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Consolidation of Agricultural Land, a Case from Albania Sherif Lushaja, Luiza Stratib, Vezir Muharremajc

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Consolidation of Agricultural Land, a Case from Albania Sherif Lushaja, Luiza Stratib, Vezir Muharremajc 86 Annual Review of Territorial Governance in the Western Balkans, I, 2019, 86-97 Journal of the Western Balkan Network on Territorial Governance Print ISSN 2706-6371 https://doi.org/10.32034/CP-TGWBAR-I01-07 Consolidation of Agricultural Land, A Case from Albania Sherif Lushaja, Luiza Stratib, Vezir Muharremajc Summary Since 1990, after privatization of farmland, fragmentation – division of land in small farmable parcels dispersed on noncontiguous areas – continues to be one of the major factors that hamper sustainable development of agriculture in Albania. The ‘Consolidation of Agricultural Land as an Instrument for Sustainable Development of Agriculture’ Project was developed in the Municipality of Fier during June 2017 – June 2018. This project is a success story for the development of land consolidation policies in Albania. It was the result of an inclusive process with the local community and other key stakeholders, as well as of an extensive national discourse on the subject matter. The project resulted in the design of a program for land consolidation, prepared by the municipality of Fier in collaboration with regional agencies and interest groups and with the technical assistance of the authors of this article. The program was extensively discussed at the local level with key stakeholders, as well as in a national conference. Then, it was approved by the Local Council and presented in the respective parliamentary commission, aiming at influencing national policy making on land consolidation. The project is already under implementation. This article provides a summary of the process, analysis, and proposals of the project and of the land consolidation programme prepared for Fier. In this process, problems that require national- scale solution were identified, and the Project lobbied decision-making and policymaking institutions for application and replication in other municipalities across the country. Keywords: Agriculture, Land Consolidation, Fier, Case Study Contact [email protected] (Corresponding author) [email protected] [email protected] POLIS University, Tiranë, Albania, www.universitetipolis.edu.alwww.co-plan.org; www.universitetipolis.edu.al Copyright @2019 Co-PLAN, Institute for Habitat Development and POLIS Press. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, transmitted or disseminated, in any form, or by any means, without prior written permission from the Publishers, to whom all requests to reproduce copyright material should be directed, in writing. Consolidation of Agricultural Land– A Case from Albania 87 Introduction still deficient. Strategy-wise, two major documents on land consolidation are: ‘Inter- Sectorial Strategy on Rural Development Albania’s change of political system and Agriculture 2014-2020’1 and ‘The in the early 1990s was accompanied by a National Strategy on Land Consolidation’2. number of important legal initiatives on The strategy on consolidation however is privatization. Agriculture was the most mostly a formal document, which is not affected sector, which, in the preceding comprehensive in regard to its respective period, was centralized and acknowledged subject matter, and does not include the no private ownership title on land at steps and the procedures to implement land all. Transition to private ownership and consolidation, therefore needing revision. subdivision of agricultural lands after 1990 were associated with significant land On the other hand, a Law on Land fragmentation, considerably affecting Consolidation has not been developed the agricultural productivity and the yet, leaving unaddressed not only contribution of this sector to Albania’s the fragmentation of land, but also economy. Every rural household was entitled the implementation of programs that to land, which was dispersed on several encourage private initiatives in agriculture, noncontiguous locations (in plains and as well as the implementation of the hills, in cropland cultivated with fruit trees, land consolidation strategy as a whole. or vineyards, close or far from farmhouses, The strategy foresees a number of above and under water, and with diverse implementation steps and its objectives productivity potentials) (Lushaj, 2003). do not go hand in hand with those of the During 1991-1992, the land was fragmented crosscutting strategy on rural development. into 1.8 million parcels, in which every farm The land consolidation strategy is mostly a household gained ownership of about 1.5 normative document, rather than a practical hectare of land dispersed on an average of and comprehensive guide for actions on 3-5 parcels of uneven shape and size, and consolidation. One of the main instruments most commonly located in disjointed sites that the strategy builds on is the reallocation (Müller & Munroe, 2008). However, the size of ownership, while it fails to consider of the parcel varied within and between other cost-effective effective approaches. districts, with a minimum size of 0.23 ha One other shortcoming of the strategy is and maximal number of parcels within a the insinuated decreasing role of the local property varying between 10-11 (Lushaj & self-governments in the development and Papa, 1998). Prior to privatization the size of implementation of land consolidation plans. the parcels was between 12-14 ha in lowland In the meantime, the ‘Consolidation of areas, and the parcels were cultivated with Agricultural Land as an Instrument for the same culture and applied the same Sustainable Development of Agriculture’ technology (ibid). These major size and Project, applied in the Municipality of Fier, property changes affected significantly the introduces a new approach for agricultural efficiency of production of the agricultural land consolidation. The Project seeks to land. identify “the most feasible options of land Agriculture remains one of the most consolidation to be applied in the context of important sectors to the country’s the Municipality of Fier and its administrative economy with an average contribution units , to the extent allowed by the relevant of 18-20 % of the Gross Domestic Product legal framework, with aim of eliminating during the 20 last years. Several initiatives economic, social and environmental have been undertaken over the last few consequences of fragmentation, increasing years to address the sector’s challenge agricultural production and revenues, of land fragmentation, but the system is regulating the territory, conserving the 88 Sherif Lushaj, Luiza Strati, Vezir Muharremaj landscape and protecting the environment” processes provide an excellent opportunity Centre for the Study of Natural Resources & with substantial synergy effects to Fier Municipality, 2018, p. 4-6. This project integrate land tenure services into the intends to gradually ensure that (household) broader framework of rural and regional farms become economically sustainable and development (Riddell & Rembold 2002, competitive. It puts forward new proposals p.9). When land is fragmented, parcels on land consolidation, such as: are typically of uneven shapes and inadequate sizes to allow for the use and implementation of technologies, and for the completion of the legal framework the maintenance of agricultural support and the review of the national strategy infrastructure. As a result, considerable on land consolidation; agricultural land remains unused every year. the development of institutional Van Dijk (2004, p.9) reinforces this by stating structures for land consolidation; that “Technically speaking, the overall implementation of new instruments of productivity of that limited amount of land land consolidation and preparation of is reduced by its fragmentation, because consolidation schemes adapted to the the borders between the parcels (hedges, local conditions; ditches) are space-consuming. Also, mechanization is not likely to be applied by application of different forms of small holders and other diseconomies can cooperation that can be used to stop be expected”. further land fragmentation and that can be replicated nationwide Small parcels of land cannot be managed through scientific practices and, in most In view of the above, this article seeks to cases, they are left uncultivated, because provide a description of the project and the farmer loses time on transport and the lessons learned from it as a model and other work processes that result in good practice that can be further used and increased expenses. According to previous replicated in other municipalities across experimental research, such as diesel the country. At first, the article focuses in consumption while working parcels of the theoretical and legal framework on size 400 m2, 1,000 m2 and 10,000 m2, it agricultural land consolidation, and then is estimated that fuel consumption for elaborates on the Project’s experience. cultivation in small parcels of up to 400- In the end, it proposes several policy 500 m2 is 30-40% higher than for the same recommendations that are applicable to size of area within larger parcels (Lushaj, the local and national tiers of governance in 2003, p. 61). In addition, land fragmentation Albania. leads to decreased production capacities, constraints in the application of agricultural Consolidation of Farmland technologies (mechanization, drainage, irrigation, extension service, use of The world literature as Bachman and agricultural inputs), and to decreased Osterberg (2004), Dijk (2004), and Torhonen agricultural
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