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Politics, Media and Religion: De São Paulo Progressive Activism Among Brazilian Evangelicals Through Facebook and Twitter

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Politics, Media and Religion: De São Paulo Progressive Activism Among Brazilian Evangelicals Through Facebook and Twitter Magali Cunha Universidade Metodista Politics, media and religion: de São Paulo progressive activism among Brazilian evangelicals through Facebook and Twitter Política, mídia e religião: o ativismo progressista entre evangélicos brasileiros por meio do Facebook e do Twitter Política, medios y religión: el activismo progresista entre evangélicos brasileños a través de Facebook y Twitter C&S – São Bernardo do Campo, v. 39, n. 3, p. 217-243, set./dez. 2017 217 RESUMO Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a emergência de um ativismo político evangélico progressista no Brasil, para além do partidário e de campanhas eleitorais, expresso em mídias digitais. Identificar quem são esses ativistas e como se dá a sua ação, particular- mente no Facebook e no Twitter, é o objeto do estudo. Para desenvolvê-lo, foi tomada como base teórica estudos anteriores da autora do trabalho e de cientistas da religião, para a compreensão do quadro da participação política de evangélicos brasileiros no tempo presente. Recorreu-se também às abordagens que relacionam comunicação e política e a uma compreensão do sentido de ativismo e de ativismo digital. Com base em mapeamento de ativistas evangélicos nas duas mídias sociais, realizado em pesquisa prévia, o estudo detém-se na lista de 22 evangélicos influenciadores que dedicam-se ao ativismo político, para traçar um perfil de sua atuação e demonstrar os conteúdos que privilegiam em suas postagens. Verifica-se que as mídias sociais são um espaço intenso de atuação deste grupo, que é invisibilizado nas grandes mídias, o que delineia o caráter de contra-hegemonia à sua ação. Palavras-Chave: Mídia. Ativismo Digital. Evangélicos. Abstract This work aims to study the emergence of a progressive Protestant political activism in Brazil, beyond partisans and electoral campaigns, expressed in digital media. Identifying who these activists are and how their action takes place, particularly on Facebook and Twitter, is the object of the study. In order to develop it, previous studies by the author of the work and of religious scientists were taken as a theoretical basis for understanding the context of the political participation of Brazilian Protestant in the present time. Ap- proaches that relate communication and politics and an understanding of the sense of activism and digital activism are also referred. Based on a mapping of evangelical activists in the two social media, conducted in previous research, the study emphasizes the list of 22 evangelical influencers who dedicate themselves to political activism, to draw a profile of their action and demonstrate the contents that they accentuate in their posts. It is verified that the social media is an intense space of action of this group, that is invisible in the great media, which delineates the character of counter-hegemony to its action. Keywords: Media. Digital Activism. Protestants. Resumen: Este trabajo tiene por objetivo estudiar la emergencia de un activismo político evangélico progresista en Brasil, además del partidario y de campañas electorales, expresado en redes sociales digitales. Identificar quiénes son esos activistas y cómo se da su acción, particularmente en Facebook y Twitter, es el objeto del estudio. Para desarrollarlo, fue tomada como base teórica estudios anteriores de la autora del trabajo y de científicos de la religión, para la comprensión del cuadro de la participación política de evangélicos brasileños en el tiempo presente. Se recurrió también a los enfoques que relacionan comunicación y política y a una comprensión del sentido de activismo y de activismo digital. Con base en el mapeo de activistas evangélicos en los dos redes sociales digitales, realizado en investigación previa, el estudio se detiene en la lista de 22 evangélicos influyentes que se dedican al activismo político, para trazar un perfil de su actuación y demostrar los contenidos que privilegian en sus posturas. Se verifica que las redes sociales digitales son un espacio intenso de actuación de este grupo, que es invisibilizado en los grandes medios, lo que delinea el carácter de contrahegemonía a su acción. Palabras clave: Medios. Activismo Digital. Evangélicos. Submissão: 22-10-2014 Decisão editorial: 15-08-2017 218 C&S – São Bernardo do Campo, v. 39, n. 3, p. 217-243, set./dez. 2017 Preliminary notes Studies in Communication/Media and Religion are expanding in Brazil, since it is no longer possible to un- derstand religions in the contemporary world without relating them to communication and the media, nor is it possible to approach media without taking into account its relation with religions (HOOVER, 2014). A considerable number of researches since the 1970s (see Brazilian Commission for Research Impro- vement/CAPES Bank of Theses) are dedicated to understanding the process of production of religious programming, that is, the presence of religious groups, mainly Christian churches, in the media, such as edi- torial entrepreneurs, media owners or space holders in TV programming channels and radio stations. Substan- tial analyzes in the form of master’s theses and doc- toral dissertations, some disseminated through books and articles, have contributed to consolidate this field of study. They have also contributed to break with the predominant positivist perspective in the formation of the Brazilian educational system, which sought to place religion in the academy “in its proper place”, that is, as belonging primarily to studies in the field of anthropology, sociology, perhaps psychology. The interface media, religion and politics is a field of studies still open in the area of Communication in C&S – São Bernardo do Campo, v. 39, n. 3, p. 217-243, set./dez. 2017 219 MAGALI CUNHA Brazil. The intensification of the presence of Christians in political parties, especially since the 1986 Consti- tution Congress, connected to the increase of their occupation of media spaces, mainly of the Protestants in great growth in the country since the 1990s, has been an object of greater attention by politics and religion scientists. It has also generated more “acade- mic curiosity” for communication researchers. In the research carried out by the author of this work, systematized in a book (CUNHA, 2017), we have verified at least four sociopolitical and cultural dyna- mics related to the participation of religious Protestants in the Brazilian political process in the last decades, which are important basis for the discussion that follo- ws in this article: (a) Protestants are the most evident religious group in Brazil in the news media, when there is at- tention to the subject media, religion and politics. This is largely due to the great numerical and geographic growth of the group, which has occurred in the last two decades, and their intense presence in traditional media, digital media and political parties1. (b) The Protestant Caucus in the Parliament (PCP) was consolidated and reached, in the 2015-2018 ad- ministration, a bloc of 88 deputies elected in 2014 and three senators re-elected in 2010; (c) The news media and religious media highlight a hegemony of conservative ideology among Protes- tants, both in the coverage of the guidelines of the PCP and in the pronouncements of Protestant leaders on national politics. 1 This article refers to “Protestants” in Brazil all believers of the Christian religion who do not belong to Roman Catholic and Orthodox confessions. 220 C&S – São Bernardo do Campo, v. 39, n. 3, p. 217-243, set./dez. 2017 POLÍTICA, MÍDIA E RELIGIÃO: O ATIVISMO PROGRESSISTA ENTRE EVANGÉLICOS BRASILEIROS POR MEIO DO FACEBOOK E DO TWITTER (d) Progressive Protestant groups, always a mino- rity in the context of the segment, have sought forms of re-articulation and recomposition against the con- servative advance in politics in the period initiated in 2014 that culminated with the impeachment of Presi- dent Dilma Rousseff in 2016. These elements make up the framework that pla- ces Protestants as the leading religious group in the political process underway in Brazil at the present time. A new aspect (object of this study) is added to this list: the emergence of a Protestant, non-institutionalized po- litical activism with a strong presence in digital media. Therefore, this study seeks to contribute to the reflection on the political process involving Protestant and media in the country. The objective is to study the recent phenomenon of the emergence of a Protestant activism in Brazil, in addition to partisan and electoral campaigns, expressed in digital media. A specific ob- jective is to draw a profile of who are the progressive activists who act through Twitter and Facebook. In order to reach these objectives, the article is based on theoretical studies of religion scientists and also of the author of this work, to understand the con- text of political participation of Brazilian Protestants in the present time and its relationship with communica- tion. The work also resorted to approaches that relate communication and politics as well to understandings of the meaning of activism and digital activism. The identification of the progressive media users present on Facebook and Twitter and the study of their practi- ces are based on a mapping of evangelical activists. This mapping was carried out in a research done by the author of this article, in the year of 2016, in the period related to the final phase of the President Dil- C&S – São Bernardo do Campo, v. 39, n. 3, p. 217-243, set./dez. 2017 221 MAGALI CUNHA ma Rousseff’s impeachment process and its develo- pments. 1. Progressive Protestants in Politics and in the Media In spite of the religious culture that feeds con- servative hegemony among Protestants in relation to politics, especially institutionalized politics through the PCP (ALVES, 1979; BAPTISTA, 2009; BURITY, 2010; FRES- TON, 1994), progressive expressions among Brazilian Protestants are not new and gain more power from the 1930s through the formation of the Protestant Con- federation of Brazil (CEB) (BITTENCOURT FILHO, 1992).
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