Opozice V Ázerbájdžánu

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Opozice V Ázerbájdžánu MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ KATEDRA POLITOLOGIE Politologie OPOZICE V ÁZERBÁJDŽÁNU MAGISTERSKÁ DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Lucie Varva řovská UČO: 333374 Vedoucí práce: prof. PhDr. Jan Holzer, Ph.D. Brno 2014 Prohlášení o autorství práce Prohlašuji, že jsem magisterskou práci na téma „Opozice v Ázerbájdžánu“ vypracovala samostatn ě a použila jen zdroje uvedené v seznamu literatury. V Brn ě, 12. 5. 2014 ........................................................... 1 Na tomto míst ě bych ráda pod ěkovala prof. PhDr. Janu Holzerovi, Ph.D. za jeho trp ělivost a věcné rady, bez kterých by tato práce jen t ěžko vznikla. Dále bych cht ěla pod ěkovat všem svým respondent ům, jmenovit ě Tomáši Šmídovi, Ph.D., Fuadu Musovi a Bc. Petru Machálkovi. 2 Obsah KAPITOLA I ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Úvod ............................................................................................................................................. 5 1. Teoretická východiska ......................................................................................................... 11 1.1. Teorie nedemokratických režim ů ................................................................................ 11 1.2. Teorie opozice .............................................................................................................. 12 2. Případová studie opozice v Ázerbájdžánu........................................................................... 16 2.1. Politický systém v Ázerbájdžánu ................................................................................. 16 2.1.2. Nástup Heydara Aliyeva .......................................................................................... 20 2.1.3. Předání moci z otce na syna ..................................................................................... 20 2.2. Ústavní rámec .............................................................................................................. 22 2.3. Ur čení typu režimu v Ázerbájdžánu ............................................................................ 23 3. Analýza konfliktních zájm ů a hodnot ................................................................................. 26 3.1. Exogenní faktory .......................................................................................................... 27 3.2. Genera ční konflikt ....................................................................................................... 28 3.3. Ekonomický aspekt ...................................................................................................... 29 3.4. Klanové vazby ............................................................................................................. 30 3.5. Lidská práva a ob čanské svobody ................................................................................ 32 KAPITOLA II .................................................................................................................................. 34 4. Opozice v Ázerbájdžánu ..................................................................................................... 34 4.1. Role voleb pro činnost opozice .................................................................................... 34 4.2. Opozi ční politické strany ve volbách ........................................................................... 36 4.3. Islámské opozi ční skupiny ........................................................................................... 48 4.4. Turecké opozi ční skupiny ............................................................................................ 55 4.5. Národnostní a etnické menšiny jako opozi ční akté ři ................................................... 56 4.6. Nevládní organizace ..................................................................................................... 57 4.7. Média ........................................................................................................................... 61 3 KAPITOLA III ................................................................................................................................ 64 5. Typologie opozice v Ázerbájdžánu ..................................................................................... 64 5.1. Semiopozice ................................................................................................................. 66 5.2. Pseudoopozice .............................................................................................................. 67 5.3. Alegální opozice .......................................................................................................... 69 5.4. Ilegální opozice ............................................................................................................ 71 5.5. Interakce režimu s opozicí ........................................................................................... 72 Záv ěr ........................................................................................................................................... 75 Zdroje ......................................................................................................................................... 79 Seznam zkratek .......................................................................................................................... 91 Přílohy ........................................................................................................................................ 92 Anotace ....................................................................................................................................... 96 Anotation .................................................................................................................................... 97 Počet znak ů v četn ě mezer: 173 743 4 KAPITOLA I Úvod Obsahem této diplomové práce je celková analýza opozice v Ázerbájdžánu od roku 2003 až po sou časnost, tj. do jara 2014. Toto období je spojeno s vládou sou časného prezidenta Ilhama Aliyeva, který tento ú řad v roce 2003 p řevzal od svého otce, n ěkdejšího prezidenta Heydara Aliyeva. Od té doby se k udržení režimu v zemi stup ňuje užívání násilí, omezování lidských práv a vyost řuje se politický boj s opozicí. Ta se ve sledovaném období vyvíjela velmi dynamicky, nejen kv ůli sílící represi režimu, ale také vzhledem ke zvýšenému zájmu mezinárodních aktér ů o prezidentské volby v říjnu 2013. Tato postsov ětská zem ě nemá silnou demokratickou zkušenost, nebo ť sekulárním státem v hranicích, jak ho známe dnes, je až od roku 1918, kdy byla sjednocena severní část spadající pod Rusko a jižní část, která pat řila Íránu. Dva pokusy o demokratizaci režimu byly zma řeny, poprvé v roce 1920 mladou republiku porazila Rudá armáda a zem ě se posléze stala sou částí Sov ětského svazu. Druhou šancí demokratického procesu byl pád Sov ětského svazu v devadesátých letech 20. století, když v roce 1993 v období vlády prezidenta Elchibeye byla demokratizace zma řena neúnosným nátlakem války o Náhorní Karabach. Moci se tehdy chopil Heydar Aliyev a jeho režim se v následujících letech etabloval do podoby nedemokratického režimu, který dnes čelí mnoha vnit řním i vn ějším opozi čním aktér ům, jež jsou předm ětem této práce. Aliyev ův režim klade opozici takové p řekážky, které jsou neslu čitelné se svobodným demokratickým režimem a proto má opozice v Ázerbájdžánu mnoho forem, ideových proud ů i prost ředk ů komunikace, které používá při své činnosti. Z tohoto důvodu následující text vychází z konceptu nedemokratických režim ů, který bude vyložen podle klasických Linzových režimních os i s přihlédnutím k autor ům, kte ří Linzovu typologizaci doplnili. Na základ ě podoby režimu v roce 2013, resp. 2014 bude definován jeho specifický typ. Vzhledem k fragmentované struktu ře politických i spole čenských proud ů i specifickému geografickému umíst ění zem ě se jedná o komplikovanou sple ť zájm ů a hodnot, které se v Ázerbájdžánu st řetávají. Tento systém je nutno analyzovat a jednotlivé opozi ční skupiny identifikovat s Linzovými typy opozice. Ta má oproti mnoha jiným výhodu, že dané typy vsazuje výhradn ě do nedemokratických režim ů a po čítá tak se 5 specifiky, které jsou pro nedemokratický režim charakteristické. Opozice p ůsobící v demokratických režimech jsou konfrontovány se zcela odlišnými podmínkami než ty, které p ůsobí v nedemokratických režimech a proto v této práci nebudou zohledn ěny. Práce bude reflektovat nejnov ější politické události, jež pomohou čtená ři lépe porozum ět sou časnému vývoji a tak i přesn ěji identifikovat typ režimu, kterému dnešní opozice čelí. Musí být zohledn ěno i posledních sto let politického vývoje v zemi, protože azerský národ z historických zkušeností a tradic stále významn ě čerpá, a tak bude pozornost věnována jak po čátku 20. století s první demokratickou zkušeností Ázerbájdžánu, tak zejména 90. létům, jež jsou klí čová pro vysv ětlení p ůvodu probíhající tranzice režimu k demokracii a následnému obratu k novému nedemokratickému režimu. Po exkurzi do historie se práce vrátí k teorii opozice, kde nastíní široký diskurz, který se touto teorií zabývá a uvede tak Linzovu typologii do širšího kontextu. Ze spektra vyzdvihne Linze a jeho p řístup skloubí s přístupem Ghita Ionescu a Isabela de Madariagy (1972), kte ří identifikovali konfliktní zájmy a hodnoty jako klí čové atributy, které odlišují opozi ční proudy ve spole čnosti. Propojením
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