HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT RECORD

Summary of sources

LINCOLNSHIRE

The county of is covered by three separate HERs: Lincolnshire, , and the urban HER, which covers the city of Lincoln. Naturally occurring materials in this county include iron, chalk, clay, coal, limestone, sandstone, sea salt though not all these resources have been exploited and detailed archaeological record is scarce for most of these industries in the HERs.

LINCOLNSHIRE HER Lincolnshire has benefited from two episodes of the National Mapping Programme (NMP) of aerial photo mapping. These are Lincolnshire (1992-6) and the Witham Valley (2005) from which source a number of extractive sites have been added to the record (cf Grady 1998). General bibliographical references are few in the HER, but this may represent the true position of a general lack of research aimed at extractive archaeology in the county, which has no coal or metal mining industries. Clay pits, sand pits and chalk pits all feature in the record: these records have been derived from historic OS mapping or in some cases they result from excavations in advance of development.

The major form of extractive evidence recorded in the Lincolnshire HER is sea salt in the form of coastal salterns, mostly Roman and post-Roman in date for which there are 563 entries. Some of these entries have been derived from excavation reports, watching briefs and site evaluations which are listed in the HER, though their relevance is limited in terms of the Framework and only a selection is listed below. An important general source of data on this topic appears to be Hayes and Lane 1993.

Salterns Archaeological Project Services 2006 Archaeological Assessment Report on Land at Wygate Park, Spalding. (unpub excavation report) Crowson, A Lane, T and Reeve. J. (eds) 2000 Fenland Management Project Excavations. (Monograph) Grady, D 1998 ‘Medieval and Post-Medieval Salt Extraction in North-East Lincolnshire’ In Bewley, B (ed) Lincolnshire Archaeology from the Air Hallam, S J 1970 The Fenland in Roman Times. (Royal Geo Soc) Hayes, P P and Lane, T W 1993 Lincolnshire Survey, The Northern Fen-Edge. East Anglian Archaeology Report 55 Healey, H 1999 Lincolnshire Salterns: excavations at Helpringham, St Johns and Bicker Haven. Lincolnshire Heritage Trust (article in monograph) Lane, T and Morris, E L (eds) 2001 A Millennium of Saltmaking: Prehistoric and Romano-British Salt Production in the Fenland. Nenquin, J 1961 Salt: A Study in Economic Prehistory. Whitewell, J B 1966. Lincolnshire History and Archaeology.

Nettleton Ironstone Mines Everson, P L Taylor, C C and Dunn, C J 1991 Change and Continuity: Rural Settlement in North-West Lincolnshire. RCHME Squires, S 1996 ‘Visit to Nettleton Mines’ Lincolnshire Past and Present 23, 12-15

Claxby Ironstone Mines Squires, S and Russell, R 1999 Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 34, 46-58 (article in periodical) Squires, S 2003 Lincolnshire History and Archaeology 38, 34-6 (article in periodical)

Quarries A second century Roman stone quarry, Brauncewell Lindsey Archaeological Services 1994 Archaeological excavations at Brauncewell Limestone Quarry (unpub excavation report) Lindsey Archaeological Services 2008. Brauncewell Quarry: Archaeological Evaluation and Recording. (unpub excavation report) Oxford Archaeotechnics 1996. Brauncewell Limestone Quarry. (unpub excavation report)

Later quarries The University of Sheffield 2000 The Fillingham Project: Excavations at Chapel Road, Volumes 1-3. 2 (An excavation recorded a late 18th century quarry for the extraction of a crumbly sandstone/mudstone) Squires, S 2007 The Underground Mines of Lincolnshire. 203-10 (article in periodical) English Heritage1998 MPP Step 3 evaluation report. - Castle Quarry and lime kilns near Station Road. (unpub report)

Medieval claypit John Samuels Archaeological Consultants 2000 Report on evaluation at southwest Bourne. Roman claypit. (unpub report) Lindsey Archaeological Services 1999 Land Off South Fields, South Road, Bourne; Archaeological Evaluation, Excavation and Watching Brief. (unpub report)

Brickmaking (often have associations with local clay pits) Redmore, K 2007 Some Brick Kilns and Brick Makers of East Lincolnshire. Robinson, D N 1999 Lincolnshire Bricks – History and Gazetteer. Heritage Lincolnshire Holm, S 1976 Brick and Tile Making in South Humberside

Miscellaneous Stevenson, P 2007 - An Industrial Heritage Trail. Hewlett, H B 1979 The Quarries – Ironstone, Limestone and Sand, (reprint of 1935 publication) Wright, N (nd) ‘An Archaeological Resource Assessment of Modern Lincolnshire 1750-1960’ Archaeological Research Framework.

NORTH LINCOLNSHIRE HER

The standard search query used for the Framework attracted only 19 entries form the North Lincolnshire HER and only one potentially relevant item.

Pouncett, J & Gowans, E 2006 Common West: Messingham Quarry, Manton, Desk Based Assessment. (unpub report)

LINCOLN URBAN HER

This small HER contains the usual selection of extractive sites extrapolated from historic OS sources but also has a number of reports from excavations and evaluations where extractive sites, mostly quarry pits, have been recorded. [nb these references may be slightly jumbled due to the way they are output by the HER]

Failes, A 2008 Archaeological Watching Brief on Land at Lincoln Minster School, Upper Lindum Street, Lincoln. Archaeological Project Services (limestone quarry excavated) Field, D 2005 South Common, Lincoln: An archaeological investigation of an urban open space. English Heritage AI/18/2005

Medieval quarry Hooper, J 1993 Development at St Marys School, 5 Pottergate, Lincoln. City Lincoln Archaeology Unit. (unpub report) Jarvis, M 1999 St Marys School, Pottergate, Lincoln. Archaeological Watching Brief. City Lincoln Archaeology Unit (unpub report) Albone, J and Field, N 2000 Archaeology in Lincolnshire. Jordan, M 2005 21 Road, Lincoln. Archaeological Watching Brief. Field N Lindsey Archaeological Services (unpub report) (?)Roman quarries Graham, M & H 1990 Lincoln Archaeology 1989-1990. Jones, Michael J City Lincoln Archaeology Unit (unpub report) Hockley, J & Wragg, K 1992 Langworthgate, Lincoln. City Lincoln Archaeology Unit (unpub report) Wragg, K 1991 Lincoln Archaeology 1990-1991. Jones, Michael J City Lincoln Archaeology Unit (unpub report) Chitwood, P 1990 Langworth Gate. (unpub archive report) Graham, M & H 1989 Langworth Gate. (unpub archive report) Young, J & Slatcher, D 2002 Results of an Archaeological Watching Brief: 70 St. Nicholas House, Newport, Lincoln. John Samuels Archaeological Consultants (unpub report)

Brick making References to brick making in some cases provide suggestions as to sources of material Walker, A 2008 ‘The Survey of Lincoln Brickmaking in the West End of Lincoln’ Redmore, K 2008 Lincoln’s West End: a History.

Ironstone mine Herridge, J 2006 ‘Monks Road: Lincolns East End Through Time’ in Walker, A The Survey of Lincoln Industry 13-15 Hodson, M B 1987 Lincoln Then and Now Vol. 3

Underground tunnels (ironstone) McDaid, M 2008 21 Wragby Road, Lincoln. Archaeological Evaluation, Excavation and Watching Brief Lincoln. Field N Lindsey Archaeological Services (unpub report)

Cathedral stone sources Alexander, J S 1995 ‘East Midlands Quarries: Sources, Transportation and Usage’ Medieval Archaeol 107-135 ISSN 0076-6097

NORTH-EAST LINCOLNSHIRE HER [To follow]