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Electrophysiological and Behavioral Characterization Of
Deletre et al. Parasites & Vectors (2015) 8:316 DOI 10.1186/s13071-015-0934-y RESEARCH Open Access Electrophysiological and behavioral characterization of bioactive compounds of the Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon winterianus, Cuminum cyminum and Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oils against Anopheles gambiae and prospects for their use as bednet treatments Emilie Deletre1* , Fabrice Chandre2, Livy Williams3, Claire Duménil1, Chantal Menut4 and Thibaud Martin1,5 Abstract Background: Laboratory and field studies showed that repellent, irritant and toxic actions of common public health insecticides reduce human-vector contact and thereby interrupt disease transmission. One of the more effective strategies to reduce disease risk involves the use of long-lasting treated bednets. However, development of insecticide resistance in mosquito populations makes it imperative to find alternatives to these insecticides. Our previous study identified four essential oils as alternatives to pyrethroids: Thymus vulgaris, Cymbopogon winterianus, Cuminum cyminum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum. The objectives of this study were to identify active compounds of these essential oils, to characterize their biological activity, and to examine their potential as a treatment for bednets. Methods: We evaluated the electrophysiological, behavioural (repellency, irritancy) and toxic effects of the major compounds of these oils against Anopheles gambiae strain ‘Kisumu’. Results: Aldehydes elicited the strongest responses and monoterpenes the weakest responses in electroantennogram (EAG) trials. However, EAG responses did not correlate consistently with results of behavioral assays. In behavioral and toxicity studies, several of the single compounds did exhibit repellency, irritancy or toxicity in An. gambiae; however, the activity of essential oils did not always correlate with activity expected from the major components. On the contrary, the biological activity of essential oils appeared complex, suggesting interactions between individual compounds and the insect under study. -
A Study on Physical Chemistry of Solid a Mmonium Materials for Nox Reduction of Diesel Engine Emissions
A Study on Physical Chemistry of Solid A mmonium Materials for NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine Emissions Cheon Seog (Steve) Yoon and Jong Kook Shin Hannam University, Daejeon, KOREA Hoyeol Lee and Hongsuk Kim Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, Daejeon, KOREA 2014 DOE CLEERS Workshop University of Michigan, Dearborn, MI, USA 1 Table of Contents • Introduction of Solid SCR System • Ammonium Salts • Chemical Reactions, Decomposition Chemistry • Chemical Kinetic Parameters by TGA, DTA and DSC • Decomposition Rate from Hot Plate Test and Chemical Kinetic Parameters • Simple Reactor with Visible Window • Equilibrium Vapor Pressure Curve for Ammonium Carbonate • Acquisition of Re-solidified Materials from Ammonium Carbonate • Analytical Study of Re-solidified Materials from Ammonium Carbonate by XRD, FT-IR, and EA • Concluding Remarks • Acknowledgement • Reference 2 Solid SCR System • NOx purification technology by using NH3, which is generated from solid ammonium. • Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3 , is solid at room temperature, and it decomposes into NH3, H2O & CO2 above temperature of 60℃. 3 Material Properties of Ammonium Salts Solid urea Ammonium carbonate Ammonium cabarmate Molecular formula (NH2)2CO (NH4)2CO3 NH2COONH4 Molecular weight 60.07 96.09 78.07 3 Density, g/cm 1.33 1.5 1.6 Mols NH3 per Mol 2 2 2 Mols NH3 per kg 33.3 20.8 25.6 Decomposition temp., ℃ 140 58 60 NH2CONH2↔ NH3+HNCO Reaction mechanism (NH4)2CO3↔2NH3+CO2+H2O NH4COONH2 ↔ 2NH3 + CO2 HNCO +H2O ↔ NH3 + CO2 Cost cheap cheap moderate * HNCO: Isocyanic Acid [ref] G. Fulks, -
FEMA GRAS 29 December 2019 SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 1
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 1: Identity for Natural Flavor Complexes as Evaluated by the Expert Panel The Identification Description as Reviewed by the FEMA FEMA No.1 FEMA Primary Name Expert Panel Rebaudioside M ≥80%; Rebaudioside D 5-20%; Total 4895 Rebaudioside M steviol glycosides ≥95%. Glutamic acid 35-40%; Other amino acids 1-2%; Total Corynebacterium glutamicum corn nitrogen 6-7%; Aliphatic primary alcohols, aldehydes, 4907 syrup fermentation product carboxylic acids, acetals and esters containing additional oxygenated functional groups 1-2%; Minerals 9-11% Inosine 5´-monophosphate 20-25%; Amino acids 7-8%; Corynebacterium stationis corn 4908 Minerals 23-25%; water 28-37%; Other nucleotides 1-2%; syrup fermentation product Total nitrogen 5-8% Supraglucosylated steviol glycosides 70-80%; Rebaudioside Glucosylated steviol glycosides, 4909 A 14-20%; Steviol glycosides not further glucosylated, each 70-80% individually, not to exceed 3%; Maltodextrin 3-10% Supraglucosylated steviol glycosides 30-40%; Rebaudioside Glucosylated steviol glycosides, A 5-8%; Not more than 4% stevioside; All other individual 4910 40% steviol glycosides not further glucosylated <3%; Maltodextrin 45-60% Stevioside 70-80%; Rebaudioside A 13-18%; Steviobioside 1- 3%; Rebaudioside C 2-3%; Total glycosides (including 4911 Stevia extract stevioside, 70% Rebaudioside D, Rebaudioside B, Rebaudioside F, Dulcoside A, and Rubusoside) <3% Derived from hibiscus blossom calyces (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) , Hibiscus blossom extract is measured as water 30-60%; 4912 Hibiscus -
1 Abietic Acid R Abrasive Silica for Polishing DR Acenaphthene M (LC
1 abietic acid R abrasive silica for polishing DR acenaphthene M (LC) acenaphthene quinone R acenaphthylene R acetal (see 1,1-diethoxyethane) acetaldehyde M (FC) acetaldehyde-d (CH3CDO) R acetaldehyde dimethyl acetal CH acetaldoxime R acetamide M (LC) acetamidinium chloride R acetamidoacrylic acid 2- NB acetamidobenzaldehyde p- R acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride 4- R acetamidodeoxythioglucopyranose triacetate 2- -2- -1- -β-D- 3,4,6- AB acetamidomethylthiazole 2- -4- PB acetanilide M (LC) acetazolamide R acetdimethylamide see dimethylacetamide, N,N- acethydrazide R acetic acid M (solv) acetic anhydride M (FC) acetmethylamide see methylacetamide, N- acetoacetamide R acetoacetanilide R acetoacetic acid, lithium salt R acetobromoglucose -α-D- NB acetohydroxamic acid R acetoin R acetol (hydroxyacetone) R acetonaphthalide (α)R acetone M (solv) acetone ,A.R. M (solv) acetone-d6 RM acetone cyanohydrin R acetonedicarboxylic acid ,dimethyl ester R acetonedicarboxylic acid -1,3- R acetone dimethyl acetal see dimethoxypropane 2,2- acetonitrile M (solv) acetonitrile-d3 RM acetonylacetone see hexanedione 2,5- acetonylbenzylhydroxycoumarin (3-(α- -4- R acetophenone M (LC) acetophenone oxime R acetophenone trimethylsilyl enol ether see phenyltrimethylsilyl... acetoxyacetone (oxopropyl acetate 2-) R acetoxybenzoic acid 4- DS acetoxynaphthoic acid 6- -2- R 2 acetylacetaldehyde dimethylacetal R acetylacetone (pentanedione -2,4-) M (C) acetylbenzonitrile p- R acetylbiphenyl 4- see phenylacetophenone, p- acetyl bromide M (FC) acetylbromothiophene 2- -5- -
Environmental Protection Agency § 117.3
Environmental Protection Agency § 117.3 (4) Applicability date. This paragraph TABLE 117.3—REPORTABLE QUANTITIES OF (i) is applicable beginning on February HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DESIGNATED PUR- 6, 2020. SUANT TO SECTION 311 OF THE CLEAN (j) Process waste water means any WATER ACT—Continued water which, during manufacturing or Cat- RQ in pounds processing, comes into direct contact Material egory (kilograms) with or results from the production or use of any raw material, intermediate Ammonium benzoate ...................... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) Ammonium bicarbonate .................. D ...... 5,000 (2,270) product, finished product, byproduct, Ammonium bichromate ................... A ....... 10 (4.54) or waste product. Ammonium bifluoride ...................... B ....... 100 (45.4) Ammonium bisulfite ......................... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) [44 FR 50776, Aug. 29, 1979, as amended at 58 Ammonium carbamate .................... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) FR 45039, Aug. 25, 1993; 65 FR 30904, May 15, Ammonium carbonate ..................... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) 2000; 80 FR 37112, June 29, 2015; 83 FR 5208, Ammonium chloride ........................ D ...... 5,000 (2,270) Feb. 6, 2018] Ammonium chromate ...................... A ....... 10 (4.54) Ammonium citrate dibasic ............... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) Ammonium fluoborate ..................... D ...... 5,000 (2,270) § 117.2 Abbreviations. Ammonium fluoride ......................... B ....... 100 (45.4) NPDES equals National Pollutant Ammonium hydroxide ..................... C -
New Natural Agonists of the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN New natural agonists of the transient receptor potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel Coline Legrand, Jenny Meylan Merlini, Carole de Senarclens‑Bezençon & Stéphanie Michlig* The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels family are cationic channels involved in various physiological processes as pain, infammation, metabolism, swallowing function, gut motility, thermoregulation or adipogenesis. In the oral cavity, TRP channels are involved in chemesthesis, the sensory chemical transduction of spicy ingredients. Among them, TRPA1 is activated by natural molecules producing pungent, tingling or irritating sensations during their consumption. TRPA1 can be activated by diferent chemicals found in plants or spices such as the electrophiles isothiocyanates, thiosulfnates or unsaturated aldehydes. TRPA1 has been as well associated to various physiological mechanisms like gut motility, infammation or pain. Cinnamaldehyde, its well known potent agonist from cinnamon, is reported to impact metabolism and exert anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic efects. Recently, a structurally similar molecule to cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde was shown to possess anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic efect as well. We hypothesized that both cinnamaldehyde and cuminaldehyde might exert this metabolic efects through TRPA1 activation and evaluated the impact of cuminaldehyde on TRPA1. The results presented here show that cuminaldehyde activates TRPA1 as well. Additionally, a new natural agonist of TRPA1, tiglic aldehyde, was identifed -
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,788,915 Blount (45) Date of Patent: Aug
IIIUSOO5788915A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,788,915 Blount (45) Date of Patent: Aug. 4, 1998 54 FLAME RETARDANT COMPOSITIONS 57 ABSTRACT UTILIZING PARTIALLY HYDROLYZED AMNO CONDENSATON COMPOUNDS Flame retardant compositions of this invention are produced by incorporating a partially index (LOI) hydrolyzed amino 76 Inventor: David H. Blount, 6728 Del Cerro condensation composition in a more flammable organic Blvd., San Diego, Calif. 92120 material. The partially hydrolyzed amino condensation com pounds are produced by heating urea or heating urea with (21) Appl. No.: 801,776 other nitrogen containing compounds that will condensate with or react with isocyanic acid and/or cyanic acid thereby 22 Filed: Feb. 14, 1997 producing an amino condensation compound which is then Related U.S. Application Data partially hydrolysis is done by reacting it with a limited amount of water. The partially hydrolyzed amino conden 62) Division of Ser. No. 723,779, Sep. 30, 1996. sation compounds may be used alone or may be mixed with or reacted with carbonization auxiliaries, aldehydes and (51) Int. Cl. ........................ C09K 21A00; C08G 12/12 fillers to produce a partially hydrolyzed amino condensation 52 U.S. Cl. ........................... 252/609; 528/259; 252/601 composition which is incorporated in more flammable 58) Field of Search ..................................... 252/609, 601: organic compositions such as polyurethanes, polyester 528/259 resins. epoxy resins, vinyl resins and other resins. The partially hydrolyzed amino condensation salts of 56 References Cited phosphorus, boron or sulfur containing compounds and the U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS partially hydrolyzed amino condensation-aldehyde resins 3,900,665 8/1975 Weil ....................................... -
Subchapter B—Food for Human Consumption (Continued)
SUBCHAPTER B—FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) PART 170—FOOD ADDITIVES 170.106 Notification for a food contact sub- stance formulation (NFCSF). Subpart A—General Provisions Subpart E—Generally Recognized as Safe Sec. (GRAS) Notice 170.3 Definitions. 170.203 Definitions. 170.6 Opinion letters on food additive sta- 170.205 Opportunity to submit a GRAS no- tus. tice. 170.10 Food additives in standardized foods. 170.210 How to send your GRAS notice to 170.15 Adoption of regulation on initiative FDA. of Commissioner. 170.215 Incorporation into a GRAS notice. 170.17 Exemption for investigational use 170.220 General requirements applicable to a and procedure for obtaining authoriza- GRAS notice. tion to market edible products from ex- 170.225 Part 1 of a GRAS notice: Signed perimental animals. statements and certification. 170.18 Tolerances for related food additives. 170.230 Part 2 of a GRAS notice: Identity, 170.19 Pesticide chemicals in processed method of manufacture, specifications, foods. and physical or technical effect. Subpart B—Food Additive Safety 170.235 Part 3 of a GRAS notice: Dietary ex- posure. 170.20 General principles for evaluating the 170.240 Part 4 of a GRAS notice: Self-lim- safety of food additives. iting levels of use. 170.22 Safety factors to be considered. 170.245 Part 5 of a GRAS notice: Experience 170.30 Eligibility for classification as gen- based on common use in food before 1958. erally recognized as safe (GRAS). 170.250 Part 6 of a GRAS notice: Narrative. 170.35 Affirmation of generally recognized 170.255 Part 7 of a GRAS notice: List of sup- as safe (GRAS) status. -
Ammonium Carbonate. Drogen in Chlorine Is Dissolved in Water and Then Reacted with Gaseous Ammo- (A) Ammonium Carbonate ((NH4)2CO3, Nia
Food and Drug Administration, HHS § 184.1138 (1) The ingredient is used as a dough (d) Prior sanctions for this ingredient strengthener as defined in § 170.3(o)(6) different from the uses established in of this chapter; a leavening agent as this section do not exist or have been defined in § 170.3(o)(17) of this chapter; waived. a pH control agent as defined in § 170.3(o)(23) of this chapter; and a [48 FR 52439, Nov. 18, 1983] texturizer as defined in § 170.3(o)(32) of § 184.1138 Ammonium chloride. this chapter. (2) The ingredient is used in food at (a) Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl, CAS levels not to exceed current good man- Reg. No. 12125–02–9) is produced by the ufacturing practice. reaction of sodium chloride and an am- (d) Prior sanctions for this ingredient monium salt in solution. The less solu- different from the uses established in ble sodium salt separates out at ele- this section do not exist or have been vated temperatures, and ammonium waived. chloride is recovered from the filtrate on cooling. Alternatively, hydrogen [48 FR 52439, Nov. 18, 1983] chloride formed by the burning of hy- § 184.1137 Ammonium carbonate. drogen in chlorine is dissolved in water and then reacted with gaseous ammo- (a) Ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3, nia. Ammonium chloride is crystallized CAS Reg. No. 8000–73–5) is a mixture of from the solution. ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3) and (b) The ingredient meets the speci- ammonium carbamate (NH2COONH4). fications of the Food Chemicals Codex, It is prepared by the sublimation of a 3d Ed. -
Monographs the Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products
ONLINE SERIES MONOGRAPHS The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products Carvi aetheroleum Caraway Oil 2019 www.escop.com The Scientific Foundation for Herbal Medicinal Products CARVI AETHEROLEUM Caraway Oil 2019 ESCOP Monographs were first published in loose-leaf form progressively from 1996 to 1999 as Fascicules 1-6, each of 10 monographs © ESCOP 1996, 1997, 1999 Second Edition, completely revised and expanded © ESCOP 2003 Second Edition, Supplement 2009 © ESCOP 2009 ONLINE SERIES ISBN 978-1-901964-65-3 Carvi aetheroleum - Caraway Oil © ESCOP 2019 Published by the European Scientific Cooperative on Phytotherapy (ESCOP) Notaries House, Chapel Street, Exeter EX1 1EZ, United Kingdom www.escop.com All rights reserved Except for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review no part of this text may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the written permission of the publisher. Important Note: Medical knowledge is ever-changing. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment may be required. In their efforts to provide information on the efficacy and safety of herbal drugs and herbal preparations, presented as a substantial overview together with summaries of relevant data, the authors of the material herein have consulted comprehensive sources believed to be reliable. However, in view of the possibility of human error by the authors or publisher of the work herein, or changes in medical knowledge, neither the authors nor the publisher, nor any other party involved in the preparation of this work, warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they are not responsible for any errors or omissions or for results obtained by the use of such information. -
Ammonium Carbamate Acm
AMMONIUM CARBAMATE ACM CAUTIONARY RESPONSE INFORMATION 4. FIRE HAZARDS 7. SHIPPING INFORMATION 4.1 Flash Point: 7.1 Grades of Purity: Currently not available Common Synonyms Solid crystalline White Ammonia odor Not flammable 7.2 Storage Temperature: Cool Ammonium aminoformate powder 4.2 Flammable Limits in Air: Currently not 7.3 Inert Atmosphere: Currently not available Anhydride of ammonium available carbonate 7.4 Venting: Currently not available Carbamic acid, ammonium salt Mixes with water. 4.3 Fire Extinguishing Agents: Carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or water spray 7.5 IMO Pollution Category: Currently not available 4.4 Fire Extinguishing Agents Not to Be 7.6 Ship Type: Currently not available Wear goggles, self-contained breathing apparatus, and rubber gloves. Keep people away. Used: Currently not available Stop discharge if possible. Call fire department. 7.7 Barge Hull Type: Currently not available Isolate and remove discharged material. 4.5 Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Currently not available Notify local health and pollution control agencies. 8. HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS Protect water intakes. 4.6 Behavior in Fire: Moderate fire and explosion hazards when exposed to heat 8.1 49 CFR Category: Not listed Fire COMBUSTIBLE. or flame 8.2 49 CFR Class: Not pertinent POISONOUS GAS MAY BE PRODUCED IN FIRE OR WHEN HEATED. 4.7 Auto Ignition Temperature: Not pertinent 8.3 49 CFR Package Group: Not listed. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus, goggles, rubber gloves, and normal 4.8 Electrical Hazards: Not pertinent protective gear. 8.4 Marine Pollutant: No 4.9 Burning Rate: Not pertinent Extinguish with CO2 dry chemical, or water spray. -
PRODUCTION of UREA and UREA AMMONIUM NITRATE
Best Available Techniques for Pollution Prevention and Control in the European Fertilizer Industry Booklet No. 5 of 8: PRODUCTION OF UREA and UREA AMMONIUM NITRATE 2000 EFMA European Fertilizer Manufacturers’ Association Ave. E van Nieuwenhuyse 4 B-1160 Brussels Belgium Best Available Techniques for Pollution Prevention and Control in the European Fertilizer Industry Booklet No. 5 of 8: PRODUCTION OF UREA and UREA AMMONIUM NITRATE Copyright 2000 – EFMA This publication has been prepared by member companies of the European Fertilizer Manufacturers’ Association (EFMA). Neither the Association nor any individual member company can accept liability for accident or loss attributable to the use of the information given in this Booklet. Booklet No. 1 No. 5 Hydrocarbon feed Urea Water Ammonia Air UAN No. 2 No. 6 Water AN Nitric Acid Air Calcium carbonate CAN No. 3 No. 7 Water NPK Sulphuric Acid Phosphate rock (nitrophosphate Sulphur route) K, Mg, S, micronutrients No. 4 No. 8 NPK Water Phosphoric (mixed acid Phosphate Acid route) rock K, Mg, S, micronutrients Phosphate rock 2 CONTENTS PREFACE 5 DEFINITIONS 7 1. INTRODUCTION 8 2. DESCRIPTION OF UREA PRODUCTION PROCESSES 8 2.1 Urea Plant Installations in Europe 12 2.2 Description of BAT Production Processes 12 2.3 Process Water Sources and Quantities 13 2.4 Prilling and Granulation 14 2.5 Feasible and Available Emission Abatement Techniques 16 2.6 Description of Process Water BAT Treatment Systems 16 2.7 Prill Tower Emissions 18 2.8 Granulator Emissions 20 3. DESCRIPTION OF STORAGE AND TRANSFER EQUIPMENT 20 3.1 Ammonia 20 3.2 Carbon Dioxide 21 3.3 Formaldehyde 21 4.