Analyses of Socio-Economic Status and Livelihood Patterns of Coastal Communities Dependent on Mangrove Forest Resources in Guinea
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Analyses of Socio-economic Status and Livelihood Patterns of Coastal Communities Dependent on Mangrove Forest Resources in Guinea ギニアにおけるマングローブ林資源に依存した海岸コミュニティの社会経済的 地位や生活パターンの分析 A Dissertation By BALDE BOUBACAR SIDDIGHI Submitted to the United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY March 2015 Major Subject: Managerial Economics I Analyses of Socio-economic Status and Livelihood Patterns of Coastal Communities Dependent on Mangrove Forest Resources in Guinea ギニアにおけるマングローブ林資源に依存した海岸コミュニティの社会経済的 地位や生活パターンの分析 A Dissertation By BALDE BOUBACAR SIDDIGHI Supervisory Committee: 1. Professor Hajime Kobayashi, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University 2. Professor Makoto Nohmi, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University 3. Associate professor Akira Ishida, Kobe University 4. Associate professor Norikazu Inoue, Shimane University II Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my wife and daughter for their endless encouragement, support, and love. III Acknowledgments Praise be to Almighty God, the Lord of the Universe for His infinite bounty without which this humble work could not be what it is. In His name, I would like to sincerely thank all those who contributed to the realization of this study. I am deeply grateful to my main academic supervisor, Professor Kobayashi Hajime, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University for his both kindness and efficient supervision in the process of designing and writing this thesis. I am also indebted to the other members of the supervisory committee: Professor Nohmi Makoto, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University and Associate professor Ishida Akira, Kobe University, who provided significant comments and suggestions. I am grateful to all those who helped in collecting the data as well. I would like to extend my gratitude and appreciation to all interviewed peasants in Dubreka prefecture (Doboro and Dofily districts) and in Boffa prefecture, particularly in Koba sub-prefecture (Makinsi, Balessourou, Bentya and Taboria districts) for allowing me to collect and use their information. Special thanks are due to Associate professor Matsumura Ichizen, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University and Dr Mohamed Esham, Faculty of Agriculture of Sabaragamuwa University, Sri-Lanka, for their valuable assistance including the proofreading of articles as well as the final draft of this present thesis. In spite of their professional responsibilities and duties, they have showed tremendous good will in helping, advising and so on. My family is a source of inspiration throughout my study. I am very much thankful to them for their constant support and encouragement during my hardships. The foremost of them are my wife, mother, daughter, etc. Special thanks go to my relatives IV for their encouragement, moral support and also by offering blessing for the realization of this work. I would like also to thank my colleagues (Arif Alam, Emmanuel Tolno, Yamazaki, Ma, Fukuyama, etc.) who helped me providing feedbacks on my research work during our seminars. This opportunity is fit to express my heartfelt gratitude to the Guinean government, especially the Ministry of Agriculture. My gratitude is also extended to the MEXT for providing scholarship to make me able to study in the United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tottori University. V Table of contents Dedication III Acknowledgments IV Table of contents VI List of Tables XII List of Figures XIV Chapter I: Introduction 1 1.1. Background of the study 1 1.2. Objectives of the Study 6 1.3. Scope of the Thesis 7 Chapter II: Literature Review on Livelihood Activities in the Guinean Coastal Area Dependent on Mangrove Forest Resources 10 2.1. Introduction 10 2.2. Outline of the Coastal area of Guinea 11 2.3. Coastal forests 13 2.3.1. Mangrove forest in Guinea 15 (1) Mangrove Status in Guinea 16 2.3.2. Upland forest 18 2.4. Household Livelihood Strategies 19 2.5. Livelihood activities in the coastal area of Guinea 20 2.5.1. Mangrove rice production 20 2.5.2. Salt production 24 2.5.3. Mangrove wood exploitation 24 1) Firewood 24 2) Logging 26 2.5.4. Fishing 27 2.6. Summary 28 Chapter III: Research Design and Methodology 29 3.1. Introduction 29 3.2. The Study areas 30 3.2.1. Dubreka prefecture 30 VI 3.2.2. Boffa prefecture 32 3.3. Sampling procedure and Data collection 33 (1) Sampling procedure and Data collection in Koba sub-prefecture 34 (2) Sampling procedure and Data collection in the urban commune of Dubreka 39 3.4. Analytical tools 40 3.4.1. Income sources from a portfolio of livelihood activities in the Guinean coastal zone 42 1) Agricultural income: 43 (a). Mangrove rice production income: 43 (b). Lowland rice production: 44 (c). Vegetable production income: 44 (d). Annual or seasonal crop production income: 44 (e). Perennial crop production income: 44 2) Salt production income: 45 3) Wood extraction: 45 4) Livestock: 46 5) Non-farm income: 46 6) Remittance: 46 3.4.2. Empirical analyses 46 1) Income Inequality and Poverty Reduction 46 (a) Gini Decomposition Analysis 47 (b) FGT (Foster-Greer-Thorbecke) index 50 2) Multiple Linear Regression Model 51 3) Quantile Regression Model 52 (1) Rationale for using quantile regression 52 4) Stochastic Frontier Production (SFP) and Efficiency Measurement of Small-scale Improved Salt Production 55 5) Stochastic Frontier Production (SFP) and Efficiency Measurement of Mangrove Production 60 6) Binary logistic regression model 66 3.4.3. Spatial analysis 68 1) Analytical Framework for integrating remote sensing and socio-economic data 68 2) Accuracy Assessment of Land Use Change using Error Matrix and Kappa Coefficient. 71 (a) Error matrix (confusion matrix): 73 (1). Overall accuracy: 73 (2). User accuracy: 73 (3). Producer (analyst) accuracy: 74 (b) Kappa coefficient: 74 VII 3.5. Summary 75 Chapter IV: Role of Land Use Change Analysis and their Determinants in Livelihood Improvement in the Coastal Area of Guinea: A Study Based on Spatial Analysis and Field Survey 80 4.1. Introduction 80 4.2. Socio-economic background 84 4.3. Determination of land use change based on satellite data 85 4.4. Accuracy Assessment of Land Use Change 89 4.5. Factors influencing land use change based on the field survey 92 4.6. Summary 93 Chapter V: Present Status and Determinants of Mangrove Rice Production in Dubreka Prefecture 96 5.1. Introduction 96 5.2. Characteristics of mangrove rice farming 97 5.3. Characteristics of mangrove rice farmers in the urban commune of Dubreka 99 5.4. Profitability estimation of the mangrove rice farming in respect to the selection of rice varieties 100 5.5. Determinants of the mangrove rice production 102 5.6. Summary 105 Chapter VI: Socio-Economic Analysis of Small-Scale Salt Production Techniques in The Coastal Area of Guinea: As an Alternative for Improving Livelihood Status and Sustainable Mangrove Forest Management 107 6.1. Introduction 107 6.2. Status of salt production techniques 111 6.2.1. Traditional salt production (TSP) 112 6.2.2. Guinean saline (GS) or solar salt production on canvas or tarpaulin 113 6.2.3. Salt marsh (SM) or sea-salt solar evaporation 114 6.3. Characteristics of salt producers’ groups 115 6.4. Economic analysis of salt production 117 6.5. Household resources endowments 119 6.6. Contribution of salt production to household income 120 6.7. Factors affecting salt production in Koba using Quantile regression (QR) 122 6.8. Summary 128 VIII Chapter VII: Performance of Small-Scale Improved Salt Production and Mangrove Rice Production 130 (A) A stochastic Frontier Approach for Measuring Technical Efficiency of Small-scale Improved Salt Production in Guinea 7.1. Introduction 130 7.2. Descriptive statistics of variables 134 7.3. Stochastic frontier production 136 7.4. Estimation of technical inefficiency 139 7.5. Hypothesis test 142 7.6. Technical efficiency distribution in salt production 143 7.7. Loss due to inefficiency and potential output 144 7.8. Discussion 146 7.9. Summary 150 (B) An analysis of technical efficiency of mangrove rice production in the Guinean Coastal area 7.10. Introduction 152 7.11. Descriptive statistics of variables 156 7.12. Stochastic frontier production and estimation of technical inefficiency 164 7.13. Technical efficiency distribution in mangrove rice production 177 7.14. Loss due to inefficiency and potential output of mangrove rice production 178 7.15. Summary 180 Chapter VIII: Effects of Rural Livelihood Activities on Income Inequality and Poverty Reduction 183 8.1. Introduction 183 8.1.1. Literature review on poverty and inequality 185 8.1.2. Poverty and inequality in Guinea 188 8.2. Characteristics of surveyed peasants 190 8.3. Situation of income sources in Koba 193 8.4. Effects of livelihood activities on income inequality 194 8.5. Effects of livelihood activities on poverty reduction 200 8.6. Household assets, Access to housing and energy consumption 204 8.7. Summary 209 IX Chapter IX: Impacts of Household Energy Consumption and Livelihood Activities on Coastal Forests in Guinea 212 9.1. Introduction 212 9.2. Household energy consumption 216 9.2.1. Monthly expenditures on household energy consumption 218 9.2.2. Other household monthly expenditures and perception on food security 221 9.2.3. Type of cooking devices 223 9.3. Scenarios on mangrove and upland forests related to household energy consumption and livelihood activities 224 9.3.1. The “Scenario A” 225 9.3.2. The “scenario B” 229 9.3.3. The “scenario C” 232 9.4. Discussion 235 9.5. Implications for livelihood improvement and forest sustainability 239 9.5. Summary 242 Chapter X: Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 244 10.1. Introduction 244 10.2. Main findings 245 10.2.1. Land use change analysis and their determinants in livelihood improvement 245 10.2.2. Determinants of mangrove rice production 247 10.2.3.