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"Fornvännen" Och De Första Kvinnliga Arkeologerna Welinder, Stig Fornvännen 2006(101):2, S

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"Fornvännen" och de första kvinnliga arkeologerna Welinder, Stig Fornvännen 2006(101):2, s. 85-94 http://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/fornvannen/html/2006_085 Ingår i: samla.raa.se s. 85-94 Art Welinder LG 06-04-07 08.14 Sida 85 Fornvännen och de första kvinnliga arkeologerna Av Stig Welinder Welinder, S., 2006. Fornvännen och de första kvinnliga arkeologerna. (Fornvännen and the first female archaeologists). Fornvännen 101. Stockholm. The journal Fornvännen was launched in 1906 when the process towards de- mocracy in Sweden was at its height. This is true also for women's rights. Women were given suffrage and came of full age on equal terms with men in 1921.The political process ran parallel to the process of women entering new segments of education and the labour market, including the universities and science. The new journal presented an opportunity for women interested in archaeology to publish in a way accepted by the conventional scientific community. The jour- nal was important for women starting scientific careers in archaeology during the early decades of the 20th century. Stig Welinder, Institutionen för humaniora, Mittuniversitetet, SE-871 88 Härnösand [email protected] Inledning världen har rått sedan ungefär 1970-talet – Fornvännen började utkomma 1906, ett gott med välkända och bestående snedfördelningar stycke på vägen i den demokratiska processen inom hierarkin. från tvåkammarriksdagens första möte 1867 till Kring sekelskiftet hade många av 1800-ta- kvinnors deltagande i det första allmänna valet lets arkeologiska och antikvariska publikations- 1921. Ungefär samtidigt, och anmärkningsvärt serier tappat geisten. Det gällde Vitterhetsaka- långsamt, fick kvinnor tillträde till utbildning- demiens tidskrifter och monografiserier och ar som tidigare hade varit förbehållna män. de flesta av landskapsföreningarnas serier. Den Tidigare slutna arbetsmarknader öppnades, in- unga generationen, i Sverige männen under te minst sådana som normalt byggde på akade- Hans Hildebrand och Oscar Montelius, disku- misk utbildning. Detsamma gällde vetenskaps- terade sjösättningen av en ny tidskrift på nor- samhället. Fornforskningen, eller arkeologin, disk bas. Det blev till slut den nationella Forn- var inget undantag. vännen med första volymen 1906. Den nordis- Mycket få kvinnor var verksamma inom svensk ka Acta Archaeologica fick vänta till 1930 (von arkeologi på 1800-talet, faktiskt ingen som gått Essen & Welinder 2001, s. 14–17). till historien med benämningen »arkeolog». De Fornvännen började således utkomma vid var flera i början av 1900-talet, som kan sägas en för det svenska samhällets omvandling int- vara de kvinnliga pionjärernas tid. Mellankrigs- ressant tidpunkt på vägen mot det demokratis- tiden såg en avsevärd tillväxt både av svensk ar- ka 1900-talet, och likaså, såsom en spegel, vid keologi och av antalet kvinnliga arkeologer. begynnelsen av den svenska arkeologins om- Dagens tillstånd med många kvinnor, ibland vandling från det som jag har kallat »Det be- fler än männen, på positioner överallt inom stående samhällets arkeologi» till »Folkhem- den antikvariska, museala och arkeologiska mets arkeologi» (Welinder 2003). I den senare Fornvännen 101 (2006) s. 85-94 Art Welinder LG 06-04-07 08.14 Sida 86 86 Stig Welinder Antal titlar Antal titlar av Antal Antal titlar av Antal publice- kvinnliga författare publicerande kvinnliga förfat- rande kvinnor (+ Hanna Rydh) kvinnor tare i Fornvännen i Fornvännen 1930–38 1418 39 (+9) 17 3 3 1920–29 1049 17 (+26) 10 8 4 1910–19 500 4 (+9) 4 3 2 1900–09 380 5 3 3 2 1890–99 238 1880–89 235 1871–80 493 1 1 1861–70 178 2 2 1851–60 39 1841–50 71 1831–40 18 1821–30 18 1811–20 37 1801–10 12 Tab. 1. Antal publikationer inom svensk arkeologi enligt de tryckta bibliografierna (1801–1881 = Montelius 1875; 1877; 1878; 1880; 1882. 1882–1938 = von Essen & Welinder 2001). —Published works in Swedish archaeology, total and works by women. fick kvinnor en växande plats. Jag skall disku- namn, och därtill oftast biografiska uppgifter tera Fornvännens roll, såsom en ny och rimligen (Montelius 1875, s. 85–90). traditionslös tidskrift, i denna process, och i syn- I Solveig von Essens bibliografi, som sam- nerhet dess betydelse för kvinnors första steg manställdes genom Vitterhetsakademien för över den höga tröskeln in i männens arkeolo- att fylla den förargliga luckan mellan Mon- giska värld. En kvinnors och mäns arkeologiska telius bibliografier och den från 1939 löpande värld blev ett diskussionsämne inom skandina- Swedish Archaeological Bibliography, står samtliga visk arkeologi på 1970-talet. I dag finns, tror jag författare, med få undantag, med både för- och i ljusa stunder, en gemensam arkeologisk värld. efternamn. De båda bibliografierna har sammanställts Källor enligt olika principer. Ingendera kan sägas ha Jag kommer att diskutera utifrån data om tiden haft en mera ambitiös strävan till fullständighet 1801–1938, som kan överblickas i lättillgängli- än den andra, men antalet titlar i skarven mel- ga, sammanfattande bibliografier över svensk lan de båda kring 1880 är anmärkningsvärt oli- arkeologi (Montelius 1875; 1877; 1878; 1880; ka (tab. 1). Gissningsvis påverkar detta inte 1882; von Essen & Welinder 2001; undantags- överblicken över kvinnliga författare. vis också Janson & Vessberg 1951). Svensk ar- keologi har faktiskt en förnämlig bibliografisk Kvinnliga arkeologer 1801–1899 tradition. Antalet kvinnor som på 1800-talet publicerade I Montelius bibliografier, som han samman- sig inom den svenska arkeologin var lågt. Bib- ställde i egenskap av amanuens vid Vitterhets- liografierna upptar tre titlar av två olika förfat- akademien (Welinder 1994, s. 198), står för- tare (tab. 1). fattarna endast med initialer. Undantagsvis I Montelius »Table des Auteurs» (Monte- finns hela förnamnet, då risk för förväxlingar lius 1875, s. 85–90) står titel, arbetsplats eller skulle föreligga med endast initial. Kvinnor annat och med få undantag födelseåret för de kan sällan identifieras. För åren 1801–74 finns arkeologiska författarna. För de båda kvinnliga dock ett namnregister med samtliga författare, författarna står följande (numren syftar på re- med få undantag, med både för- och efter- ferenserna i bibliografin): Fornvännen 101 (2006) s. 85-94 Art Welinder LG 06-04-07 08.14 Sida 87 Fornvännen och de första kvinnliga arkeologerna 87 Brag, Eva Charlotta. – N:o 131. Före sekelskiftet Mestorf, Johanna. Conservatrice du musée Antagligen var många hustrur och döttrar in- d'archéologie de Kiel. – N:os 165, 251. om borgerligheten och medelklassen, i präst- och ämbetsmannahem och annorstädes intres- Endast fem författare var helt okända för Mon- serade av det antikvariska och arkeologi mot telius, varav en således var Eva Charlotta Brag. slutet av 1800-talet, liksom deras män, bröder Hon står numera i Svenskt biografiskt lexikon som och fäder som står i de antikvariska förening- författare till långt mera än det enda arkeo- arnas medlemsförteckningar. Dessa kvinnor är logiska arbetet: emellertid praktiskt taget osynliga utom till ex- empel på bilden i Illustrerad Tidning i samband Brag, Eva Charlotta, 1870. De nyaste forsk- med invigningen av den nya museibyggnaden ningarne rörande den skandinaviska od- på Blasieholmskajen i Stockholm 1864, där de lingens ursprung. Framtiden 1870, s. 117– överlämnar sina parasoller till museivaktmästa- 159. Stockholm. ren, eller på bilden av hur de iklädda galaklän- ningar ledsagar sina frackklädda män uppför Eva Charlotta Brag (1829–1913) var journalist trapporna på Drottningholms slott då kon- vid Göteborgs handels- och sjöfartstidning, där hon gressen i Stockholm 1874 mottogs av kungen. länge var ansvarig för den litterära kritiken och I Svenska Fornminnesföreningens medlemsre- dessutom tidvis tillförordnad redaktör. Som gister för 1875 står fem kvinnor bland 672 män författare skrev hon lyriska dikter och rese- (Welinder 1994, s. 198). skildringar (Almqvist m.fl. 1925, s. 632). Tid- Emellertid återfinns i Vitterhetsakademiens skriften Framtidens fullständiga namn var Fram- efterlämnade pärmar med verifikationer nam- tiden. Tidskrift för fosterländsk odling. Den utkom nen på kvinnor under kvittona för utbetal- i Stockholm med sex nummer 1868– 1871 och ningar »för skrifning», »för utskrifvning», »för därefter i en ny följd, vars både första och sista biträde vid lagning och rengöring af diverse nummer utkom 1877. föremål», »lagning af tapeter» och »förfärdigadt Johanna Mestorf var 1800-talets mest väl- öfverklädda papplådor», men också »för biträ- kända kvinnliga professionella arkeolog, och de med samlingarnas offentliga förevisande»: nästan den enda. Hon erhöll professorstitel Kerstin Boije, Maria Boije, Mina Bolin, Louise 1899 (Koch & Mertens 2002). Hon var tyska, Högel, Agnes Moberg, Elna Nordlund, Hilda om än i sin ungdom bosatt något år i Sverige Westerberg. Bland dessa eljest anonyma kvin- som guvernant på Ängsö slott (Johnsen & nor står också Hans Hildebrands hustru Elin Welinder 2002). Montelius har upptagit hen- som mottagare av 15 kronor »för renskrifning» nes titlar i bibliografin eftersom de handlar om (Welinder 1994, s. 198). Summan motsvarade svensk arkeologi, och kanske eftersom Johan- ungefär tio dagslöner för en arbetare. na Mestorf var en i Sverige välkänd arkeolog. En kvinnlig publik lär också ha flockats Karaktäristiskt är hur hon tidigt introducerade kring Montelius efter hans öppna föreläsning- Hjalmar Stolpes utgrävningar på Björkö för ar på Statens historiska museum (fig. 1), må- kontinental publik: hända mera för att komma närmre hans vack- ra ögon
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