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Viewed Repeatedly for Completeness, Minimizing the Problem of Reduced Intraobserver Reliability Due to Fatigue INFORMATION TO USERS The most advanced technology has been used to photo­ graph and reproduce this manuscript from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are re­ produced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. These are also available as one exposure on a standard 35mm slide or as a 17" x 23" black and white photographic print for an additional charge. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Com pany 300 North Z eeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 8007221 Behavioral and genetic analysis of Geoffroy’s(Felts cat geoffroyi) in captivity Foreman, Gail Eileen, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright ©1988 by Foreman, Gail Eileen. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 BEHAVIORAL AND GENETIC ANALYSIS OF GEOFFROY'S CAT (Felis geoffrovi) IN CAPTIVITY. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Gail E. Foreman, B.S. The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertation Committee: Approved by T.C. Grubb, Jr. F.E. Poirier R.V. Skavaril D.G. Kleiman Advisor W.P. Aspey Department of Zoology Copyright by Gail Eileen Foreman 1988 f To Leila M. Mullins ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research could have not been completed without the help of many people and I am grateful for their assistance and support over the years. Thanks to my advisor, T. C. Grubb, Jr., a non-cat man who finally got to meet a Geoffroy's cat face-to-face, and to the other members of my committee, D. G. Kleiman, F. E. Poirier, R. V. Skavaril and W. P. Aspey who patiently read and commented on this tome. A special thanks to F. Ruland, my statistical guru, who is as glad to see the end of this project as I am. Thanks to B. L. Dresser and A. H. Shoemaker for their help in developing the idea for the project, and for their encouragement and support of my research efforts. The staff and management of the four zoos involved in this research, particularly the dedicated and conscientious keepers, also deserve a personal thanks for their extraordinary effort. These invaluable colleagues were: at Riverbanks Zoo, M. Pyritz, S. Danko, J. Croxton, S. Emery, L. Crook, L. Roberts, G. Murphy, L. Nesler; at Lincoln Park Zoo, D. Meritt, M. Rosenthal, D. Pate, P. Sammarco, L. Sammarco, B. Masek, J. Fontanetta, E. Landwehr, D. Mulkerin, S. Hendrichs, P. Mulroy; at the National Zoo, W. Xanten, G. Peterson, M. Shields, A. Keppel, G. iii Harding, L. Newman, B. Hodess, K. Kelly, R. Strauss; and at Little Rock Zoo, D. Westbrook, K. Westbrook, C. Rasums, D. Jackson, C. Hargrove, J, Cooper and H. Roberts. Many thanks also to the zoos that provided information for this project and to the private conservationists, especially P. Quillen, who were so willing to share their experiences with me. A final thanks to 'Jeffy', provided by J. A. Davis and the Brookfield Zoo. He taught me more about Geoffroy's cats than I could ever learn from research alone. Funding for this research was provided in part by Sigma Delta Epsilon (Graduate Women in Science), The Adele Lewis Grant Award; Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society; Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens (Dr. Scholl Research Fellowship); the New York Zoological Society (The Nixon Griffis Fund for Zoological Research); John Ball Zoological Park (Mr. Fables Conservation Research Grant); and Mrs. L. M. Mullins. VITA 16 August, 1948 . Born - Aberdeen, Maryland 1980-1981 Teaching Assistant, Department of Biology, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 1 9 8 1 .......................... B.S. Department of Biology, The University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 1981-Present . Teaching Assistant, Department of Zoology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 1988-Present Director of Research and Animal Management, International Society for Endangered Cats, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS 1986. Small wild felids: not just pussycats. RIVERBANKS 3(5):2-7. 1988. Behavioral research and zoo keepers. ANIMAL KEEPERS' FORUM 15(2):50-58. 1988. The use of video in zoological behavioral research. Pages 528-533 in AAZPA REG. CONF. PROCEED., Great Lakes Region. Wheeling: AAZPA. v 1988. (Ed.) FELID BIBLIOGRAPHY. Columbus: Felid Research and Conservation Interest Group & ISEC. (in press). Use of video monitoring for behavioral observations. Chapter G-6 in WILD MAMMALS IN CAPTIVITY. S. Lumpkin (ED.), Sunderland: Sinauer Associates. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Fields: Animal behavior with applications to captive preservation and wild conservation of endangered mammals. Studies in felid ecology and behavior TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION.................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS............................................. iii VITA . ........................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................. vii LIST OF TABLES.............................................. x LIST OF FIGURES................................................ xx CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION.......................................... 1 Objectives...........................................13 Methodological Approach............................... 21 Organization of Dissertation......................... 34 Bibliography ...................................... 39 II. BEHAVIOR OF GEOFFROY'S CAT fFells Geoffrovi) IN CAPTIVITY: BEHAVIORAL REPERTOIRE, ENCLOSURE UTILIZATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT............ 48 Abstract............................................ 48 Introduction ...................................... 51 Methods.............................................. 57 Results.............................................. 70 Discussion.......................................... 88 Acknowledgments...................................... 100 Literature Cited.................................... 102 vii III. GENETIC MANAGEMENT OF GEOFFROY'S CAT (Eelia gso.fftflri) IN CAPTIVITY IN NORTH AMERICA: INBREEDING, SUBSPECIES AND THE INHERITANCE OF MELANISM................................ 105 Abstract........................................... 105 Introduction........................................108 Geoffroy's Cat History and Census.................... Ill Inbreeding Coefficients.............................. 123 Founder Representation.............................. 125 Genetically Effective Population Size.................131 Status of Subspecies ............................... 134 Inheritance of Melanism.............................. 135 Discussion.......... 141 Conclusions..........................................147 Acknowledgments......................................148 References..........................................150 IV. CAPTIVE PROPAGATION OF THE SMALLER FELIDS: I. COURTSHIP AND BREEDING BEHAVIOUR IN GEOFFROY'S CAT (Felis Geoffrovi) ............................. 155 Abstract........................................... 155 Introduction ...................................... 158 Methods............................................. 163 Results......... 182 Discussion......................................... 229 Acknowledgments......................................256 Bibliography ...................................... 257 V. CAPTIVE PROPAGATION OF THE SMALLER FELIDS: II. MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN GEOFFROY'S CATS (Felis GeoffC-Py-i)................................. 261 Abstract........... 261 Introduction ...................................... 264 Methods............................................. 267 Results.................................. 283 Discussion..........................................321 Acknowledgments......................................336 Bibliography ...................................... 337 APPENDICES A. Small Wild Cats of the Wor l d .................... 341 viii B. Some Field Studies of Small Wild Felids........... 344 C. Some Studies on Captive Breeding in Small Exotic Felids............................. 345 D. Location and Number of Videotapes Used During Videotaping in 1985................. 346 E. Location and Number of Videotapes Used During Videotaping in 1986................. 351 F. Behavioral Units and Definitions................. 355 6. Non-estrus (NE), Estrus (ES) and Gestation interactive (GI) Stage information for the Geoffroy's cats in this s t u d y .......................... 363 H. Data for Stage Analyses Relative to Chaper
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