National

!

Center I for 1984 State Annual Courts Report

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, \ j DO NOT REMOVE FROM PUBLICATIONS COORD DESK

.. I. ,- ter dedicated to impmng the adminispation ofjustice in the nation. ,heNational Center for State Courts during 1984 continued to increase its Tassistance to the state courts of the nation, while at the same time growing in strength and stability. That record of accom- plishment is chronicled in the pages that follow. With the merger of the National Center and the Institute for Court Management, the National Center has been able to make sub- stantial progress toward accomplishing a major organizational objective, and ICM has been able to strengthen its training programs for court personnel. The National Center’s initiative in the area of delay reduction is well under way with two major studies of general jurisdiction trial courts in progress. Other significant projects are being developed and a national conference on delay reduction co- President Repoldson, left and Ekecutive Director McConneIL sponsored by some forty organizations is scheduled for September 5-7,1985. During the year, the National Center responded hlly to the-increased need for staff sup- port of the Conference of Chief Justices, the Conference of State Court Administrators, and the many other national court organizations served by the Center. Noteworthy was the passage by the Congress late in 1984 of the State Justice Institute Act, an achievement that would not have been possible without the National Center’s assistance. The increased ability of the National Center to be of service to the states is made pos- sible by the high level of support it receives from them. In 1984 state charges and state and local contracts for specific services amounted to 54 percent of total revenues of $5,919,466. Also of great importance to the Center is the continued high level of private sector support. The Center’s financial future appears secure. The success of any organization is primarily attributable to people who have given it guidance and support. The National Center is no different: it has grown as the result of the efforts of many persons who have guided and helped it over the years. Some of those who have been particularly helpful to the National Center are mentioned elsewhere in this report. On the National Center’s behalf we express to them our sincere thanks and gratitude.

W Ward Reynoldson Edward B. McConnell ChiefJustice of Iowa Executive Director President

2 Board of Directors

National Centerfor State Coum

Pradent Edward B. McConnell, W, Ward Reynoldson, Executive Director,National Centerfor Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Iowa State Courts President-Elect Robert C. Murphy, Edward F. Hennessey, Chief Jdge, Court of Appeals of Maryland Chief Justice, SupremeJudicial Court of iVIassachusetts John T. Racanelli, Presding Justice, California Court of Vice-Presdent Appeal, First Dktrict Lester Earl Cingcade, Arthur H. Snowden 11, AdministrativeDirector of the Cou% of Admin&tratiueDirector of the Courts, Hawaii Alaska Edward F. Hennessey President-Elect B. Don Barnes, Chief Justice, Supreme Court of Okkaboma Leo M. Spellacy, FreszdingJdge, Court of Common Pleas Dorothy T. Beasley, of Cuyaboga County, Ohio Judge, Court of Appeals of Georgia Charles H. Starrett,Jr., CourtAdministrator,Court of Common George C. Berry, Pleas of AUq$eny County,Pennylvania Judge, Probate Ditision of the Circuit Court,Kansas City, Misouri Robert C. Broomfield, Preszding Jdge, Supenin-Court of Maricopa County,Arizona Halibuaon Fales, 2d, White & Case, New York City Lester Earl Cingcade Vice-President William H. D. Fones, Justice, Supeme Court of Tennessee Vernon M. Geddy, Jr., McGuire Woods & Battle, Williamsburg, Virginia Charles V. Johnson, Judge, Superior Court,King County, Washington Gladys Kessler, PredingJdge, Family Division, Superior Court, District of Columbia

Ralph J. Erickstad Patpresident, 1983-1984 ChiefJustice of North Dakota

Lhting as of December31, 1984.

3' ?-.-.-- am pleased to report that the initial stage of the merger between the Institute for Court Management and the National Center for State Courts proceeded smoothly. Plans are already under way to enhance further the variety, number, and quality of the educational opportunities offered by the Institute. It is clear that the merger is beneficial to both the National Center and the Institute, and is in the best interests of the court community.

Earl E Morris Chairman Earl F. Morris Chairman IGW Board of Trustees

Chairman Richard F. Knight, Earl F. Morris, Talley, Anthony, Hughes G Knigbt Portw, Wright,Morris &Arthur Bogalusa, Lou&zana Columbus, Ohio Robert D. Lipscher, Vice-Chairman Director,Administrative Office of the John J. Corson, Courts of New Jersey Management Consultant McLean, Virginia Edward B. McConnell, Executive Director, National Center William D. Browning, for State Courts Judge, United States District Court Tucson,Arizona Wade H. McCree, Jr., Professor, University of Mich@an Lester Earl Cingcade, Law School Administrative Director of the Courts of Hawaii Florence K. Murray, Justics Supreme Court of Rhode island Edward C. Gallas, Vice-President,Oqpnizationul Resources C. Kenneth Roberts, Counsel,Inc. General Counsel,Ejcxon Company, USA New York City Thomas J. Stovall, Robert H. Hall, Judge, Second AdministrativeJudicial Jdge) United States District Court District of Taxas Atlanta, Georgia Clement F. Haynsworth, Jr., Judge, United States Court of Appeals Greenvile,South Carolina

4 Introduction

uring 1984 the National Center for State Courts focused on a variety of areas, which rendered important and meaningful Dassistance to state courts and helped them improve their administration and management. These areas can be described as follows: Research on common problems Education and training programs Direct services to individual courts Information exchange These activities were carried out by the Center’s multi-disciplinary staff of management specialists, social scientists, systems analysts, accoun- tants, lawyers, and communications specialists. Staff are located at the headquarters office in Williamsburg, Virginia; at the Institute for Court Management in Denver, Colorado; at the Center’s three regional offices in Williamsburg, North Andover, Massachusetts, and San Francisco; and at its Washington, D.C., liaison office.

Left to right, EdwardB. McConneN, Chief Justice WarrenE. Burgcy and ChiefJustice of Iowa W! WardReynoldsonat the midyear meeting of the Conference of Chief Justices held ut the Nutional Center for State Courts.

5 search

s our nation grows and changes, so do the courts. The courts must ill adjust to those changes within the limits of available resources in such a way as to bring about overall improvement. Thousands of Ahours of painstaking field research are required in any identified problem area to describe and analyze existing practices, and to design and test solutions to the problems found. At the request of judges and court administrators across the country, the National Center is investing those research hours. This year the National Center has continued its long-standing commitment to assist courts in reducing delay and has launched a “delay reduction initiative.”One major study of delay in urban trial courts is re- examining ten of the courts originally included in the landmark report of the National Center for State Courts,Justice Delayed, published in 1978. A related study is focusing on eight large urban courts in which significant delay reduction has been accomplished in recent years. Collection and analysis of these data will shed additional light on the causes and cures of unreasonable delay. Timely and reliable information is essential to state court policy- makers and managers. The National Center has for several years been working with state court administrators to improve the accuracy and relevancy of statistics on court caseloads and operations and to develop a national state court database that will permit interjurisdictional comparisons. Social scientists and attorneys on staff, working with representa- tives of all three branches of government, have developed guidelines to help states assess the need for additional judges. Also, an advisory board of judges and lawyers is working with Center staff to explore the use of practicing lawyers as temporary judges or judicial adjuncts, and to develop guidelines for their proper use. Research in the area of jury service has resulted not only in juries more representative of the population but also in substantial cost sav- ings. With the assistance of the Center for Jury Studies staff, courts are better able to estimate the number of jurors needed and reduce unneces- sary trips to court. Through improved jury management, including such innovations as one-day/one-trial, life has been made easier not only for the courts but for the citizens called to serve on juries. The judicial system’s policies and procedures for dealing with the mentally ill have received intensive study. Staff of the Institute on Mental Disability and the Law have examined and made recommendations to improve procedures for the civil commitment of individuals against their will. The claim of insanity as a defense in criminal cases has been sub- jected to scrutiny, and studies have been made of alternative procedures being experimented with by some states. Another study explored the

6 Research

critical issues arising in capital cases and developed techniques to help state appellate courts ensure that the death penalty is not applied capriciously and is not the result of invidious discrimination. A study of the search warrant process in the criminal courts in seven cities resulted in important findings. It dealt with constitutional issues involved, assessed the effectiveness of warrants, and made prac- tical suggestions for improving their use. Other subjects studied by the National Center in 1984 were the courts' processing of asbestos litigation, court victim/witness programs, evaluating the performance of judges, and the methods by which appel- late courts select cases for review. In addition, staff of the Center conducted research on behalf of the Conference of Chief Justices, the Conference of State Court Administra- tors, and other national court-related organizations on a wide range of Richard Van Duizend Director subjects, including national surveys of how subpoenas are served, of Research & Special Services court reporting, and of judicial immunity. A complete list of the National Center's 1984 projects begins on page 14. This year the National Center has continued its long-standing commitment to mist courts in reducing delay and has launched a 'delay reduction initiative. '

\IORD PROCESSING

The Center's reseurch stujf addresex various timely and rekwunt &sues of interest to the court communiw nationwide. The jindings of recentprojectshave been dkseminated in tbese 1984 7 hanging laws, a changing society, new technology, and age-old problems make it essential that the courts have qualified managers if they are to operate effectively. In its effort to strengthen and expand its educational and training programs for court personnel, the National Center for State Courts merged in February 1984 with the Insti- tute for Court Management (ICM), which now operates as a unit of the Center. Founded in 1970 at the urging of ChiefJustice Warren E. Burger, ICM has spearheaded the drive to improve the operation of the courts through the management training of those in key administrative posi- tions. The Institute’s programs are designed to keep court managers and justice system professionals informed of the growing body of knowledge dealing with management concepts and technology and their application to court operations. Conducted in various locations throughout the country, ICM’s work- shops and seminars address topics such as jury management, budgeting and planning, caseflow management and delay reduction, personnel administration, appellate court administration, and space management and facilities planning. Special seminars have focused on the courts and the public, the special interests of victims and witnesses, court security, and the management of juvenile courts. ICM also designs and conducts local workshops to meet the particular concerns of state and local juris- dictions. Such in-stateprograms allow courts to train more staff by minimizing travel costs. The Institute sponsors the highly regarded Court Executive Devel- opment Program, a formal academic framework encompassing a four- week intensive seminar, topical workshops, and independent research. The program is specially designed not only to enhance the participants’ technical, interpersonal, and analytical sllls but also to improve their understanding of the dynamics of the judicial system. On successfully completing the program’s requirements, participants receive certificates recognizing them as Fellows of the Institute for Court Management. More than 430 men and women have completed the program since the Insti- tute was established. TheJustice SystemJournaZis a refereed publication issued three times a year by the Institute. TheJournaZincludes articles that have spe- cific policy implications and that foster increased understanding of the problems faced by court managers. This year, two subjects-applications of new technology to court operations and the state courts’ increasing reliance on state constitu- tions-were addressed by the National Center, with support from other court organizations, in two major national conferences. A conference on technology was held to provide court personnel with the practical, up-to-datetechnical information they need in order to

8 automate and modernize court operations. Court officials, both special- ists and generalists, had their choice of a wide variety of seminars on dif- ferent types of computer hardware and software and other types of mod- ern business equipment, on the management problems encountered in acquiring and using the new technology, and on the applications of technology in particular court environments. More than one thousand people attended the conference-the largest conference ever of

7 court personnel. A second conference provided a forum for examining the rapidly emerging body of state constitutional law and for assessing its implica- tions. Judges, lawyers, and constitutional scholars convened to exchange ideas about the propriety, necessity, usefulness, and possible disadvan- tages of relying more heavily on state constitutions than on the federal constitution. Harvey E. Solomon Executive Director Institutefor Court Management

ICM has spearheaded the drive to improve the operation of the court;^ through the management training of those in kq administrative positions.

9 i ! rimarily through its Regional Offices, the National Center directly serves court needs for modernizing and improving judicial adminis tration at the state and local level. This assistance is offered in two xincipal forms. On a day-to-daybasis staff respond to requests for information on a wide variety of concerns, such as case processing, jury management, medi- ation programs, state court financing, and records management. Courts vary considerably in the way they are organized and operate, and, for this reason, court managers are frequently interested in learning about the way things are done, and particularly about experiments and innovations being used, in other jurisdictions. Center staff provide this information using knowledge gained from their research, surveys, searches of literature, and their work with major court organizations. The second form of direct assistance to the state courts is provided through projects that address specific problems of an individual court or state. Effective assistance of this kmd requires Center staff to work on site, gathering relevant data and meeting with key court personnel. In performing these field projects the Regional Offices have the benefit of the full experience of the Center. The resulting recommendations point out feasible ways P of making improvements. In many instances, project staff assist in carrying out the suggested changes, or review and evaluate the effectiveness of changes after they have been put into effect. Typical project work may be a general review of clerical procedures, redesigning court forms, devising ways for courts to control their caseflow, helping to institute a one-day/one-trial iun7 system, or designing needed technological improvements and assisting with their installation. Regional Ofices also perform manage- ment audits consisting of a review of a court’s personnel system, I

Western Regional 0ffice Sun Francisco, California

so I EGuam m Hawaii American Samoa 10 its financial system, its recordkeeping system, or other aspects of its organization, structure, or operations. Annually, each Regional Office holds a conference for judges, court administrators,and other court personnel. The meetings provide an opportunity for court personnel from the various jurisdictions in the region to exchange ideas and information on current court developments and to discuss topics of current and common interest. A complete list of the National Center’s 1984 projects begins on 7 page 14.

Samuel D. Conti Regional Director Areas served by the Northeastern Region National Center for State Courts

James R. James Regional Director Southeastern Region

Northeastern Regzonal Office North Andover, Mmachusetts

Headquarters Ojfzce G SoutheasternRegional 0fjtce , Willramsburg, Virgznia

Larry L Sipes Regional Director WesternRegion

US. Virgin Islands

Puwto Rico

11 y learning from one state’s successes or failures, all states can save valuable time and expense. But the cost and time necessary for each state or territory to maintain lines of communication with every other jurisdiction is prohibitive. To assist the courts and prevent needless duplication, the Center has developed a variety of information services. The exchange of information begins with the people workmg in the courts. What are their concerns?What changes are they planning or making?What do they want and need to know? To answer these ques- tions, the Center works closely with eleven national court organizations, providing them staff assistance through its Secretariat Service. In this way, the Center not only directly helps those working in the courts but also learns from its contact with thousands of key officials in state courts. The following organizations are served by the National Center:

0 Conference of Chief Justices 0 Conference of State Court Administrators 0 American Judges Association 0 Coordinating Council of National Court Organizations 0 National Association for Court Administration 0 National Association of Trial Court Administrators 0 National Association of Women Judges

0 National College of Probate Judges 0 National Conference of Appellate Court Clerks 0 National Conference of Metropolitan Courts 0 National Council for Judicial Planning

State court judges and court managers need to know about federal legislative developments that may affect the state courts. They also need assistance in effectively communicating their views to Congress. In re- sponse to these needs, the Center provides a Washington liaison service staffed by an experienced person familiar with the workings of Congress, its committees, and its staff. With the Center’s assistance, the Conference of Chief Justices and the Conference of State Court Administrators were instrumental in securing passage of the State Justice Institute Act in 1984. Another service to court personnel is the use of the Center’s Library, which includes material rarely found in traditional law libraries. Its hold- ings of more than 11,000 items comprise one of the largest and most current collections of state court reports, state-of-the-judiciarymessages, court rules, benchbooks, reports of court study groups, and other publica- tions in the area of judicial administration. Through interlibrary loan or by direct request, judges, court administrators, and others workng for and with the courts can gain access to the Center’s unique collection.

12 1 The Library’s holdings are indispensable to those staffing the Center’s research projects as well as to the staff of the Center’s Research and Information Service (RIS), who respond to inquiries from the court community for information on a wide range of topics. These research services, typically in the form of memoranda, are provided free of charge to court officials, executive and legislative staff, lawyers, bar associations, representatives of the media, and others interested in the courts. IUS staff often respond by telephone to frequently asked questions, passing on information already compiled. Other inquiries may require a survey of some or all of the states and the preparation of a full report. The periodicals and monographs of the Center’s Publications Ser- vice make the results of National Center research projects available to the court community. The quarterly State CourtJounzaZchronicles all project work of the Center and includes other informative articles; a monthly Linda R. Caviness Director newsletter, the Report, contains recent news of Center and state court Development G Central Seruices events. A frequently consulted publication is the Center’s semiannual Suwey of Judicial Salaries, which lists the salaries of all appellate and trial judges and of state court administrators. In addition, the Center publishes monographs reporting on projects of general interest. The department To m&tthe coufls also assists national organizations of court professionals in publishing their newsletters and journals. andprevent needless A list of the more than six hundred National Center publications is duplication, the Center available on request. has developed a variety of information smices.

Workzng in the Center4 bedquarters Libra y are (lejt to right)Beatrice Monahan, stafj attorney, Secretariat Seruice; Marc& Lim, staff associate, RIS; und Erick Low, bead librarian. The Libra y not only offerspinted matet-lak but do provides computer access to libraries acros the nation. 4 Projects

Fohmg is a listiicg qfprojects in D ’Involuntary Civil Commitment in the zd7ich the iVutiona1Center wus enguged Data Processing Evaluation, Municipal United States, Phase 2‘ &wing i984. Court, Nebraska Data Processing Options Assessment, khigh County, Pennsylvania JJudicial Retirement System Analysis, A Data Processing Planning for Courts of West Virginia Appellate Case Processing Automation, Pennsylvania Jury Management Study, Selected Supretne Court, Ohio Data Processing Review, Pike County, Counties (Berks, Blair, Chester, Attorney Registration System, Supreme Pennsylvania McKean, Northumberland, and Court Clerks Office, Ohio Defense Services Evaluation for Westmoreland), Pennsylvania Automation Plan, Appellate Courts, Criminal Defendants, Hamilton County, Jury Management Study, Kansas Kansas Ohio Jury Management Study, Milwaukee Automation Plan, Trial Courts, 9th Defense Services Evaluation for County, Wisconsin Circuit, Florida Criminal Defendants, Iawrence and Jury Management Study, Nashville, I1 Scioto Counties, Ohio Tennessee B Defense Services, Indigent Felony Jury Management Study, Phase 11, Benchbook, Family Court. Rhode Island Defendants, Court of Common Pleas, Los Angeles, California Benchbooks Update, Oklahoma Cuyahoga County, Ohio Jury Management Study, Phoenix, Arizona Budget Review, New York Courts Delay Reduction Seminar, Florida Juvenile Court Personnel Study, Orleans Development of New Models for Parish, Louisiana Establishing and Updating Child Juvenile Court System Audit, Superior c Support Levels2 Court, District of Columbia Calendar and Case File Management, Direct Filing Study, Superior Court Juvenile Justice System Assessment, Circuit Court, Salem, Oregon Clerks Office, New Jersey Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Case Processing Automation Assessment, Dynamics of Civil Motion Practice 3 ’JuvenileJustice Training Program7 Superior Court. Pennsylvania Juvenile Systems Documentation, Case Processing System Transfer, IE Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Saginaw County, Michigan Caseflow and Jury Management Seminar, Executive Components of the Court Montana Seminar, Wisconsin L Experimental Judicial Performance ’Linking the Social Service System and Caseflow Management and Delay the Civil Justice System 8 Reduction Seminar, Municipal Court, Evaluation Programs4 LQS Angeles, California Civil Caseflow Seminar, New Jersey IF M Civil Delay Reduction, Connecticut Financial System, Trial Court, New Mexico Management Audit and Automation Clerks Manual, Domestic Relations and Fines as an Alternative to Needs Assessment, Civil District Court, Bureau of Support, Cuyahoga County, Incarceration: The Attitudes and Orleans Parish, Louisiana Management Audit, Domestic Relations Ohio Practices of Trial Court Judges 5 Clerks’ Procedures Manual, Connecticut Forms Design, SeventhJudicial Division and Bureau of Support, Computerization, Records Management District, Iowa Cuyahoga County Court of Common and CaseflowManagement, Eleventh Pleas, Ohio Judicial District, Nebraska G Management Audit, Supreme Court Computerization, Supreme Court. Utah Clerks Office, Ohio feneral Jurisdiction Trial Judges Management Audit, Trial Court, Marquette Court Administrator Position Riding Circuit in State Court County, Michigan -1 , Evaluation, 3rd Judicial Circuit, Systems, Massachusetts Management for Justice System Detroit. Michigan fie “Guilty But Mentally Ill” Court Improvement Issues, Council of Administrators Seminar, Municipal Experiment in Eleven States: Court, Los Angeles, California 8. I 100, Florida An Empirical Study Management Review, Municipal Court, Court Management, Circuit and Family, Wichita, SecondJudicial Circuit, Hawaii Kansas Court Management. Statewide, Kansas U Manual Case Management Information System, Superior Court, Anchorage, *Court Statistics and Information [mplementation of Delay Reduction Alaska Management Programs in Urban Trial Courts5

14 1-9234Pmjects

Manual of Classification Specifications, 'Proportionality Review of Death Time/Stress Management Seminar, Clerks Office, Supreme Court, Ohio Sentences by Appellate Courts 5 Municipal Court, Los Angeles, Manual for Minute Clerks, Court of Proportionality Review System California Common Pleas, Civil and Criminal Demonstration, Maryland Traffic Court Study, New Orleans, Divisions, Allegheny County, Louisiana Pennsylvania R Manual, Muncipal Court Clerks, Records Management Consulting U New Jersey Agreement, Delaware ';Use of Volunteer lawyers to Supplement Master Plan Computerization Update, Records Management Review, Tenth Judicial Resources New Jersey Judicial Circuit Court, Saginaw, Microfilm and Record Retention Program Michigan V Review, Alabama Records Management Review, Family Victim-WitnessAssistance: Extension Micrographics Technical Assistance, Court, Delaware 22nd Circuit Court, St. Louis, Missouri Requirements Analysis, SeventhJudicial of Philadelphia's Program Municipal Court Organization District, Iowa and Workflow Analysis, 'Restitution Education, Specialized W Sonoma County, California Training, and Technical Assistance7 Weapons in Courtrooms and Courthouse Municipal Court Study, Tucson, Arizona Rural Courts. Wisconsin Buildings, Kansas N S National Conference on Court Salaries of Iay Judges, Kansas Technology Sentencing Guidelines, New Mexico9 National Conference on Developments in Space Needs and Operations Study, State Constitutional Law Superior Court, King County, Washington 0 'State Court Records Retention Survey lo Office Automation Needs Assessment, 'State Court System Management and Kansas Improvement Program 1' Ofice Automation Needs Assessment, Reduce Delay in Litigation Orange County, Florida Increase Efficiency Through Organization of the Administrative Technology Structure of the Philadelphia Court Improve Jury Mandgement of Common Pleas, Pennsylvania Training in Court Management Dissemination of Information P Rights of Victims/Witnessesand Crime * National-scopeproject *Patterns of Case Selection in State Supreme Courts3 Statewide Court Automation Plan, Projects funded by: Personnel Study, In Court, NewJersey Colorado Statistical Reporting and 1. Bureau of JusticeStatistics Personnel and Accounting Management 2. Office of Child Support Enforcement, Social System, New Jersey Recordkeeping, Justice of the Peace SecurityAdministrution Courts, Arizona 3. National Science Foundation Personnel and Accounting Management 4. Florence V. Burden Foundution System, Administrative Office, Ohio Statistical Reports, Administrative Office, Ohio 5. National Institute of Justice Planning Automation of Juvenile Court, 6 Aetna Life and Casualty Foundation and 10th District, Kansas Systems and Computer Inventory, John D. & Catherine 7: Madrthur Foundation *PreargumentAppellate Settlement Five-CountyInventory with Survey 7. Office of JuvenileJustice and Delinquency Form for Statewide Inventory, Iowa Prevention Conferences Evaluation in 8. Department of Health andHuman Services Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and 9. Edna McConnell Clark Foundation Rhode Island T IO. National Hisforicul Publications and Records *Prisoner Litigation Conference 9 Technical Assistance Contract, Hawaii Commission Procedures Manual, Supreme Court Technology Assessment, Court of 11. Office ofJusticehistance Clerk's Ofice, Ohio Appeals, Michigan Procedures Manual, Violations Bureau, Time Management in the Courts Seminar, Newark, New Jersey Municipal Court, Sacramento, California

15 Finances

he improvement of the National Center’s financial situation over the past several years reflects the importance of sound planning and management. Faced in 1980 with sharp reductions in federal mding for its research programs, the National Center developed and nplemented a multi-faceted,multi-year plan to shift its base of support .om the federal government to the states and to bring its expenditures in ne with anticipated revenues. By the end of 1983 this had been accom- llished on schedule. Operating results in 1984 indicate a year of growth lased on substantial state support. Revenues for the year totaled $5,919,466 from all sources, an increase If $1,230,079, or 26 percent above the comparable figure for 1983. estricted funds for specific programs and projects from federal and state gencies and private foundations totaled $2,256,849, or 38 percent of total ?venues. State charge payments received from 54 of the 55 judicial irisdictions served by the Center totaled $2,364,097,an increase of 25 lercent. The success of the state charge program evidences the strong upport the National Center receives from the states and constitutes the iational Center’s largest source of revenue. The National Center’s recently established Endowment Fund icreased by $562,493 during the year, with receipts of $55,216 from the ‘irginia Committee and a Board-authorizedtransfer of $500,000 from the ;enera1 Fund.

-Federal

0 0

0 1’21%

0 I I 1978 ld79 1980 l9kl 1982 19b3 19b4 Finances

The National Center today is financially sound and operating within available resources. Cost control of programs and projects and of over- head expenses remains an important objective, consistent with the Center’s constant emphasis on delivering services of high quality on a timely basis. To an extent not possible before, the Center is now in a position to plan its programs and activities and establish its priorities based on the needs of the state courts.

~~ ~ 19% Balance Sheet Summary General Restricted Endowment Fund Fund Fund TOTALS Currenthets ...... $ 876,734 $ 209,519 $ 614,225 $1,700,478 Fixed Assets ...... 3,090,786 3,090,786 Keith L. Bumsted Director TOTALASSETS ...... $3,967,520 $ 209,519 $ 614,225 $4,791,264 AdminW-ation& Technical Services CurventLiabilities...... $ 351,933 $ 21,668 $ 373,601 Lonp-Tern Liabilities ...... 73,518 73,518 TOTAL LIABILITIES ...... 425,451 21,668 447,119 Operating results in FundBalances ...... 3,542,069 187,851 614,225 4,344,145 1984 indicate a year TOTALLIAB./FUNDBAIANCES...... $3,967,520 $ 209,519 $ 614,225 $4,791,264 of growth based on The National Center’sfinancialstatements and record are audited by thefim of Deloitte Haskins & Selk A substantial state complete set of financial statements with accompanyingauditor’s report is available upon request from the National Center. suppo?T

~ State Charges 1984 $2,364,097 Revenue State Grants & Contracts Summary $837,237 Other $338,849

Private Grants & Contributions $548.261 Federal Grants ConferenceG Total revenue: $5,919,466 $1,319,671 Tuition Fees $51 1,351

1984 Direct Senices 10 Research Programs State &LocalCourts $1,456,61 0 Expense $1,218,@2 summary Organizational Development $193,813 Information Senzces $1,400,112 GeneralAdministration &ProgramServices Total expenses: $5,608,856 Education & Training $748,745 $590,894

17 DiSthguished The National Center's Distinguished Sm'ceAwards recognize indiuiduub who haue made sgnificunt contributions to the Center and to the Sewice l!kwxdk improvement of court administration. Eight uuwds, two in each of the following categories, were presented in 1984.

$X?Chd S@P-vke Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, noted in March 1971 the need to "bring into being some lund of national clearinghouse or center to serve all the state courts." He has since remained a strong source of advice and support to the National Center. Paul C. Reardon,Justice of the SupremeJudicial Court of Massa- chusetts, retired, was an incorporator of the Center, served as its first president, was a long-time member of its Board of Directors, and served as chairman of its Lawyers Committee.

LawW QT Lay RXSQTZGeorge A. Stinson, former president and chairman of National Steel Corporation, secured corporate support for the Center by organizing the Center's Business Committee. He served as that committee's first chairman and continues as its honorary chairman. Linwood Holton, former governor of Virginia and vice-president and general counsel of the American Council of Life Insurance, was instrumental in raising funds for the Center's headquarters in Williamsburg and has served on the Center's Board of Directors. George A. Sfinson Linwood Holton

State cQUflJUdg@(Pr@S@??t Qrfb?"??ZQp") US. Senator Howell T. Heflin served as ChiefJustice of the Alabama Supreme Court, and as a member and vice-president of the Center's Board of Directors. As a member of the SenateJudiciary Committee, he has been a strong proponent of federal legislation to aid the state courts. William S. Richardson, a former ChiefJustice of the Hawaii Supreine Court, was an incorporator of the Center in 1971. He served for twelve years on the Center's Board of Directors and as its president from WilliamS. Richardson 1980 to 1981.

Nopzfudge State Court Employee (Present or Fomer) WdlterJ. Kane, state court administrator of %ode Island, is chairman of an advisory committee to the Center's Court Statistics Project. He also headed a Center task force to develop national standards for jury operations. Arthur H. Snowden 11, administrative director of the Alaska courts, has implemented many innovative programs to modernize Alaska's court system. Since receiving the award he has been elected to the WalterJ.Kane Arthur H Snowden 1I Center's Bead.

18 The Institute for Court Managementpresents the Warren E. Bulger WmenE. Burger Award annually to recognize substantial contributions to the AWXd development of court adminktration.

Robert B. McKay was presented the 1984 Warren E. Burger Award at the annual meeting of the Judicial Administration Division of the Ameri- can Bar Association. McKay is currently a professor at New York University School of Law, where he has also served as dean. He was formerly the director of the Institute of Judicial Administration and of the Aspen Insti- tute’s Law and Society Program and has been a leader in numerous activities of the American Bar Association.

Robert B.McKay

The National Center’sBoard of Directors in 2984 estubkhed the National Award of Center Award of Excellence to annually recognize outstanding work by a Excellence member of the center’s staft

Alexander B. Aikman, senior staff attorney with the Western Regional Ofice, was the first recipient of the Award of Excellence. Aikman currently heads a project evaluating the use of lawyers to supplement judicial resources, and is also providing assistance to courts in the western region. He formerly served as reporter for a national task force that devel- oped guidelines for assessing the need for judicial resources and as director of the Center’s Mid-Atlantic Regional Ofice. pproximately eight hundred corporations, law firms, foundations, and individuals contributed to the support of the Center in 1984, an increase of thirty percent over 1983. A large part of this increase was a result of the Center’sAssociates program. This annual membership campaign makes it possible for lawyers, law firms, judges, court support personnel, and others interested in court improvement to financially sup- port the Center’swork. Three committees of volunteers are active throughout the year in securing private support for both general operations and specific-projects at the Center. These committees work not only to secure stable funding for the National Center but also to increase the Center’s visibility to both its constituents and the general public.

BmiQesCommiEee The corporate leaders who serve on the Business Committee are effective interpreters of the National Center to the corporate community. Their efforts have resulted in support to the National Center from more than one hundred corporations. Roger B. Smith, chairman of the board of General Motors Corporation, heads the Business Committee.

Roger B. Smith kaqwscornminee The Lawyers Committee consists of leading members of the bar whose fundraising has resulted in strong support from lawyers and law firms across the country. Haliburton Fales, 2d, of White & Case, New York City, became chairman of the Lawyers Committee at the end of 1984, succeed- ing Paul C. Reardon,Justice of the SupremeJudicial Court of Massachusetts, retired.

Haliburton Fales, 2d Paul C Reardon viqinia commiaee A group of Virginia attorneys and businessmen helped establish an endowment fund to support National Center projects in Virginia. Organized in 1983, this committee is continuing its efforts to secure gifts and pledges from businesses and law firms in the Commonwealth. Vernon M. Geddy,Jr., of McGuire Woods & Battle, Williamsburg, is chairman of the Virginia Committee.

VernonM. Geahy,Jr.

20 Business Committee Edward G. Jefferson Lawyers Committee I? I. du Pont de Nemours G Company Chairman Wilmington,Delaware Chairman Roger B. Smith George M. Keller Haliburton Fales, 2d, Esq. GeneralMotors Corporation Standard Oil Company of California White & Case Detroit, Michigan San Franckco, California New York, New York Vice-Chairman James E. Lee Past Chairman James D. Robinson I11 Gulf Oil Corporation Honorable Paul C. Reardon American Express Company Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Justice of the SupremeJudicial Court of New York, New York Mmachusetts (Retired) Howard M. Love Boston, Massachusetts Honoray Chairman National Intergroup, Inc. George A. Stinson Pittsbutgh, Penmylvania R. Byron Attridge, Esq. National Intqroup, Inc. King & Spalding Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania John F. McGillicuddy Manufacturm ffanoverTrust Company Atlanta, Georgia New York, New York Robert A. Beck, CLU Curtis R. Boisfontaine,Esq. The Prudential Insurance Company John R. Ope1 Sesriom, Fishman, Rosenson, ofAmerica International Business Machines Boisfontaine &Nathan Newark, NewJersq Corporation New Orleans, Louisiana Roger M. Blough, Esq. Armonk, New York Frederick G. Buesser,Jr., Esq. White & Case David Packard Bueser, Buessm, Snyder & Blank Hawley, Pennsylvania Hewlett-Packard Company Bloomfield Hills, Michigan Palo Alto, California Charles L. Brown C. A. Carson 111, Esq. American Telephone and Telegrqh Edmund T. Pratt, Jr. Carson Mesinger Elliott Laughlin Company Pfizer, Inc. & Ragan New York, New York New York, New York Phoenix, Arizona Willard C. Butcher John G. Smale John S. Clark, Esq. The Chase Manhattan Bank, NA The Procter & Gamble Company AttorneyAt-Law New York, New York Cincinnati, Ohio Petoskq, Michigan James H. Evans Wm. Reece Smith,Jr., Esq. Thomas E. Deacy,Jr., Esq. Union Pacific Corporation Carlton, Fields, Ward Emmanuet Deacy and Deacy New York, New York Smith & Cutb, PA. Kansas CiQ, Mhouri Tampa, Florida John H. Filer Honorable Arthur J. England,Jr. Aetna Life and Casually Company Robert P. Straetz FineJacobson Block England Klein Hartford, Connecticut Textron Inc. Cohn & Simon, P.A. Providence, Rhode Island Miami, Florida A. Paul Funkhouser CSX Corporation John A. Sutro, Sr., Esq. Thomas A Evins, Esq. Richmond, Virginia Pillsbu y,Madison & Sutro Butler, Means, Evim & Browne San Francisco, California Spartanbug South Carolina Alan C. Furth Southern Pacific Company Rawleigh Warner, Jr. Honorable Joe R. Greenhill San Francisco, California Mobil Corporation Baker & Botts Austin, Tam William T. Gossett, Esq. New York, New York Dykema, Gossett, Spencer, Richard D. Wood Edward B. Hanib, Esq. Goodnow & Trig Eli Lilly and Company Ropes & Gray Bloomfield Hills, Michigan Indianapol& Indiana Boston, Massachusetts Richard D. Hill Kathryn D. Wriston Edward H. Hickey, Esq. The First National Bank of Boston Director of Various Olganizations Bell, Boyd & Lloyd Boston, Massachusetts New York, New York Chicago, Ilinois Honorable Linwood Holton Byron P. Hollett, Esq. American Council 0f Life Insurance Baker & Daniels Washington,D.C. Indianapolis, Indiana I 21 Leonard S Jmofsky, Esq. Virginia Committee Corporate and Puul, Ha.slings,JanojskyG Walker Foundation Contributors Los Angeles, California Chairman Henry I, King, Esq. Vernon M. Geddy,Jr., Esq. Aetna Life & Casualty Foundation Davis Polk G Wardwell McGuire Woods &Battle Alcoa Foundation Williamsbuq Virginia New York, New York Allied Corporation Foundation Robert M. Landis, Esq. Lawrence E. Blanchard,Jr. Allied Stores Marketing Corporation Dechert Price & Rhoads Vice-Chairmanof the Board izlnax Foundation, Inc. Philude@hia,Pennsylvania Ett5yl Corporation American Can Company Foundation Richard E. Marrs,Esq. Richmond, Virginia American Cyanamid Company The Pacelws Insurance Companies American Express Foundation Honorable Thomas N. Downing Hartford, Connecticut American Filtrona Corporation Downing Conway & Beale American-StandardFoundation Kdi M. McAlpin, Esq. Newport News, Virginia King & Spauing Amoco Foundation, Inc. A. hul Funkhouser Atlunta, Georgia Arthur Young President ASARCO Foundation F. Wni. McCalpin, Esq. CSX Corporation AT&T Foundation Leu)&C Rice Richmond, Virginia St. Louis, iWksouri Bank ofVirginia Charitable Trust W. Gibson Harris, Esq. Bassett-Walker,Inc. Parick F. McCm,Esq. McGuire Woods G BaLtle Battelle Memorial Institute ./ones, Day, Remis &Pope Richmond, Viqinia Beazley Foundation Clweland, Ohio Robert E. R. Huntley Bechtel Foundation John H. Pickering, Esq. President Best Products Foundation Wzlmcy, Cutler C Pickwing Best I+oducts Conzpany, Inc, Bethlehem Steel Corporation Wmhington,D. C. Richmond, Virginia Edith C. Blum Foundation Honorable Robert J. Sheran Douglas H. Ludeman The Bristol-MyersFund, Inc. Lindquist G Vennum President Burlington Industries Foundation Minneapolis,Minnesota United Vipinia Bank Burlington Northern Foundation John A. Sutro, Sr., Esq. Richmond, Virginia Carpenter Technology Corporation Pillsbu ry, Madison & Szrtro T. Justin Moore,Jr. Foundation San Francisco, California Chairman of the Board Caterpillar Foundation VifginiaPower Company Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Honorable William A. Yale Company of Virginia Hamilton G Scr@ps Richmond, Virginia Luce, Fomurd The Chevron Fund Sun Diego, California Blake T. Newton,Jr., Esq. Chrysler Corporation Fund Zaicker4 Scoutt GRusenbqw Wmhington,DC Edna McConnell Clark Foundation Combustion Engineering, Inc. J. Harvie Wilkinson,Jr. Continental Financial Services United Virginia Bank Company Foundation Richmond Vitginia Cooper Industries Foundation CSX Corporation The Daily Press, Inc. Dart & Kraft Foundation Deere & Company Deloitte Haskins & Sells R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company Eastman Kodak Charitable Trust Eaton Charitable Fund Emerson Electric Company

22 The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the Metropolitan Life Foundation TRW Foundation United States The Michie Company Rose E. Tucker Charitable Trust Ernst & Whinney Milliken Foundation Union Oil Company of California Ethyl Corporation Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Foundation Fkxon Company, USA. Foundation, Inc. Union Pacific Foundation Leon Falk Family Trust Mobil Corporation United Technologies Ferguson Enterprises, Inc. Modern Group Ltd. United Virginia Charitable Trust The First National Bank of Boston Monsanto Fund Universal Leaf Foundation Ford Motor Company Fund Motorola Foundation Virginia Power Company General Dynamics The Mutual Life Insurance Company of Vulcan Materials Company i General Foods Corporation New York Warner-LambertCompany General Mills Foundation National Intergroup, Inc. West Publishing Company General Motors Foundation, Inc. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company The Wheat Foundation , General Signal Corporation The NL Industries Foundation, Inc. Williamsburg Pottery Factory, Inc. General Telephone & Electronics Noland Company Foundation The Xerox Foundation Foundation Norfolk Southern Georgia-PacificFoundation, Inc. Northwestern Mutual Life Charitable Trust . The Gillette Company Occidental Petroleum Corporation The BF Goodrich Company Elis Olsson Memorial Foundation Grace Foundation Inc. PACCAR Foundation Law Firm Associates Grumman Corporation Patrick Henry Inn, Inc. Hamel Charitable Foundation Inc. J. C. Penney Company, Inc. Adams, Taylor, Philbin, Pigue & Marchetti John Hancock Charitable Trust I Pennwalt Foundation Anderson Russell Kill & Olick, P.C. The Hearst Foundation, Inc. Pennzoil Company Andrews & Kurth H.J. Heinz Company Foundation The Pfizer Foundation, Inc. Arent, Fox, Kintner, Plotkin & Kahn The Hershey Fund Phillips Petroleum Foundation, Inc. Arnold & Porter Hewlett-Packard Company Pittsburgh National Foundation Baker & Daniels The Hospital Corporation of America Pritzker Foundation Barrett Smith Schapiro Simon & Armstrong Foundation The Procter & Gamble Fund Brown, Rudnick, Freed & Gesmer Household International, Inc. The Prudential Foundation Brumbaugh, Graves, Donohue & Ingersoll-RandCompany Raytheon Company Raymond International Business Machines RCA Budd, Iarner, Kent, Gross, Picillo & Rosenbaum Corporation Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac International Telephone and Telegraph Railroad Company Buesser, Buesser, Snyder & Blank Corporation Robertshaw Controls Company Charitable Bush, Luce, Henderson, Bankson & Jefferson Bankshares and Educational Foundation Heyboer Johnson &Johnson Family of Companies A H. Robins Company, Inc. Cadwalader,Wickersham & Taft Contribution Fund Rohm & Haas Company Chaklos,Jungerheld & Della Santina,P.C. K mart Corporation The Samuel & Gilbert Rosenthal Walter G. Chuck Kellogg Company Foundation Clark, Gagliardi & Miller, P.C. hkeview Fund, Inc. Salomon Brothers, Inc. Clew,Gottlieb, Steen Sr Hamilton Iandmark Communications, Inc. Shell Companies Foundation Covington & Burling Foundation Eli Lilly and Company Shirley Pewter Shop, Inc. Cravath, Swaine Sr Moore The Lincoln National Life Insurance Sovran Foundation Cullen, Carsner & Seerden Company The Standard Oil Company (Ohio) Davis Polk & Wardwell The John D. & Catherine T. MacArthur Sun Company, Inc. Deacy & Deacy Foundation Tandy Corporation Denfield, Timmer & Taylor R. H. & Co., Inc. Macy Tenneco Inc. Dickinson, Wright, Moon, Van Dusen & Manufacturers Hmover Foundation Textron Charitable Trusi Freeman Martin Marietta Corporation Foundation Touche Ross & Co. Dietrich, Davis, Dicus, Rowlands & Schmitt The McGraw-HillFoundation, Inc. The Toymaker of Williamsburg, Inc. Donahue & Donahue Media General, Inc. The Travelers Dunnells, Duvall, Bennett & Porter Merck & Co., Inc.

23 Dnyer. Peltz 8 Walker Pope Ballard Shephard & Fowle, Ltd. Associates Dykema, Gossett, Spencer, Goodnow & Foundation Trigg : Porter, Wright, Morris &Arthur h Fellow: $1000 Emmet, Marvin & Martin Reavis & McGrath o Sponsoring Associate: $500 Field, Gentr)., Benjamin & Robertson Reed Smith Shaw & McClay o Sustaining Associate: $250 Fitzpatrick. Cella, Harper & Scinto Rider, Bennett, Egan & Arundel t Contributing Associate: $100 Freeman & Hawkins Robinson, Robinson & Cole Gage 8 Tucker Associate: $SO Ropes & Gray * ICM Contributor Galvin. Stalmack & Kirschner Steven G. Rubin George, Hnz.Burt & Lundeen, P.A. Sachs, Greenebaum & Tayler ShirleyS. Abrahamson Gibbens and Blackwell Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis * Eleanor K. Adams Ginsburg. Feldman and Bress Schneider, Reilly, Zabin, Connolly & George P. Adams Gislason, Dosl.and, Hunter & Malecki Costello, P.C. Mark H. Adams I1 Harnmett, Leake & Hammett Shearman & Sterling William H. Adkins, I1 Helm, Pletcher & Hogan Sheridan, Garrahan & hder Herbolsheimer, Iannon, Henson and Sherin and Lodgen t AlexanderAikman John D. Aldock Duncan, P.C. ’ Slutes, Browning, Sakrison & Grant, P.C. Hey], Royster, Voelker & Allen Spears, Barnes, Baker and Hoof J. Robert Alexander Michael Altier Hoge, Fenton, Jones & Appel, Inc. Stacker, Ravich & Simon * Holt, Batchelor, Spicer, Ryan & Flynn Steptoe &Johnson Paul E. Anderson Hoskins, King, McGannon, Hahn and Stinson, Mag & Fizzell Chester L Armstrong,Jr. Hurwitz Strassburger McKenna Messer Shilobod C. Clyde Atkins Hughes Hubbard & Reed and Gutnick, P.C. R. Byron Anridge Hunton & Willianis Strong, Pipkin, Nelson & Bissell Leonard Axelrod H~ass,Weisman & King, Chartered Sugarman. Wallace, Manheim & Allen M. Babineaux James, Millert, Houdek, Tyrl Sr Sominers Schoenwald Sylvia Bacon Johnson, Cusack & Bell. Ltd. Sullivan & Cromwell Alan E. Bailey Johnson, Fredin, Killen, Thibodeau and Sullivan &Worcester W. Lewis Bambrick Seiler, PA Taylor, Hays, Price, McConn & Pickering o B. Don Barnes Kitch, Suhrheinrich. Saurbier & Vandeveer, Garzia, Tonkin, Kerr, Heaphy, *t Richard Barrier Drutchas, P.C. Moore, Sills & Poling, P.C. George N. Bashara, Jr. Kronish, Lieb, Shainswit.Vreiner & Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz Fred W. Bateman Hellman Warner & Stackpole Russell L. Baugh Leonard, Street and Deinard Webb, Burden, Robinson 8 Webb, PA Dorothy T. Beasley Lommen, Nelson, Sullivan & Cole, P.A. White & Case t Lowell R Beck Lyle & Skipper, PA. Wilkes. Artis, Hedrick & Lane Horace S. Bellfatto Margolin and Kirwan Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering Elizabeth D. Belshaw McGuire Woods & Battle Winthrop, Stimson, Putnam & Roberts James E. Benfer McHale, Cook &Welch, P.C. Woodley, Bamett, Cox, Williams, Fenet & V. J. Beninati, Jr. Milling, Benson, Woodward, Hillyer, Palmer * Jo Ann Bennett Pierson & Miller Ziff and Ziff Mills, Mitchell and Turner Robert W. Bergstrom RobertBemard Moore, Dickson, Roberts and Ratliff, Inc. * George C. Berry Mumane, Conlin, White, Brandt and Hoffman Carl F. Bianchi O’Brien & McGarry Iawrence Bilder O’Connor & Hannan *t George A Birrell Palmore & Sheffer * John Bischoff Patterson, Belknap, Webb Pr Tyler Karl W. Blanchard Pillsbuty, Madison & Sutro James B. Bleyer Edward M. Boddington, Jr. * EinarBohlin

24 Robert Boochever Ronald D. Cox t John P. Frank t David M. Hamey William J. Bozzufi t Walter E. Craig t Herschel H. Friday C. F. Haynsworth,Jr. Herman L. Breitkopf Mark Crane t Wallace S. Fujiyama Harry Hazelwood,Jr. *t Francis L. Bremson Raymond D. Crombie Frederick P. Furth Henry E. Heath t Mary M. Brittain t William Kearns Davis Eugene E. Gaffey Howell T Heflin Robert C. Broomfield Warren L. De Vries t James A. Gainey * John P. Hehman Nolan L. Brown Mercedes F. Deiz *t Edward C. Gallas t E. Hank Heidt Paul Buchanan Richard W. Delaplain *t Geoff Gallas Gilbert J. Helwig *t Earl Bullock Mr. & Mrs. Frank L. Dewey * E. Marie Gardner Edward F. HeMessey * Keith L. Bumsted * JohnDiamond Marie L Garibaldi t Samuel H. Hertogs t Louis H. Burke t Thomas G. Dibble. Leonard I. Garth kt Jane A. Hess Zoe S. Burkholz t Patrick H. Diclunson Edward Gaulkin James W. Hewitt Thomas A. Bush Joseph W. Diehl Geoffrey Gaullun t Edward H. Hickey * Joseph Butler t Francis M. Discipio Vernon M. Geddy,Jr. C. F. Hicks Murray F. Cain t Douglas Dodge t Don J. Gelber t Graham Hill Bruce R. Campbell * Nancy Hall Doherty Jerome A. Gertner ’ Sally T. Hillsman C. Graham Carothers * t Sue K. Dosal J. Louis Gibbens Arthur C. Hodgson E. N. Carpenter, 11 * Grant P. DuBois Floyd R. Gibson t Charles H. Hoens,Jr. t Charlotte Carter * Thomas A. Duckenfield Elton Gilliland J. Sydney Hoffman Iawrence A. Carton,Jr. Keaton G. Duckworth Alden H. Gjevre Richard B. Hoffman t Daniel H. Case Luella Dum Joseph R. Glancey John J. Hogan Emanuel A. Cassimatis * S. Brooks Durbin Charlton E. Gnadt Mary T. Hogan Robert T. Cattle,Jr. k Rowland Dye Daniel L Golden t James S. Holden * Thomas C. Caver t Ronald L. Dzierbicki Sheila Gonzalez ’t George P. Holmes * Linda R. Caviness James P. Economos *t Lester Goodchild Richard W. Holmes t Thomas L Caviness,Jr. t Gerald M. Eisenstat *t Goldeen Goodfellow Maty Lu Holter R. Harvey Chappell,Jr. Barbara McConnell ElliGtt t M. Michael Gordon Howard M. Holtzmann James L Chivers t Mary E. Elsner t Janice L Gradwohl William A. Horger * Francis Cholko Terry Emmons Kate Graverson Charles A. Horsky Thomas F. Christian t ArthurJ. England,Jr. Garner V. Grayson 111 Clarence S. Hunt t Winslow Christian t Saul A. Epton John M. Greacen Steven Kent Hunter t Allen D. Churchill William H. Erickson Joan B. Green David 0. Huot Lester E. Cingcade t Ralph J. Erickstad t Joe R. Greenhill George N. Hurd, Jr. Peter Ciolino Larry G. Evans John Michael Greenwood Sheldon Hurwitz t John S. Clark Haliburton Fales, 2d * Gordon Griller t H. Albert Hyett Robert L Clifford t Jude Thaddeus Fanguy t Erwin N. Griswold o Iawrence W. I’Anson t HaskellCohn Fred D. Fant Richard A. Grossman R. William Ide, I11 t Stanley R. Collis Richard J. Farabaugh Philip A. Gruccio t JeanneA. Ito A. B. Conant,Jr. Daina Farthing-Capowich Anthony L. Guenther t Gunji Izumoto Ray A. Conner Theodore J. Fetter Martin L Haines V L M. Jacobs, IV Samuel D. Conti Patti P. Fields John M. Hall * James R. James t Lawrence H. Cooke t James A. Finch,Jr. *t Michael D. Hall William J. Jameson Clyde R. Coolidge Harold E. Flaigle *t Robert H. Hall John E. Jenluns, Jr. Charles Cooper William C. Flanagan NicholasJ. Hamlin t Lynnk Jensen Barbara Jo Corcoran t Victor E. Flango t Paul F. Hannah Charles V. Johnson * John F. Corcoran Thomas E. Flynn, Jr. t Don E. Hardenbergh * Christopher Johnson Mr. & Mrs. Herbert C. t Adrian M. Foley,Jr. Paul Harkey Sam D. Johnson Cornuelle t Wm. H. D. Fones John F. Harkness,Jr. Robert L Jones, Jr. *o JohnJ. Corson Patrick Ford t Judith A. V. Harlan t JelleJordaans t Carter C. Cowles 111 Karla Forsythe Dennis A. Joyner Michael Franck

25

I FrankA. Kaufman Phillip Marvin t Harold M. Nitto Daniel R. Riordan Julia A. Kaufmann * BrianMatter Wilfied W. Nuernberger $1’ James Robbins t lngo Keilitz Debra Mayfield James M. O’Brien 10 C. Kenneth Roberts Patrick M. Kelly F. Wm. McCalpin Thomas F. O’Connor Marilyn M. Roberts Gladys Kessler James B. McCarthy Stanley N. Ohlbaum gt Deborah Robinson H. Paul Kester Annalee McConnell o Dwight D. Opperman Richard T. Robol Hon7ard H. Kestin Q Edward B. McConnell Ben F. Overton ThomasJ. Roche Sandra R. Kestner Edward B. McConnell,Jr. Paul Eugene Overton t John H. Rockwell Paul R. Kfoury Marilyn R. McConnell Melville Owen John A Rogers John W. King Mr. & Mrs. Richard D. Robert W. Page,Jr. t Peter P. Roper * David Klingaman McConnell Nick Pappadakis Maurice Rosenberg *t Werner Koehler Dr. & Mrs. William A. * Ronald I. Parker Richard Ross 1 Theodore A. Kolb McConnell o James M. Parkison Mark C. Rowland Joel A Kolodny William R. McConnell Martha M. Parrish Florence R. Rubin Paul Kontrimas V Wade H. McCree H. Garland Pavy H. Ted Rubin Sybil Hart Kooper Robert B. McKay Robert F. Peckham t Lisa L. Russell * Michael Krell Carolyn R. McMurran t Iawrence T. Perera Patricia A. Russo Daniel J. Kremer t Lewis A. McMurran, Jr. Linda D. Perkins Michael J. Saks John A. Krsul,Jr. Douglas S. McNish t Florence R. Peskoe KalisteJ. Saloom,Jr. o Gerald B. Kuban F. Graham McSwiney Herzel H. E. Plaine * Margaret Satterthwaite Richard H. Kuh * JanetMeier Abed L Podolski Bernard A. Scally, 111 Theodore J. Iabrecque Kurt W. Melchior Lany P. Polansky Walter V. Schaefer Arthur B. IaFrance Dalton W. Menhall Bertram Polow t AmeSchoeller Ralph I. Iancaster.Jr. Robert W. Meserve t Sylvia B. Pressler Edward J. Schoenbaum Benjamin hndis Bernard S. Meyer o Jerome Preston, Sr. Judith L. Schrag Arthur S. Iane Jack B. Middleton t Edward E. Pringle *t Alan M. Schuman t Harry 0.lawson t Frederick Miller * Blanche Prohaska t Howard Schwartz Diane Lebedeff Richard S. Miller Jack M. Provo Baruch S. Seidman t Florence M. Leonard John R. Milligan Jan Puzulis Norma L Shapiro William R. Leonard Stanley B. Milton t John T. Racanelli Norris Shealy A. Leo Levin John 0.Mirick Alwine M. Ragland Mr. & Mrs. Marvin Shelton *t Lewis R. Lewis Beatrice P. Monahan Robert R. Ramsey o Robert J. Sheran Charles R. Lindsay * t Ted Moninski Kenneth T. Rand Roger A. Silver Margot C. Lindsay C. Michael Montgomery David L Ratley Arthur J. Simpson,Jr. *t Robert D. Lipscher Gregg T. Moore Amy K Rausch Dale A. Sipes Susan L. Little Dennis E. Morgan Robert Raven t larry L Sipes Jack Livingston Charles F. Morrill D. Cravens Ravenel Chesterfield Smith Robert C. Livo !o Earl F. Morris o Paul C. Reardon t Leonard W. Smith iMarilyn Loftus t Worrall F. Mountain Thomas M. Reavley Peter W. Smith William F. Looney,Jr. John Mueller t LipmanRedman t Arthur H. Snowden, I1 Williani E. Lovejoy t G. T. Munsterman Kenneth J. Reilly * MerrilSobie t Richard H. Love11 Janice T. Munsterman t Lewis M. Ress *t Harvey E. Solomon Erick bw Anthony D. Murphy George H. Revelle,Jr. *t Maureen M. Solomon Robert MacCrate Robert C. Murphy George H. Revercomb *t David Sontag Barry Mahoney *t Florence K Murray Marchias J. Reynolds Leo M. Spellacy Me1 Marcus Edward H. Nakamura o W. Ward Reynoldson t John M. Speyer Robert D. Marshall John N. Nassikas Gates T. Richards t Joe D. Spicer Robert C. ihlartindell Ernest J. Nauful,Jr. William S. Richardson Bill Stanford P. Davis Martinez Dorothy W. Nelson Charles R. Richey Justin A. Stanley t Thomas Marvel1 Richard Newman DaleA Riker Kathleen G. Stanley t Charles H. Starrett,Jr. James B. Thompson * Richard Weare 3ther Contributors David C. Steelman David A. Thorner Robert I. Weil Theodore Stellwag Curtis V. Tillman t Joseph R. Weisberger American Board of *t Lewis P. Stephenson t Jack Torbert Alvin Weiss Trial Advocates t Harold A. Stevens t Stephen Toth t Robert A. Wenke Anonymous (2) Roger G. Strand Raymond R. Trombadore W. B. West, I11 li CarlBaar * Thomas F. Strubbe Rivers R. Trussell t T. Girard Whmon i; JohnBodley t MarkA. Sullivan t H. Lee Turner John L. White L. Jack Bradt Cynthia G. Sulton Stephen J. Ujvarosy Thomas C. Wicker i; E. Bruce Buckley Keith Swanson Jag Uppal t Katherine T. Wilke William W. Carpenter Harry W. Swegle Richard F. Upton Edgar B. Wilkin,Jr. I; Donald C. Dahlin *t Al Szal t kwis V. Vafiades Brenda A. Wilhms r AnnDees t Francis J. Taillefer Dan Valluzzi Wm. A Williams 6 Robert DiTrolio * PerryTaitano * Austin Van Buslurk R. Kenneth Willman * James Drach Berge C. Tashjian Stanley C. Van Ness Richard H. Wilson c DonDungan Harold F. Tenney t Harvey C. Varnum Edmund E. Woodley s John A. Fiske Paul R. Verkuil *t John Wunsch * Collins T. Fitzpatrick - Robert A. Thiessen *tJames D. Thomas Betty M. Vitousek t william A. Yale Vernon M. Geddy,Jr. * LutherThomas * Jack Wagner LeoYanoff * Betty Gittelman J. Douglas Walker Robert B. Yegge * D.J.Hanson Alexander P. Waugh, Sr. Mr. & Mrs. Jim Young * Jere Hudson George S. Yuda * C. Duke Hynek Henry Zaborowski James R. James Robert Zastany * Edward M. Kritzman * James H. Laird * William B. Luck * John P. Mayer * Ernest J. Mazorol Edward B. McConnell Alex G. McKenna * Richard 0. Motsay * Eugene Murret * Dwayne Oglesby * Fred M. Oswald Pennsylvania Bar Association * Robert B. Revere William S. Richardson * Don Sherburne * Dorothy Stefanik Stephen Toth Vermont Bar Association

Chief Justice Richardson of Hawaii (retired), wearing the traditional le& at the dedication ceremonyof theWilliam5. Richardson Board Rooms at Center headquatters. Friends in Hawaii established a trust in hb honor for the benefit of the National Center

27 Headquarters Ofice Institute for Court Management 300 Ncqort Avenue 1624 Market Street, Suite 210 Williamsbuq Virginia 23187-8798 Denvw, Colorado 80202 (804,) 253-2000 (303) 534-3063 Harvey E. Solomon, Executive Director Edward B. McConnell Execzrtizx Director Northeastern Regional Ofice serving Keith L. Bumsted Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentuckq, Maine, Massachusetts, Director Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Adininis-trationand Technical Services Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin. Linda R. Cdviness Beechwood Hill Director 1545 Osgood Street DaPeiopment and Centrul Serjices North Andove, Massachusetts 01845 (617) 687-0112 Richaxd Van Duizeiid Director Samuel D. Conti, Regional Director Research and Special Sewices Southeastern Regional QEce serving Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Virgin Islands, and West Virginia. 300 NewporT Avenue Williamsbur;p,Viqinia 232 87-8798 (804) 253-2000 James R. James, Regional Director

Western Regional Ofice senring Alaska, American Samoa,Arizona, California, Colorado, Guam, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, and Woming. 720 Sacramento Street San Franckxo, California 94108 (415) 557-1515 Iarry L. Sipes, Regional Director

Washington Liaison Office Hall of the States 444 N. Capitol Street, Suite 608 Washington,D. C. 20001 (202)34 7-5924 Harry W. Swegle, WashingtonLiaison

28 I . I. .*.: .*’

National Center f~rState Courts 300 Newpo~Avenue Williiambu-rg,VA 23187-8798 (804) 253-2000

I.