Strikt Relationele Database Is Een Nobel Doel
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Further Normalization of the Data Base Relational Model
FURTHER NORMALIZATION OF THE DATA BASE RELATIONAL MODEL E. F. Codd IBM Research Laboratory San Jose, California ABSTRACT: In an earlier paper, the author proposed a relational model of data as a basis for protecting users of formatted data systems from the potentially disruptive changes in data representation caused by growth in the data base and changes in traffic. A first normal form for the time-varying collection of relations was introduced. In this paper, second and third normal forms are defined with the objective of making the collection of relations easier to understand and control, simpler to operate upon, and more informative to the casual user. The question "Can application programs be kept in a viable state when data base relations are restructured?" is discussed briefly and it is conjectured that third normal form will significantly extend the life expectancy of appli- cation programs. Fu909umxk7) August 31,197l Information technolow (IR, Documentetion, etc.) 1. 1. Introduction 1.1 Objectives of Normalization In an earlier paper [l] the author proposed a relational model of data as a basis for protecting users of formatted data systems from the potentially disruptive changes in data representation caused by growth in the variety of data types in the data base and by statistical changes in the transaction or request traffic. Using this model, both the appli- cation programmer and the interactive user view the data base as a time-varying collection of normalized relations of assorted degrees. Definitions of these terms and of the basic relational operations of projection and natural join are given in the Appendix. -
Using Relational Databases in the Engineering Repository Systems
USING RELATIONAL DATABASES IN THE ENGINEERING REPOSITORY SYSTEMS Erki Eessaar Department of Informatics, Tallinn University of Technology, Raja 15,12618 Tallinn, Estonia Keywords: Relational data model, Object-relational data model, Repository, Metamodeling. Abstract: Repository system can be built on top of the database management system (DBMS). DBMSs that use relational data model are usually not considered powerful enough for this purpose. In this paper, we analyze these claims and conclude that they are caused by the shortages of SQL standard and inadequate implementations of the relational model in the current DBMSs. Problems that are presented in the paper make usage of the DBMSs in the repository systems more difficult. This paper also explains that relational system that follows the rules of the Third Manifesto is suitable for creating repository system and presents possible design alternatives. 1 INTRODUCTION technologies in one data model is ROSE (Hardwick & Spooner, 1989) that is experimental data "A repository is a shared database of information management system for the interactive engineering about the engineered artifacts." (Bernstein, 1998) applications. Bernstein (2003) envisions that object- These artifacts can be software engineering artifacts relational systems are good platform for the model like models and patterns. Repository system contains management systems. ORIENT (Zhang et al., 2001) a repository manager and a repository (database) and SFB-501 Reuse Repository (Mahnke & Ritter, (Bernstein, 1998). Bernstein (1998) explains that 2002) are examples of the repository systems that repository manager provides services for modeling, use a commercial ORDBMS. ORDBMS in this case retrieving, and managing objects in the repository is a system which uses a database language that and therefore must offer functions of the Database conforms to SQL:1999 or later standard. -
Resume of Dr. Michael J. Bisconti
Table of Contents This file contains, in order: Time Savers Experience Matrix Resume _________________________ 1 Time Savers There are a number of things we can do to save everyone’s time. In addition to resume information there are a number of common questions that employers and recruiters have. Here is an FAQ that addresses these questions. (We may expand this FAQ over time.) Frequently Asked Questions 1099 Multiple Interviewers Severance Pay Contract End Date Multiple Interviews Technical Exam Contract Job Need/Skill Assessment Interview Temporary Vs. Permanent Contract Rate Payment Due Dates U.S. Citizenship Drug Testing Permanent Job W2 Face-to-face Interview Phone Interview Word Resume Job Hunt Progress Salary Are you a U.S. citizen? Yes. Do you have a Word resume? Yes, and I also have an Adobe PDF resume. Do you prefer temporary (contract) or permanent employment? Neither, since, in the end, they are equivalent. Will you take a drug test? 13 drug tests taken and passed. Do you work 1099? Yes, but I give W2 payers preference. Do you work W2? Yes, and I work 1099 as well but I give W2 payers preference. How is your job search going? See 1.2 Job Hunt Progress. What contract rate do you expect? $65 to $85/hr. W2 and see the 2.5 Quick Rates Guide. What salary do you expect? 120k to 130k/yr. and see the 2.5 Quick Rates Guide. When do you expect to be paid? Weekly or biweekly and weekly payers will be given preference. Will you do a face-to-face interview? Yes, but I prefer a Skype or equivalent interview because gas is so expensive and time is so valuable. -
LINGI2172 Databases 2013-2014
Université Catholique de Louvain - DESCRIPTIF DE COURS 2013-2014 - LINGI2172 LINGI2172 Databases 2013-2014 6.0 crédits 30.0 h + 30.0 h 2q Enseignants: Lambeau Bernard ; Langue Français d'enseignement: Lieu du cours Louvain-la-Neuve Ressources en ligne: > http://icampus.uclouvain.be/claroline/course/index.php?cid=lingi2172 Préalables : Basic knowledge of database management, good abilities in programming. Thèmes abordés : * Data Base Management Systems (objectives, requirements, architecture). * The Relational data model (formal theory, first-order logic, constraints). * Conceptual models (entity-relationship, object role modeling). * Logical database design (normal forms & mp; normalization, ER-To-Relational) * Physical database design and storage (tables and keys, indexes, file structures). * Querying databases (Relational Algebra, Relational Calculus, Tutorial D, SQL) * ACID properties (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability), Concurrency Control, Recovery techniques. * Programming database applications (JDBC, Database Cursors, Object-Relational Mapping, Relations as First-class Citizen). * Recent or more advanced trends in the database field (object-oriented databases, Big Data, NoSQL, NewSQL) Acquis Students completing this course successfully will be able to : * Explain the scenarios in which using a database is more convenient than programming with data files; d'apprentissage * Explain the characteristics of the database approach, where they come from and contrast them with current trends in the database field-- Identify and describe the main functions of a database management system; * Categorize conceptual, logical and physical data models based on the concepts they provide to describe the database structure; * Understand the main principles and mathematical theory of the relational approach to database management; * Design databases using a systematic approach, from a conceptual model through a logical level (i.e., a relational schema) into a physical model (i.e., tables and indexes); * Use SQL (DDL) to implement a relational database schema. -
CONNOLLY R CAROLYN E. BEGG a Practical Approach to Design
•.••:.... ••:••.•; ••••• •:• ; •.•••:•. • ..• .: . • •• ••••:..• CONNOLLY r CAROLYN E. BEGG 1VERS1TYOF PA1SL К m A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management Third Edition Contents Preface xxxv Part 1 Background Chapter 1 Introduction to Databases 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Traditional File-Based Systems D 1.2.1 File-Based Approach 7 1.2.2 Limitations of the File-Based Approach 12 1.3 Database Approach 14 1.3.1 The Database 14 1.3.2 The Database Management System (DBMS) 16 1.3.3 Components of the DBMS Environment 18 1.3.4 Database Design: The Paradigm Shift 20 1.4 Roles in the Database Environment 21 1.4.1 Data and Database Administrators 21 1.4.2 Database Designers 22 1.4.3 Application Developers 23 1.4.4 End-Users 23 1.5 History of Database Management Systems 23 1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMSs 25 Chapter Summary 30 Review Questions 31 Exercises 31 Chapter 2 Database Environment 33 2.1 The Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture 34 2.1.1 External Level 35 2.1.2 Conceptual Level 36 2.1.3 Internal Level 36 xii Contents 2.1.4 Schemas, Mappings, and Instances 37 2.1.5 Data Independence 38 2.2 Database Languages 40 2.2.1 The Data Definition Language (DDL) 40 2.2.2 The Data Manipulation Language (DML) 41 2.2.3 Fourth-Generation Languages (4GL) 42 2.3 Data Models and Conceptual Modeling 43 2.3.1 Object-Based Data Models 44 2.3.2 Record-Based Data Models 45 2.3.3 Physical Data Models 47 2.3.4 Conceptual Modeling 47 2.4 Functions of a DBMS 48 2.5 Components of a DBMS 53 2.6 Multi-User DBMS Architectures 56 2.6.1 Teleprocessing -
Applied Mathematics for Database Professionals
7451FM.qxd 5/17/07 10:41 AM Page i Applied Mathematics for Database Professionals Lex de Haan and Toon Koppelaars 7451FM.qxd 5/17/07 10:41 AM Page ii Applied Mathematics for Database Professionals Copyright © 2007 by Lex de Haan and Toon Koppelaars All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher. ISBN-13: 978-1-59059-745-3 ISBN-10: 1-59059-745-1 Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Lead Editor: Jonathan Gennick Technical Reviewers: Chris Date, Cary Millsap Editorial Board: Steve Anglin, Ewan Buckingham, Gary Cornell, Jonathan Gennick, Jason Gilmore, Jonathan Hassell, Chris Mills, Matthew Moodie, Jeffrey Pepper, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft, Matt Wade, Tom Welsh Project Manager: Tracy Brown Collins Copy Edit Manager: Nicole Flores Copy Editor: Susannah Davidson Pfalzer Assistant Production Director: Kari Brooks-Copony Production Editor: Kelly Winquist Compositor: Dina Quan Proofreader: April Eddy Indexer: Brenda Miller Artist: April Milne Cover Designer: Kurt Krames Manufacturing Director: Tom Debolski Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. -
Impedance Mismatch Is Not an “Objects Vs. Relations” Problem. (DRAFT) Evgeniy Grigoriev [email protected]
Impedance Mismatch is not an “Objects vs. Relations” Problem. (DRAFT) Evgeniy Grigoriev [email protected] The problem of impedance mismatch between applications written in OO languages and relational DB is not a problem of discrepancy between object-oriented and relational approaches themselves. Its real causes can be found in usual implementation of the ОО approach. Direct comparison of the two approaches cannot be used as a base for the conclusion that they are discrepant or mismatched. Experimental proof of the absence of contradiction between the object-oriented paradigm and the relational data model is also presented in the paper. " -Look, your worship, - said Sancho, - what we see there are not giants but windmills, and what seem to be their arms are the sails…" Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote In physics, the term “impedance mismatch” (IM) may be found in fields dedicated to wave processes, e.g., in acoustics or in electrodynamics. It is used to denote an effect that appears when a wave is transferred from one medium to another [IMP]. If the impedances of the two media are different ("mismatching"), the wave energy will be reflected or absorbed, so it is difficult for the wave to cross the border between the media. A similar effect occurs when one attempts to organise the data exchange between programs written with object-oriented (OO) language and relational (R) DBMS, which is referred to as “object-relational impedance mismatch” [Copeland, Ambler]. Existing difficulties are usually explained with the discrepancy in general properties of the object program and relational DB. For example, in [Ambler1], it is defined as, “The difference resulting from the fact that relational theory is based on relationships between tuples (records) that are queried, where as the object paradigm is based on relationships between objects that are traversed“. -
A Framework for Ontology-Based Library Data Generation, Access and Exploitation
Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial DOCTORADO EN INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL A framework for ontology-based library data generation, access and exploitation Doctoral Dissertation of: Daniel Vila-Suero Advisors: Prof. Asunción Gómez-Pérez Dr. Jorge Gracia 2 i To Adelina, Gustavo, Pablo and Amélie Madrid, July 2016 ii Abstract Historically, libraries have been responsible for storing, preserving, cata- loguing and making available to the public large collections of information re- sources. In order to classify and organize these collections, the library commu- nity has developed several standards for the production, storage and communica- tion of data describing different aspects of library knowledge assets. However, as we will argue in this thesis, most of the current practices and standards available are limited in their ability to integrate library data within the largest information network ever created: the World Wide Web (WWW). This thesis aims at providing theoretical foundations and technical solutions to tackle some of the challenges in bridging the gap between these two areas: library science and technologies, and the Web of Data. The investigation of these aspects has been tackled with a combination of theoretical, technological and empirical approaches. Moreover, the research presented in this thesis has been largely applied and deployed to sustain a large online data service of the National Library of Spain: datos.bne.es. Specifically, this thesis proposes and eval- uates several constructs, languages, models and methods with the objective of transforming and publishing library catalogue data using semantic technologies and ontologies. In this thesis, we introduce marimba-framework, an ontology- based library data framework, that encompasses these constructs, languages, mod- els and methods. -
An Overview of the Usage of Default Passwords (Extended Version)
An Overview of the Usage of Default Passwords (extended version) Brandon Knieriem, Xiaolu Zhang, Philip Levine, Frank Breitinger, and Ibrahim Baggili Cyber Forensics Research and Education Group (UNHcFREG) Tagliatela College of Engineering University of New Haven, West Haven CT, 06516, United States fbknie1, [email protected],fXZhang, FBreitinger, [email protected] Summary. The recent Mirai botnet attack demonstrated the danger of using default passwords and showed it is still a major problem in 2017. In this study we investigated several common applications and their pass- word policies. Specifically, we analyzed if these applications: (1) have default passwords or (2) allow the user to set a weak password (i.e., they do not properly enforce a password policy). In order to understand the developer decision to implement default passwords, we raised this question on many online platforms or contacted professionals. Default passwords are still a significant problem. 61% of applications inspected initially used a default or blank password. When changing the password, 58% allowed a blank password, 35% allowed a weak password of 1 char- acter. Key words: Default passwords, applications, usage, security 1 Introduction Security is often disregarded or perceived as optional to the average consumer which can be a drawback. For instance, in October 2016 a large section of the In- ternet came under attack. This attack was perpetuated by approximately 100,000 Internet of Things (IoT) appliances, refrigerators, and microwaves which were compromised and formed the Mirai botnet. Targets of this attack included Twit- ter, reddit and The New York Times all of which shut down for hours. -
Relational Database Management System
Relational database management system A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system (DBMS) based on the relational model invented by Edgar F. Codd, of IBM's San Jose Research Laboratory fame. Most databases in widespread use today are based on his relational database model.[1] RDBMSs have been a common choice for the storage of information in databases used for financial records, manufacturing and logistical information, personnel data, and other applications since the 1980s. Relational databases have often replaced legacy hierarchical databases and network databases because, they were easier to implement and administer. Nonetheless, relational databases received continued, The general structure of a relational unsuccessful challenges by object database management systems in the 1980s and database. 1990s, (which were introduced in an attempt to address the so-called object- relational impedance mismatch between relational databases and object-oriented application programs), as well as by XML database management systems in the 1990s. However, due to the expanse of technologies, such as horizontal scaling of computer clusters, NoSQL databases have recently begun to peck away at the market share of RDBMSs.[2] Contents Market share History Historical usage of the term See also References Market share According to DB-Engines, in May 2017, the most widely used systems are Oracle, MySQL (open source), Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL (open source), IBM DB2, Microsoft Access, and SQLite (open source).[3] According to research company Gartner, in 2011, the five leading commercial relational database vendors by revenue were Oracle (48.8%), IBM (20.2%), Microsoft (17.0%), SAP including Sybase (4.6%), and Teradata (3.7%).[4] History In 1974, IBM began developing System R, a research project to develop a prototype RDBMS.[5][6] However, the first commercially available RDBMS was Oracle, released in 1979 by Relational Software, now Oracle Corporation.[7] Other examples of an RDBMS include DB2, SAP Sybase ASE, and Informix. -
On the Logic of SQL Nulls
On the Logic of SQL Nulls Enrico Franconi and Sergio Tessaris Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy lastname @inf.unibz.it Abstract The logic of nulls in databases has been subject of invest- igation since their introduction in Codd's Relational Model, which is the foundation of the SQL standard. In the logic based approaches to modelling relational databases proposed so far, nulls are considered as representing unknown values. Such existential semantics fails to capture the behaviour of the SQL standard. We show that, according to Codd's Relational Model, a SQL null value represents a non-existing value; as a consequence no indeterminacy is introduced by SQL null values. In this paper we introduce an extension of first-order logic accounting for predicates with missing arguments. We show that the domain inde- pendent fragment of this logic is equivalent to Codd's relational algebra with SQL nulls. Moreover, we prove a faithful encoding of the logic into standard first-order logic, so that we can employ classical deduction ma- chinery. 1 Relational Databases and SQL Null Values Consider a database instance with null values over the relational schema fR=2g, and a SQL query asking for the tuples in R being equal to themselves: 1 2 1 | 2 SELECT * FROM R ---+--- R : a b WHERE R.1 = R.1 AND R.2 = R.2 ; ) a | b b N (1 row) Figure 1. In SQL, the query above returns the table R if and only if the table R does not have any null value, otherwise it returns just the tuples not containing a null value, i.e., in this case only the first tuple ha; bi. -
Projektovanie Databázových Systémov - Úvod Zoznámenie Sa
Projektovanie databázových systémov - úvod Zoznámenie sa Prednášky a cvičenia: Jaroslav Lach Belastingdienst Centrum voor ICT, Apeldoorn Service team Fysieke media verwerking Senior software engineer Kontakt: [email protected] 0031 55 528 1272 Skype: Jaroslav Lach Zoznámenie sa II. Cvičenia a konzultácie: Jan Fikejz Organizačné záleţitosti Týţdenný kurz Prednášky a cvičenia Výuka pondelok aţ piatok 8:00 aţ 9:00 12:30 aţ 13:30 9:15 aţ 10:15 13:45 aţ 14:45 10:30 aţ 11:30 15:00 aţ 16:00 Semestrálny projekt Konzultácie Zápočet a skúška Študijná literatúra: povinná Jim Arlow, Ila Neustadt: UML 2 a unifikovaný proces vývoje aplikací. Computer Press 2007 Meilir Page-Jones: Základy objektově orientovaného návrhu v UML. Grada 2001 Motivácia • Nainštalovaním prvej verzie softwarového produktu u zákazníka sa všetko len začína.... • Chyby a problémy (hlavne pri prvých verziách) • Zmeny a rozšírenia • Ako písať software tak, aby tento aspekt bol zvládnuteľný • Aby sa dali analyzovať problémy • S minimálnym rizikom implementovať zmeny a rozšírenia Študijná literatúra: doporučená Kraval: Objektové modelování pomocí UML v praxi, díl 1, PDF e-kniha, leden 2005 Dokumentácia procesu UP (dostupná na www.eclipse.org/epf) http://www.tonymarston.net/php-mysql/database- design.html • H. Darwen & C.J. Date: Databases, types and the relational model (The third Manifesto) • C. J. Date: An Introduction to Database Systems. Addison Wesley; 8th edition 2003 Študijná literatúra: doporučená II. • Matiaško,Karol: Databázové systémy. - 1. vyd. - Ţilina