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Download Conference Proceedings Here CONTENTS Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 03 Is Eastern Europe Transiting from Communism to Fascism? Evgenii Dainov ................................................................................................................................................. 04 Church and Communism: Bulgarian Orthodoxy at Stake Iskren Ivanov .................................................................................................................................................... 09 The Romanian Judicial System: Current Issues and the Necessity of Avoiding Regress Dragoș Călin .................................................................................................................................................... 15 An Ideal of Unmanipulated Public Communication Plamen Makariev ........................................................................................................................................... 21 Bulgaria’s Media Landscape 30 Years After the Fall of Communism Mariya Neikova .............................................................................................................................................. 25 Strengthening Social Resilience as a Means to Protect from Hybrid Threats Yantsislav Yanakiev ....................................................................................................................................... 29 The Oligarchy’s State Lyubomir Avdjiiski .......................................................................................................................................... 36 Empathy, Deliberation, and Democracy in Present-Day Bulgarian Society? Julia Stefanova .............................................................................................................................................. 40 Reflections on Social Inclusion Maya Tcholakova ........................................................................................................................................... 49 From Posts to Polls: Instagram as the New Norm for Electoral Engagement Borislav Baev and Maria Mileva ................................................................................................................ 55 1 Fulbright International Seminar Conference Proceedings Evgenii Dainov Iskren Ivanov Dragoș Călin Plamen Makariev Mariya Neikova Yantsislav Yanakiev Lyubomir Avdjiiski Julia Stefanova Maya Tcholakova Borislav Baev and Maria Mileva Publication distributed free of charge PB ISBN 9786191885039 PDF ISBN 9786191885046 Bulgarian-American Commission for Educational Exchange 2020 www.fulbright.bg INTRODUCTION his collection features studies by lecturers and kariev (Sofia University) and Professor Dimitar Vatsov participants in the 2019 Fulbright International (New Bulgarian University) introduced the topics of TSeminar “Strategies for Strengthening Democra- “unmanipulated communication” and propaganda cy: 30 Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall,” which took strategies. The panel of journalists and informational place in Sofia, September 24-30, 2019. It was spon- specialists: Professor Maria Neikova (Sofia University), sored by the State Department (ECA) and organized Professor Velizar Shalamanov (Bulgarian Academy of by the Bulgarian-American Fulbright Commission, with Sciences) and journalist Ruslan Trad (De Re Militari) the support of the State Department’s Bureau of Edu- outlined contours of the current media-scape, the chal- cational and Cultural Affairs. We hosted a stellar group lenges to decision making in the time of info-wars and of lecturers and diplomats and outstanding, motivat- the challenges to reporting from conflict zones. The day ed seminar participants from the following countries: concluded with the Fulbright Commision’s own Maria the US, Bulgaria, the UK, Ukraine, Romania, Germany, Kostova in tandem with Professor Makariev demon- Portugal, Canada, the Netherlands and Greece. Aca- strating public opinion manipulation through social demics, policy makers, political scientists and repre- media (Troll Farms) and curated media debates (the sentatives of civil society and religious denominations Istanbul Convention). discussed the issues of “captured/facade” democracy, judicial reform, informational security, social cohesion Social cohesion and justice were the focus of day five. and empathy. Brainstorming, learning and exchanging Professor Yantsislav Yanakiev (Bulgarian Defense In- ideas, the participants formed a comprehensive view of stitute) presented a highly professional, security-based the current challenges and solutions facing democratic approach to national and social resilience, while US dip- development of the region 30 years after the Fall of the lomat John Beyrle shared memories of his service as Berlin Wall. ambassador to Bulgaria and Russia, while emphasizing the importance of consistency on the path of democ- The opening day placed the post-communist transi- racy. Attorney at law Fred Rooney, civil society activist tion into historical perspective with Dr. Damian Valdez and lawyer Lyubomir Avdjiiski, and CEO of Arete Youth (Cambridge University) and Professor Evgenii Dainov Foundation Radost Chaprazova offered fascinating (New Bulgarian University). Their outline of the histori- views on concrete steps for inclusion and empower- cal tensions underlying the appearance and decline of ment. Lena Borislavova and Alexandrina Dimitrova, communist ideology was followed by a walking tour two successful civil society leaders, presented a work- highlighting the signs of socialism lingering in Sofia. shop on fund-raising for charities. Day two was devoted to “togetherness,” thus Plovdiv, The final day was dedicated to Empathy and Moral the 2019 Cultural Capital of the European Union, was Education. Professor Julia Stefanova (Sofia University) the perfect setting for such discussions. The Plovdiv introduced the concept of empathy as a catalyst for Historical Museum hosted us for two lectures devoted social change, followed by Professor Vladimir Levchev to the situation of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church dur- (AUBG), who traced the path of the Bulgarian intelli- ing communism and to current Orthodox communities’ gentsia during the transition. The panel of religious and revival through charity activities and pilgrimage. civil society leaders: Mr. Maxim Delchev (Shalom), Svet- la Baeva (FineActs) and Pastor Evgeny Naydenov (Bul- Day three took us through the labyrinth of captured garian Evangelical Church), offered the much-needed and facade democracy with highly informative lectures avenue of hope with which to conclude our intellectual by Dr. Victor Andrusiv (CEO of the Ukraine Institute of explorations. Professor Maya Tcholakova (South-West the Future) and Professor Emilia Zankina (American University) added the final touch with her practical ex- University in Bulgaria). Dr. Reynaldo Ortiz (City Univer- ercise on social inclusion and community building. Our sity of New York) introduced participants to the chal- illustrious participants offered their solution plans and lenges to democracy in Latin America. The panel ses- policies in a contest of creativity, informed decision- sion featured two leading Bulgarian political scientists making and genuine care. from Sofia University—Professor Stoycho Stoychev and Professor Lyubov Mincheva—as well as two influential In the year since the conference was held, the Covid-19 judges, Dragoș Călin (Romania) and Evgeny Georgiev pandemic and the concomitant economic and politi- (Bulgaria), who discussed the balance between public cal crises it has triggered make the question of how to opinion and rule of law. The dimensions of the “crimi- strengthen democracy even more urgent. Thus, we of- nalized state” were presented by Professor Mincheva, fer this selection of papers by conference participants while Dr. Andrusiv completed the day with a thought- as a way to continue and broaden the important con- provoking workshop on the “Future of Democracy.” versations we began last year. The concept of Truth and the problem of disinformation We would like to thank the authors, the conference lec- were the focus of the next day’s discussions. Two re- turers, as well as all FIS 2019 participants and support- nowned Bulgarian philosophers, Professor Plamen Ma- ers for their commitment! 3 IS EASTERN EUROPE TraNSITING FROM COMMUNISM TO FASCISM? Evgenii Dainov n the beginning of the 1990s, an academic bon mot choice of place for this drama. The Czechs, unlike most was making the rounds during conference coffee other East Europeans, did not see the Soviet Union as Ibreaks: “Now that the nations of Eastern Europe an oppressor. On the contrary, they were grateful for have thrown off the alien ideology of communism, they the fact that, following the dissolution of their state are free to return to their indigenous tradition of fas- by Adolf Hitler in 1939, in 1945 the incoming Red Army cism.” Few really believed this, although Vaclav Havel had restored the sovereignty of Czechoslovakia, albeit and Ralf Dahrendorf were already fretting about this in a limited form. From this gratitude arose the Czech possibility. tolerance for the Soviet type of “socialism” imposed on them after 1948. By 1968 what the Czechs wanted was A generation later, with the extreme xenophobic and re- simply a new kind of softer socialism—“socialism with a ligious right resurgent, we have to ask ourselves again:
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