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(Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Part 2. the P. Grossa- to P. Deaurata-Groups

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(Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Part 2. the P. Grossa- to P. Deaurata-Groups ZV-338 003-134 | vardy 04-01-2007 08:43 Pagina 3 The New World tarantula-hawk wasp genus Pepsis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Part 2. The P. grossa- to P. deaurata-groups C.R. Vardy Vardy, C.R. The New World tarantula-hawk wasp genus Pepsis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae). Part 2. The P. grossa- to P. deaurata-groups. Zool. Verh. 337, 1.ix.2002: 1-134, figs 1-247.— ISSN 0042-1652, ISBN 90-73239-82-6. C.R. Vardy, Yarina, Springwell Lane, Harefield, Middlesex UB9 6PG, U.K. Key words: spider-hunting wasps; Pompilidae; Pepsis; systematic revision; new species; mimicry; neotropical; natural history. In this Part, 37 species of the genus, belonging to eight species-groups, are described and figured, and their phylogenetics and biogeography are discussed. Seven of the species are described as new: P. ecuadorae, friburgensis, marthae, onorei, pulawskii, riopretensis, yucatani. One species-name, P. tolteca Lucas, 1895, is recalled from synonymy and one name, P. lycaon Banks, 1945, is upgraded from varietal to species status. The following 49 names are newly synonymized (valid names first): P. grossa (Fabricius, 1798) = P. formosus Say, 1823, P. affinis Dahlbom, 1845, P. obliquerugosa Lucas, 1895, P. nephele Lucas, 1895, P. theresiae Kriechbaumer, 1900, P. colombica Brèthes, 1926, P. pattoni Banks, 1945, P. pellita Haupt, 1952; P. aquila Lucas, 1895 = P. pyramus Lucas, 1895, P. pallidipennis Haupt, 1952; P. elevata Fabricius, 1804 = P. cristata Haupt, 1952; P. marginata Palisot de Beauvois, 1809 = P. reaumuri Dahlbom, 1845; P. terminata Dahlbom, 1843 = P. ferruginea Lepeletier, 1845, P. venusta Smith, 1855, P. albolimbata Mocsáry, 1885, P. pul- chripennis Mocsáry, 1885, P. cyanosoma Lucas, 1895, P. acroleuca Lucas, 1895, P. mancoi Banks, 1946, P. fus- corubra Brèthes, 1914; P. brevicornis Mocsáry, 1894 = P. depressa Brèthes, 1908; P. cassiope Mocsáry, 1888 = P. cassandra Mocsáry, 1888, P. lilloi Brèthes, 1908, P. heterochroa Brèthes, 1914, P. elisa Montet, 1921, P. brethesi Montet, 1921, P. arizonica Banks, 1921, P. hirsuta Salman, 1933, P. iolanthe Banks, 1946, P. adusta Haupt, 1952; P. aurozonata Smith, 1855 = P. apicalis Lepeletier, 1845; P. aurifex Smith, 1855 = P. niphe Moc- sáry, 1885; P. plutus Erichson, 1848 = P. opulenta Mocsáry, 1894; P. apicata Taschenberg, 1869 = P. alcimeda Banks, 1946, P. amalthea Banks, 1946; P. defecta Taschenberg, 1869 = P. fumata Enderlein, 1901, P. cleanthes Banks, 1946; P. ricuspidata Gribodo, 1894 = P. lativalvis Mocsáry, 1894, P. astarte Banks, 1945; P. pulszkyi Mocsáry, 1885 = P. aurocincta Mocsáry, 1894; P. sumptuosa Smith, 1855 = P. colossica Stål, 1857, P. apolli- narii Brèthes, 1926; P. optima Smith, 1879 = P. andrei Mocsáry, 1885; P. toppini Turner, 1915 = P. selvatica Brèthes, 1920; P. bonplandi Brèthes, 1914 = P. eubule Banks, 1946; P. hyperion Mocsáry, 1894 = P. gigantea Lucas, 1895, P. altitarsus Enderlein, 1901; P. deaurata Mocsáry, 1894 = P. speciosa Smith, 1855, P. auricoma Lucas, 1895. Keys to all forms are given. Lygarochromy and two mimicry-groups are defined and described and the occurrence of large individuals on islands is briefly discussed. Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Abbreviations and special terms ............................................................................................................. 4 Depositories ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Mislabelling ....................................................................................................................................................... 8 Host records and wing structure ............................................................................................................. 9 Phylogeny ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 Biogeography .................................................................................................................................................. 13 ZV-338 003-134 | vardy 04-01-2007 08:43 Pagina 4 4 Vardy. New world Pepsis. 2. The P. grossa- to P. deaurata-groups. Zool. Verh. Leiden 337 (2002) The mimicry-groups in Pepsis ................................................................................................................. 23 The P. discolor mimicry-group ................................................................................................................ 24 The P. plutus mimicry-group ................................................................................................................... 25 Key to males .................................................................................................................................................... 30 Key to females ................................................................................................................................................ 35 The P. grossa-group ...................................................................................................................................... 56 The P. elevata-group ..................................................................................................................................... 61 The P. hymenaea-group ............................................................................................................................... 72 The P. pretiosa-group ................................................................................................................................... 83 The P. chiliensis-group ................................................................................................................................ 88 The P. brevicornis-group ............................................................................................................................. 90 The P. sumptuosa-group ............................................................................................................................. 94 The P. deaurata-group ............................................................................................................................... 126 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 130 Index ................................................................................................................................................................. 134 Addendum to Part I .................................................................................................................................. 135 Introduction Completely new aspects of the genus Pepsis are dealt with in this second Part [Part 1: see Vardy, 2000], which is based on the examination of 4,775 specimens. Since sev- eral additional species-groups have now been studied, it has become possible to gain further insights into their phylogeny and biogeography by comparing these groups with each other and with the P. rubra-group (treated in Part 1). In the course of the present work it has also become apparent that the speciose P. rubra-group, whose dis- tributional range virtually coincides with that of the genus, represents a good stan- dard for comparison with other species-groups. The subject of mimicry-groups is introduced here, as two of them concern the taxonomic groups treated in this part. The phenomenon of lygarochromy, here defined as the sympatric occurrence of unusual colour forms not forming a clear mimicry-group, is further treated. Also the phenomenon of larger-sized individuals in island populations is mentioned. Abbreviations and special terms AE index = Antennal/eye index: AS3 divided by UID, multiplied by 100; excep- tional values in parentheses, e.g. (82-)91-108; APT = Anterior propodeal tubercle; AS3 = Antennal segment 3 (or its length); Axial = Denotes a vein which is parallel, or nearly so, to the longitudinal axis of the wing; BL = Body length, given in millimetres; exceptional values in parentheses; DTC = Dorsal transverse carinae of propodeum; Lacuna = A bubble-like space, found as sub-basal pairs inside some SGPs; MG = Median groove of propodeum; MPN = Metapostnotum; MT = Mesopleural tubercle; ZV-338 003-134 | vardy 04-01-2007 08:43 Pagina 5 Vardy. New world Pepsis. 2. The P. grossa- to P. deaurata-groups. Zool. Verh. Leiden 337 (2002) 5 PDV = Postero-distal veinlet of SMC2 in forewing; PFC = Posterior face carinae of propodeum; PPT = Posterior propodeal tubercle; PPV = Postero-proximal veinlet of SMC2 in forewing; Propodeal As used in comparison with PST or MPN length, the hair located omit hair = just behind and below the APT; PST = Postscutellum; PTC = Posterior transverse carina of propodeum (divides dorsal and posterior faces) S = Sternite; S.6 is sixth sternite, etc. SGP = Subgenital plate in male; SMC = Submarginal cell of forewing; Stigmal In the forewing, the narrow translucent band running obliquely fenestra = inwards from the base of the stigma; sometimes reduced to a narrow line; T = Tergite; T.1 is the first tergite, etc. UID = Upper interocular distance (minimum, at
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