids in the Chilean Andes are dis- tributed continuously from the Peruvian coast Granitoids of Chile occupy about 30 percent batholiths (18•KS) to the southern tip of South of the total land area and occur as large America (54•KS) for more than 4,000 km. These batholiths to small intrusive plugs which may granitoids range in composition, from quartz have brought the effusive equivalents to the diorite to granite, and show different mode of surface along the Andean orogenic belt. Their occurrence, from catazonal to epizonal. Some exposure is seen in two lanes in the northern of the epizonal granitoids are associated with half (18-38•KS); one along the coast while the well-known prophyry copper and manto-type other in the Andean Cordillera. -
Magnetite in the Carbonatites from the Jacupiranga Complex, Brazil
American Mineralogist, Volume 6E, pages 195-213, 1983 Magnetite in the carbonatitesfrom the JacupirangaComplex, Brazil JosB C. Gespan Instituto de GeosciAncias Universidade de Sao Paulo Sao Paulo, Brazil CEP 05508 eNo PBren J. Wyrue Department of Geophysical Sciences University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois 60637 Abstract Electron microprobe analysesof magnetitesfrom five carbonatiteintrusions (Cr, oldest, to C5, loungest) constituting the carbonatite plug in the Jacupirangacomplex confirm' previous results from Jacupirangagiving compositions in the magnesioferrite-magnetite series very close to Fe3Oa.Magnetites from other carbonatitesare similar with somewhat more Ti and less Mg. MgO in Jacupirangamagnetites reaches no more than l0 wt.%. All analyzedgrains are zoned, with Fe3Oaincreasing toward the rim. In magnetitesfrom C2 to C5, Fe2O3 replacement is mainly by Al2O3 and less by TiOz; in C1 magnetites TiO2 replacementis more important. Despite their limited range of compositions, the cores of magnetitesin each of the five intrusions are chemically distinct and distinguishablefrom each other as indicated by projections from within the Cr-free spinel prism, MgFe2Oa- MgzTiOa-MgAI2Oa-Fe3Oa-Fe2TiOa-FeAl2Oa,and a plot of Mn ys. Mg. Magnetites from special locations such as dikes, bandedreaction zonesbetween carbonatite andjacupiran- gite, and in intergrowths with pyrite, are chemically related but distinct from the carbonatite magnetites.The systematicchemical variation and zoning of magnetitesin the five carbonatite intrusions indicate magmaticorigin. -
The Iron-Ore Resources of Europe
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALBERT B. FALL, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 706 THE IRON-ORE RESOURCES OF EUROPE BY MAX ROESLER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 CONTENTS. Page. Preface, by J. B. Umpleby................................................. 9 Introduction.............................................................. 11 Object and scope of report............................................. 11 Limitations of the work............................................... 11 Definitions.........................:................................. 12 Geology of iron-ore deposits............................................ 13 The utilization of iron ores............................................ 15 Acknowledgments...................................................... 16 Summary................................................................ 17 Geographic distribution of iron-ore deposits within the countries of new E urope............................................................. 17 Geologic distribution................................................... 22 Production and consumption.......................................... 25 Comparison of continents.............................................. 29 Spain..................................................................... 31 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 31 Cantabrian Cordillera............................................. 31 The Pyrenees....................................................