IPP533

Unofficial translation World Bank Office, (Nov 14, 2011) Public Disclosure Authorized - Railway Project

Social Assessment Report Public Disclosure Authorized

Compiled by: Public Disclosure Authorized

Western Development and Research Center of Minzu University of Chinese Minorities Research Center, Minzu University of China

November 2011, Beijing Public Disclosure Authorized

Contents

SUMMARY ...... 1

1. TASKS, METHODS AND PROCESS ...... 6

1.1 T ASKS AND BASIS ...... 6 1.1.1 Tasks ...... 6 1.1.2 Basis ...... 7 1.2 Q UALIFICATIONS ...... 7 1.3 S URVEY METHODS ...... 11 1.4 P ROCESS AND SITE SELECTION ...... 11 1.5 S PECIFIC SURVEYS ...... 17 1.5.1 Survey level ...... 17 1.5.2 Village survey procedure ...... 30 1.5.3 Complementary survye ...... 36 1.5.4 Complementary illustrations and Thanksgiving ...... 37

2. SCREENING AND RELATED POLICY REVIEW OF MINORITY ...... 38

2.1 O BJECTIVES AND NECESSITIES OF MINORITY SCREENING ...... 38 2.2 S CREENING PROCEDURE AND KEY DATA ...... 38 2.3 I DENTIFICATION AND MEANING OF MINORITY ALONG THE LINE IN THIS PROJECT ...... 50 2.3.1 Identification of Chinese Nationalities and Meaning of “Minority” ...... 50 2.3.2 Identification of Ethnic Groups along the Line of the Project and the Meaning of “Minorities” ...... 52 2.4 P OLICIES AND REGULATIONS TOWARDS CHINESE NATIONALITIES ...... 54 2.5 D EFINITION OF “M INORITIES ” IN THE POLICIES OF THE WORLD BANK ...... 55

2.6 C OMPARISON OF “M INORITY ” UNDER TWO DIFFERENT POLICY FRAMEWORKS OF CHINA AND THE WORLD BANK ...... 56 2.7 C ONCLUSION ...... 59

3. LAND SYSTEM ...... 60

3.1 B ASIC STATE LAND SYSTEM ...... 60 3.2 R URAL LAND SYSTEM ...... 63 3.3 L AND SYSTEM IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 64 3.4 C ONCLUSION ...... 65

4.ETHNIC MINORITIES ...... 67

4.1 E THNIC MINORITIES PROFILING ...... 67

I 4.1.1 Ethnic Minorities Profiling in Autonomous Region ...... 67 4.1.2 Ethnic Minorities Profiling along the Project...... 67 4.2 R URAL RESOURCES AND PEOPLE LIVELIHOOD IN PROJECT AREA ...... 68 4.2.1 General Condition of Resources ...... 68 4.2.2 Resource Survey along the Project ...... 70 4.3 R ESIDENT LIVELIHOOD ALONG THE PROJECT ...... 71 4.4 S OCIAL CULTURE AND LIVELIHOOD OF MONGOLIAN PEOPLE ALONG THE PROJECT RAILWAY ...... 74 4.4.1 Profile of Mongolian People ...... 74 4.4.2 Mongolian people’s Means of Livelihood in the Project Area ...... 76 4.5 B ASIC INFORMATION ABOUT IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 78 4.6 R ELATIONSHIP WITHIN ONE NATION AND BETWEEN DIFFERENT NATIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 80 4.7 T HE GUARANTEE OF THE RIGHT OF PARTICIPATION AND KNOW OF MINORITY IN THE PROJECT AREA ...81 4.8 C ONCLUSION ...... 83

5. POVERTY AND SOCIAL GENDER ...... 84

5.1 P OVERTY SITUATION IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 84 5.1.1 General Situation ...... 84 5.1.2 Reasons of poverty and help method ...... 84 5.2 R ELEVANCE OF POVERTY -STRICKEN NATIONALITIES ...... 85 5.3 W OMEN ...... 85 5.3.1 Quality of Women and Tradition Labour Division ...... 85 5.3.2 The Project and Women ...... 86 5.4 C ONCLUSION ...... 86

6．．．PROJECT IMPACT ANALYSIS ...... 88

6.1P ROJECT BENEFIT ...... 88 6.2 N EGATIVE IMPACTS ...... 88 6.3 A NALYSIS ON INTERRACIAL EFFECT OF PROJECT IMPACT ...... 91 6.4 L OCAL GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TOWARD THE PROJECT NEGATIVE IMPACTS ...... 92 6.5 C ONCLUSION ...... 93

7. STAKEHOLDERS ...... 94

7.1 I DENTIFICATION OF PROJECT -RELATED GROUPS ...... 94 7.2 S TAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS ...... 94 7.2.1 Ministry of Railways ...... 94 7.2.2 Construction Headquarter ...... 95 7.2.3 Governments of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Province ...... 96 7.2.4 City, County, Districts and Township Governments along the Line ...... 96 7.2.5 World Bank ...... 97 7.2.6 Residents of Project Area ...... 97

II 7.2.7 Construction Party ...... 100 7.3 C ONCLUSION ...... 100

8．．．CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...... 101

8.1 P UBLIC PARTICIPATION AND RESIDENT SUPPORT ...... 101

8.2 T HE PROJECT IS NOT APPLICABLE TO OP4.10 ...... 102 8.3 RAP F ORMULATED IN THE PROJECT IS APPLICABLE TO MINORITIES ...... 103

ANNEX: MINORITY SCREENING ALONG THE ZHANGHU RAPID RAILWAY ...... 104

III LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 Towns and villages involved in sample community surveys ...... 13 Table 1-2 Basic situation of typical villages along the line ...... 16 Table 1-3 Situation List of Forum Held by Governmental Departments along the Project Railway ...... 19 Table 1-4 Roundtable Discussion of Typical Villagers Representatives ....32 Table 2-1 Population structure in major city//county/banner along the line ...... 43 Table2-2 Minority screening results in some villages along the line ...... 44 Table 4-1 Zhangjiakou-Hohhot Railway Editorial Data of households—— land possession ...... 71 Table 8-1 Attitudes of interviewees on the project ...... 101

IV Summary

The Zhanghu rapid railway is co-funded by the Ministry of Railways, the People’s Government of Heibei Province and Inner Mongolia Autonous Region, with loans from the World Bank. The project is located in the domain of Heibei Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, east from Zhangjiakou City in Hebei Province, passing by Qiaoxi district, Wanquan county, Huai’an county and in Zhangjiakou city, and going through , Chahaer You, Economic and Technical Development Zone, Zhuozi County, and Hansai district and Xincheng district in Hohhot City from east to west. According to on-site surveys organized by design agency, teams of resettlement action plan and social evaluation, the project has impacts on 100 villages in 22 towns in 9 counties/districts of 3 municpalities of Heibei Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The total length of the trunk line is 287.087km, among which subgrade accupying 36.16%, bridge culverts 48% and tunnels 15.9%.

Through on-site surveys and literature review, the implementing party of the social impact assessment learnt that: the total population was 23.323 million (according to the fifth national population census in 2000), having 49 natinalities such as Mangol, Han, Manchu, Hui, Dahaner, Ewanki, and Elunchun. The population of Mongol was 3.995 million, 17.13% of the total, 1.8466 million Han people, 79.17% of the total, 0.5 million Manchu, 2.14% of the total, 0.21 million Hui people, 0.9% of the total. The total population in Wulanchabu City was 287 milion and the population of minorities were over 0.12 million, including 63,400 Mongol, 2.32% of the total population, distributed in Chayouhouqi and Siziwangqi. Population of other over 20 minoirites incluing Hui, Dawoer, Mangol, Ewenki, Miao, Tibetan, Tu and Uygurs was over 60,000, 2.21% of the total. The total area of Zhangjiakou City is 37,000 square km, including 4 districts, 4 counties, 2 administrative zones, 1 high-tech technical development zone, and 1 industrial agglomeration. The total population is 460 million, besides Han, the 26 minorities, including Hui, Manchu Mongol, Chuang, Korean, Tibetian, Miao and Uyghur, about 1.64% of the total population.

1 Under the huge support from local different governments, especially from governments of counties (city/district) and towns as well as village committee cadres, the implementing party had a basic understanding on the situations of 10 counties (Banner/district), 23 towns and 195 villages within the area of 5 km to both sides of the . The below conclusions were achieved.

(1) 163,499 persons (population data by the end of 2010) were covered in the survey scope, including 3418 minorities, 2.09% of the total population of the survey scope. Mangol, Hui and Manchu nationalities lived in the survey scope, including 2058 Mongol, 60.21% of the total minority population, 441 Hui, 12.90% of the total, 895 Manchu, 26.18% of the total, and 24 other minorities, 0.70% of the total.

(2) Mangol, Hui and Manchu were minorities living along the line for generations, but others were descendants of mixed marriage between different minorities. Among the 195 villages, 118 had minorities, but with extremely lower percentage and living in a highly diverse situation.

(3) Manchu were dispersed very spreadly. There were 4 villages with the population of minorities over 10 persons, including 720 minorities in Yanjiatun Village in Shenjiatun Town, High- tech district of Zhangjiakou City (3800 villagers), 50 minorities in Chahanying Village in Sanchakou Town of Chahaer Youyiqianqi (857 villagers), 26 minorities in Nandian Village in Haoqinying Town in Xincheng district of Hohhot City (4100 villagers), 12 person in Tali Village (2245 villagers), 20 persons in Huangqi Town in the Economic Development Zone of Wulanchabu (16000 person in the whole town). As living scattered in Han villages, Manchu

1 district is not located in the project impacted area, but Laijiadi village in Malianqu town locates in the screening scope of 5 km to both sides of the line. Therefore, the screening scope of social evaluation does not only include 9 districts/counties, 22 towns and 100 villages impacted by the project, but also include other 95 villages not directly impacted by the project but within the screening scope, and Malianqu Town and are involved due to administrative relationship.

2 minority in the project area were totally merged into Han nationality.

(4) Hui nationality concentrated in Laijiadi village of Malianqu Town of Jining District of Wulanchabu City (225 Hui, 51.37% 438 villagers in total), Huangqi Town in the Economic Development Zone (50 Hui), Xinmeng Street in ZHuozi Town (30 Hui), Dongshihao village in Chengguan town of Xinghe county (136 Hui, 335 villagers in total). They lived in a circle around mosque, believing in the Islam religion and eating Moslem food, keeping folk religious holidays related with Islam, and using the Chinese. They shared the similar production and living standard with the local Han nationality.

(5) Mangol was a minority with a larger population who lived in the project area for generations. There were 2058 persons, living scattered in towns and cities. Including, 374 persons in Yulin town of of Hohhot City, 268 persons in Haoqinying Town in Xincheng District, 590 persons in Huangmaoying town in Chayouqianqi in Wulanchabu City, 300 persons in Huangqiying town in the Economic Development Zone in Wulanchabu City. The population of Mangol took up a relatively low percentage to the total population in villages or streets. For exaple, there were 229 Mongol in Tali village of Haoqinying town, but only occupying 10% of total population of the village. The scattering condition is related with the below situations: the project area was once marginal area of nomadic mongol, who lived scattered in a very small size, and at the same time inland farming people spread to the grassland, forming stable, dense and large size of agricultural settlement. Through on-site survey and consultation with local experts, town and village cadres, in the project area have been totally absorbed with Han nationality, using the Chinese, and engaging in dry farming, who shared the same production and living customs and the same living level with the local Han nationality.

Based on an overall review of China’s current policies concerning the interests of minorities as well as relevant policies and legal systems

3 established for “minorities” by all levels of government in project region, the implementing party came to the following conclusion: the World Bank’s policies are aimed to protect the interests of the minorities within the project area, increase the project’s benefits for the minorities, and moderate or eliminate the project’s adverse influence on the minorities, while such policies share substantially the same spirit with China’s current policies, laws, regulations and other systems that aim to protect the interests of minorities. In the meantime, the project’s investment and construction party comprises the Ministry of Railway of China and local governments, including all levels of government in the autonomous regions of minorities, who are empowered to preserve, implement and improve China’s ethnic policies and regulations, and obligated to supervise the project’s interested parties in respect of their compliance with China’s ethnic policies and regulations. Judging by the performance of all levels of government in the project area with respect to various national policies and regulations in previous projects, it’s safe to claim that all levels of governments and relevant authorities are trustworthy. As for this project, the design philosophy adopted by project design is to give priority to tunnels and bridges, and hence to protect the farmland crucial to various ethnic residents in the project area to the maximum extend, to reduce the damage and impact brought by railway to the cities and towns it passes through, hence to give best consideration to the immediate interests of all minority residents along the line to technically practicable extend, and to demonstrate the human-oriented design philosophy, thus it has been well accredited the minority residents and all levels of local governments along the line; all levels of government along the line of project area unveiled a series of policies and measures aiming to promote employment opportunities, provide farmers who lost entire or partial farmland with life guarantee, provide poverty farmers with basic cost of living allowances, assure medical care to farmers, promote the adjustment of industrial structure in countryside, and income increase for farmers, all of which can be described as the tangible efforts made by various levels of governments to attend and secure people’s livelihood. Therefore, it is positive that the project demonstrates the will of all levels of governments to protect and promote the interests of the minority residents within project area in respect of its technical design and system planning, and hence it is consistent with the objective of the World Bank’s social policies.

4 The implementing party held that, the four basic elements of “Minority” emphasized in the minority policy OP4.10 of the World Bank had a collective recognition on “minority”,and protected and achieved individual interests of minority groups by guaranteeing the collective interests of affected “minorities” in the project area. As Mangol, Manchu and Hui nationalities lived very scatteredly alon the project, mixing together with other nationalities even in the village level, not forming a real-term economic and cultural community. Therefore, OP4.10 was not applicable to their interest protection and no need to formulate the minority development plan for them.

The implementing party of social evaluation learnt from on-site surveys that several key infrastructure construction projects have been carried out in the past twenty projects in the nearby areas. Seen from past experiences, all the nationalities have fully accessible channels to acquire information and appeal, and they also have effective measures to communicate with the constructor and the designer. The implementing party has enquired the minority residents in the project area about project design, project impact, right to information/participation, desires and demands, etc., while the results indicate a support rate over 90%. Their concerns are mostly concentrated on the standards of land expropriation compensation and resettlement conditions.

Moreover, the negotiation, appealing and participation mechanism as well as monitoring and evaluation procedures will further secure the interests of various nationalities in the project area (please refer to Chapter IX and X of Resettlement Action Plan).

5 1. Tasks, Methods and Process

1.1 Tasks and Basis

1.1.1 Tasks

In the mid August 2010, as requested by the Foreign Capital & Technical Import Center of the Ministry of Railway and the World Bank, China Railway Engineering Consultation Group (hereinafter “the Entrusting party”) , and after being recommended by informative persons and checked on qualifications, Professor JIA Zhongyi - deputy director of the Western Development and Research Center of the Minzu University of China, was entrusted to organize a qualified academic group (hereinafter refer to as “the Executive”) and conduct the social impact evaluation for the project.

Through negotiations and consultation with relevant experts from the World Bank, the aforementioned parties confirmed that the implementing party shall assume responsibility in the following tasks:

A) According to the World Bank’s operational policies OP4.10 and its attachments, a screening investigation shall be carried out on the line so as to confirm the actual distribution of minorities within the project area;

B) A field investigation will be conducted to get acquainted with the economic and social development status as well as social and cultural features of the minorities along the line, also their possible vulnerability in politics, economics, culture and society; to analyze the project’s potential positive/negative influence on minorities in consideration of the project’s nature and characteristics, and to bring up countermeasures to moderate or indemnify such adverse influence;

C) To identify whether the minorities within the project area should be qualified as the “minority” defined in the operational policies OP4.10 by the World Bank, also to bring up definite opinions and proposals concerning whether it’s necessary to draft Minority Development Plan for the minorities within the project area;

D) To analyze the suitability of relevant resettlement action plans (RAP);

E) To prepare the Social Evaluation Report for the New Construction Project of Zhanghu Railway in Chinese version and English version as satisfactory to

6 the World Bank’s project evaluation requirements; assist the entrusting party in preparing the Minority Development Plan for the New Construction Project of Zhanghu Railway in Chinese version and English version, if necessary;

F) To carry out field investigation from time to time and complete Social Evaluation Report for the project in a timely manner in coordination with the progress of the project’s preparatory phase (including Minority Development Plan, if necessary). The term of the aforementioned tasks is from the mid August 2010 to the end of July 2011. 1.1.2 Basis

The social evaluation as well as the paperwork thereof are primarily based on the following references:

A) All relevant policies and regulations established by the Chinese Central Government, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Hebei Province as well as governments at different levels under their domain with respect to the protection of the interests of minorities, the development and utilization of land resources as well as the construction of essential infrastructure projects;

B) Security assurance policies stipulated by the World Bank, especially the operational procedures for minorities (OP4.10);

C) The Feasibility Study (FS) rendered by the entrusting party, and adequate reference to the Project’s Resettlement Action Plan (January 2011 revision);

D) Statistical yearbooks with respect to local economic and social development rendered by local governments and competent authorities along the line;

E) Feasibility study reports, work summaries and development plam rendered by local governments and competent authorities, including certain research findings from experts and scholars;

F) Electronic documents of policies and regulations, government work reports, development plans and essential information of local circumstances made public on the websites of the governments along the line.

Moreover, it also includes certain firsthand knowledge acquired by the implementing party through various forums and door-by-door visit in field investigation.

1.2 Qualifications

7 Composition of members of implementing parties and qualifications illustrated below:

(I)Project manager and major experts

Advisor: Zhang Haiyang, male, Han nationality, professor, doctor of ethnology, director of the Western Development Research Center of the Minzu University of China, director of the Chinese Minorities Research Center, primary research fields include theories, methods and applications of ethnology.

Consultant: Qi Huijun, female, Mongol in Inner Mongolia, Professor of ethnology of Munzu University of China; WU Chuke, Mongol in Inner Mongolia, Professor of ethnology of Munzu University of China.

Project manager: Jia Zhongyi, male, Miao nationality in Guangxi, associate professor, doctor of ethnology, deputy director the Western Development Research Center of the Minzu University of China, primary research fields include history and culture of Chinese minorities and community relations.

Dr. Jia has abundant experience in fundamental and applied researches, also more than ten years of experience in project survey in the areas inhabited by minorities in China’s western region, has presided over or participated in the social assessment of reservoir, watershed management and railway projects for many times, including 4 completed projects financed by World Bank loans. The superintendent is also familiar with China’s applicable policies and regulations as well as the World Bank’s polices and job specifications, and familiar with Chinese minorities and the areas inhabited by minorities. Relevant research projects completed by him in the most recent five years are as follows:

A) Minority Development Plan for the Water and Soil Reservation Project of the Upstream of Changjiang River/Zhujiang River financed by World Bank loans (2004/05-2005/03);

B) Culture Preservation and Developmental Research for Chinese Minorities (2006/07-08)

C) Social assessment and minority development plan for the Guiyang- Guangzhou Railway Project financed by World Bank loans (2007/05- 2008/12);

D) Social assessment and minority development plan preparation for the flood control and watershed management project of Xining, Qinghai financed by World Bank loans (07/11-09/01);

8 E) Study on the resettlement compensation and allowance system for hydroelectric projects in areas inhabited by Chinese minorities (2008/04- 2008/11);

F) Social assessment for the Nanning-Guangzhou railway project financed by World Bank loans (2008/09 - 2009/10), etc.

(II)Members of project team

Zhao Jianli: female, Miao nationality in Hunan, associate professor of China Agricultural University, expert on rural social security issues, has performed project survey for many rural issues in Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan and other regions, also a cooperative expert in the Social Assessment for the New Construction Project of Nanning-Guangzhou Railway and Social Evaluation on Jihun Passenger Railway Project.

Hu Yingzi: female, Zhuang nationality in Guangxi, PhD candidate majored in sociology of the Minzu University of China, has work experience in several NGOs, also participated in the survey and research on the Social Assessment for the New Construction Project of Nanning-Guangzhou Railway.

Zhang Mingxin: male, Han nationality, PhD in Literature of Osaka University, associate professor of archeology of the Minzu University of China, deputy director of the Discipline Planning Office of the Minzu University of China.

Zhang Wei: female, Han nationality, teacher of the Department of Sociology of Beihua University (Jilin province), PhD candidate of the Faculty of Ethnology and Sociology of the Minzu University of China, has performed field survey in Guangxi as well as other regions.

Wei Guomin: male, Hui nationality, PhD candidate of economics of the Minzu University of China.

Wang Biliang, male, Han nationality in Yunna province, postgraduate student major in ethology of Minzhu University of China

He Chunpu, male, Yao nationality in Guangxi, postgraduate student major in ethology of Minzhu University of China

Jia Pinging, female, Han nationality in Province, postgraduate student major in ethology of Minzhu University of China

Jia Zhen: female, Miao nationality in Guangxi, undergraduate majored in history at Xinyang Teachers’ College, has participated in investigations of Miao, Dong, Zhuang and Yao villages in Guangxi, also has participated in the field survey for the Social Assessment

9 for the New Construction Project of Nanning-Guangzhou Railway and Social Evaluation on Jihun Passenger Railway Project.

(III)Features of the team

The configuration of the implementing party emphasizes the following considerations:

The first consideration is diversified discipline structure. Most members of the team have academic background in ethnology or sociology, and yet some members have academic background in history and economics so as to eliminate any blind spot that can be possibly caused by a single discipline.

The second consideration goes to the capability in approaching vulnerable groups. Five female members are included in the team to have better communications with women, senior citizens and teenagers. During various forums and especially those door-by-door visits, their amicable personal image and satisfactory academic accomplishment had been put into a good play, which increased the affinity and acceptability of the entire and hence made the investigation effective.

The third consideration is abundant experience in similar projects. Not only the project’ manager has abundant experiences in similar projects, other members also have participated in field survey for many times and therefore have satisfactory skills in understanding the project’s intention and have proficiency in survey tools.

The fourth is no language barrier and in consultation with relevant experts. The major nationality living along the line is Han, with little Mongol, Hui and Manchu, all of whom communicate in Chinese. Therefore, the group members have no barriers to communicate with local residents. In addition, the two mongol colleagues in Minzhu University of China provided detailed guidance on local folk culture, which helped the cross-cultural communication for the group.

(IV)Division of labor

A) Jia Zhongyi and Zhao Jianli took charge of designing survey and research approaches and preparing survey tools, which were reviewed by Professor Zhang Haiyang;

B) Jia Zhongyi and Zhao Jianli jointly took charge of the team’s training, while professor Qi Huijun and Prof. Wu Chuke, Mongols, were invited as consultants to provide the team with counseling service in culture;

C) Jia Zhongyi and Zhao Jianli jointly took charge of leading the team to perform field investigation, Jia Zhongyi and Zhang Mingxin particularly took charge of arranging various forums, Zhao Jianli particularly took charge of guiding door-by-door visits, while postgraduate students assisted in

10 collection of references and information, photography and video recording, forum minutes, door-by-door visit and questionnaire survey;

D) Jia Zhongyi and Zhao Jianli took charge of the preparation of research papers, while postgraduate students assisted in data processing and statistical analysis;

E) Professor Zhang Haiyang took care of the writing guidance and quality assurance of the Chinese version and English version of research papers.

1.3 Survey methods

During the investigation process, the implementing party mostly used the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method. According to the holism theories and comparative study criteria in anthropology and sociology, the method of field investigation had been carried out to collect information, namely using participatory observation, discussion with resident representatives, sampling inquiry of typical-case villages and all kinds of farmers and so on to collect first-hand information, and using a reference list to collect local literatures and statistics. In the meantime, certain research methods of historical documents and analytical methods of policies and regulations have been adopted to reinforce the study’s depth and extent.

1.4 Process and site selection

In accordance with the project progress, the implementing party carried out two on-site surveys on August 2010 and April 2011. The survey conducted in August 2010 was typical community survey. The survey in April 2011, under the support of railway construction office of local government, focused on the screening investigation on minorities living in the belt region 5km to both sides of the alignment, and covered supplementary investigation on villages having residents of Manchu, Mongol and Hui nationality.

At the end of July 2010, the implementing party accepted the investment party’s qualification review as well as the commission for preparing social impact assessment and minority development plan. Since the project’s site line was not confirmed at that moment, it was not possible to carry out an extensive screening investigation on the minorities within the five kilometers wide belts at the each side of the site line, therefore a typical-case community investigation have been carried out first so as to get acquainted with the economic, social and cultural features of the minority villages along the line as well as what kind of knowledge and support the minority residents

11 along the line have towards the project. Through literature review and consultation with relevant experts, minority service authorities in the project sites as well as the survey and design institute, the Implementing party has understood the general information of the minorities in the project sites: main permanent minorities in the projects sites comprise Mongol, Manchu and Hui nationality. They are dispersed in towns and villages along the project, without forming a single minority settlement site. The minorities have been living in primary settlement sites dominated by Han, with a very high degree of integration with Han, sharing similar livelihood, income level, consumption and living habits, except Hui nationality keeping the religion of Basic Islamic Belief. Therefore, the implementing party came to the idea of a typical-case community investigation that considers the region east from Saihan district of Hohhot city and west from Huai’an county of Zhangjiakou city as he pivot of such field investigation, taking Mongol and Hui as primary objective of typical community survey and yet covering Manchu nationality. Under the assistance of all levels of governments, and based on the basic alignment direction mastered by local governments, site selection was conducted with income level, minority structure, potential impacts and past project experiences as major basis for site selection. On-site surveys were conducted on 6 villages, with 3 major forms including roundtable discussion, door-to- door survey and individual interview. Please refer to Figure 1-1 below for more details.

12 Table 1-1 Towns and villages involved in sample com munity surveys

City District/county/b Town Village (on-site survey village marked anner with blackbody) Qixiaying Town( 2 n d village) Sidaowa Village, Luduping Village Zhuozi County Lihua Town( 7 th village) Dabaogou, Dachangmian, Yushuying, Sandaoying, Tuchengzi Village, Fengheng, Wulanchabu Fusheng City Zhuozishan Town( 6 th village) Xinmin street, Zhangjiabo village , Touhao village, Magaitu, Dongtan, Wuxing Shibatai Town( 4 th village) Yushugou village, Bayingou village, Jinchengwa village, Huangqitan village Economic Huangqihai town( 1 st village Ecological resettlement village development zone chahar right back Sanchakou town( 2 n d village ) Yiyuanxing village, Shibatai village banner Bayintala town( 2 n d village) Liying village, Tucheng village Xinghe county Chengguan town( 9 t h village) Dongshihao village , Woyaowa village, Haoqian village, Maqiao village, Beiguan village, Shihao village, Yangpo village, Gaomiao village, Sandaogou village Eerdong town(3 r d village) Mudong village, Dianzi village, Haiwozi village

13 Zhangjiakou Dukoubao town Xiyanghe village, Maquanwan city village, Yinjiawan village, Huai’an county Caixiantan village Chaigoubao town Guojiafang village, Dongshawa village Diliutun town 9th tun village, Guojiayao village, Erbaozi village Zuowei towm Shuangjiafang village, 4th tun village, Jingquanbao village, Jiefangjie village

14 From April 25 to April 30, 2011, the implementing party, together with teams of resettlement and environmental impact assessment, conducted complementary on-site surveys from Zhangjiakou City to the west of the line. Besides collecting basic data of all villages within 5 km to both sides of the alignment and conducting screening on minorities, under the support of railway construction office of counties(districts and banners) and village governments , the impelementing party also survyed four typical villages in which Mongol, Hui and Manchu nationalities lived in relatively concentrated way. The four villages were Laijiadi village in Malianqu Town of Jining District with concentration of Hui nationality, Chahanying village of sanchakou town of Chayouqian Banner with concentration of Manchu nationality, and Xiaochaodai village and Taoboqi village of Sanhai district with concentration of Mongol nationality. The basic situations of the 10 survey sites were shown in the below Table 1-2.

15 Table 1-2 Basic situation of typical villages along the line

(unit: person/Yuan/mu) Belonged Belonged Name of Total minorities Income Farmland county town village populaiton per per Population by Distance capita capita Notes to the different population alignment

Mongol Hui Manchu Others

Huai’an Chaigoubao Guojiafang 1406 12 8 / / 4 1000 3734 1.36

Xinghe Chengguan Dongshihao 335 18 / 18 / / 1100 2000 8 town

Development Huangqi Yimin new 16000 300 250 30 20 / 5 5200 2.1 Zone Town village

Jining Malianqu Laijiadi 438 225 / 225 / / 2500 2860 5.5

Bayintala Liying 395 / / / / / 500 4500 8.3 Town village Chayouqianqi Tucheng 831 13 13 / / / 300 4300 3 village

Sanchakou Chahanying 857 53 3 50 2800 3420 4

Zhuozi Zhuozi Zhangjiabo 350 2 2 / / / 5000 0.4 Town

Saihan Yulin Town Chaodai 1218 22 18 / 3 1 500 4000 2.6 village

Taoboqi 2860 300 300 / / / 500 4000 2.5

16 1.5 Specific surveys

1.5.1 Survey level

The implementing party conducted two-level surveys, namely on village and government in the project area. The village level covers administrative village, natural village, rural households, while government level is focused on county, banner, district and township.

(I) Village investigation

The survey was carried out at two levels: the “village” (villager representative symposium and village baseline-data research) and the “family” (questionnaire at home and interview with the head of the household). The villager symposium, with village cadres, women, young people, old people, rural teachers and grand old men invited, focuses on understanding the village’s resources, pattern of livelihood, population, national structure, ethnic relations, social system, customs and folkways, economic situation, development direction, project design in the locality, residents’ knowledge about and attitude toward the project, experiences drawn from projects in the past, demands and suggestions for this project, etc.

Family survey adopts questionnaire at home and in-depth individual interview, with regard to the family structure, means of income, economic situation, ethnic background, gender, life experience, attitudes toward the project, etc. of the sample families and people interviewed.

(II) Investigation at government level

Symposium was adopted for the investigation, with heads of functional departments and authorities involved convened. They are: office of the county/city’s government, the development and reform bureau, the office of national (religious) affairs, the women’s federation and institutions of education, poverty relief, civil affairs, communications, agriculture, forestry, public security, etc. In addition, the investigation at the township/town level focuses on interview with local leaders in charge of local railway construction. Investigation at government level involves:

(1) Difficulties for the local government in carrying out railway construction and perform its territorial responsibilities;

(2) Relations between local development demands and plans and this project;

(3) The implementation of this project by the local government and progress made so far, including formulation of related laws and regulations,

17 institutional construction, social publication and mobilization, also communication and negotiation with the designer and property owners;

(4) Experiences and lessons drawn from projects in the past, and countermeasures tailored for this project;

(5) Opinions and demands collected by the local government from villagers and ethnic minority people along the line; and

(6) Performances in assisting, according to the list of data collection provided by the implementing party, collect relevant materials in laws and regulations, statistics and documents.

As there are no minority concentrated villages and communities in the downtown areas of Hohhot City and Zhangjiakou City, therefore, they are not covered in the scope of field investigations. The implementing party mainly conducted surveys in 13 towns in 5 districts/counties/banners. Details in Table 1-2.

18

Table 1-3 Situation List of Forum Held by Governmen tal Departments along the Project Railway

Time Place Department and Means of Results of Important information content survey survey

19 Deputy County Forums, visits General Mongolian people and Hui people Mayor, person in etc. situation of charge of the the whole The Hui people are mostly residents for Ethnic and county and generations. At present, there have been Religion Affairs all impacted the Beijing- Railway, Jining-Baotou Office, Department towns, other Railway and G110 Highway passing this of Civil Affairs, information area, and residents in this area have been Women’s that social disturbed by land acquisitions and Federation, commentary demolitions for many times. The Education, Public concerns Zhangjiakou-Hohhot Railway will pass 2 Security, administrative villages in Qixiaying Town Transportation, and both Mongolian people and Han

Zhuozi County County Zhuozi Agricultural people live scattered in all villages in this

August, 20 20 August, town. Zhangjiakou-Hohhot will pass 7

Morning Morning Bureaus, Chairman Liu Zhongyi of the administrative villages in Lihua Town and County 6 administrative villages in Zhuozishan Town, totally about 20km. The Development and Zhangjiakou-Hohhot Railway will pass 4 Reform administrative villages in Shibatai Town. Commission and the subordinate Town Mayor Qiao Mu of QixiaYing Town, Town Mayor Mi Junmin of Lihua Town, Town Mayor Duan Xiongtao of Zhuozishan Town and Town Mayor Hou Anzhi of Shibatai Town.

20 Chairman Hu Village official, Through The Zhangjiakou-Hohhot Railway will pass Quanwang and villager forums and 6 administrative villages in Zhuozishan villager representatives door visits, Town, about 20km. some of the Hui people representatives of have taken part have realized and minority groups that live in these Zhangjiabo Village in the forums, the local villages are staff in the town, and some Zhuozishan Town Town Zhuozishan Committee have visits etc. requirements others live scattered in all villagers in the participated, the for the whole town, there is no small settlement Afternoon Afternoon local economical project and formed in this area. There are many development, the situation existing large-scale infrastructure national situation, of villages construction projects in the town, as well project impact and nations as frequent land acquisitions and research and along the demolitions. Many peasants have lost judgment etc. railway their land or have a small amount of land. The government has included peasants who lost their lands into the low welfare object, but the peasant’s long-term livelihood and economic sources are still problems to be solved.

21 Chairman Guo of Forums, visits General The Zhangjiakou-Hohhot Railway will Municipal etc. situations of come from the east of Zhuozi County, impacted firstly pass through Sanchahou Town in Development and areas, other the Front Banner, then the ecological Reform information village in Huangqi Lake Town in the Commission Office, that social Ecological Development Zone and finally Ulan Qab City City Qab Ulan Chairman Yan of

August, 21 21 August, commentary pass through Bayin Town in Chahar Right Morning Morning the Development concerns Wing Front Banner and enter Xinghe and Reform County. Commission in Jining District, Town Mayor Li Jie of Sanchahou Town, Chahar Right Wing Front Banner and Town Mayor Hao of Bayin Town.

22 Chairman Wang Forums, The general There are over 1000 households in the and Chairman Jia questionnaires situations of whole migrant village, which are the of Village , visits etc. the whole ecological migrants in the return to

Huangqi Lake Town Town Lake Huangqi Department of town general woodland policy about in 1999. There Second Migrant situations of migrants originally lived in remote

Afternoon Afternoon Village Committee, all villages, mountainous areas in Chahar Right Wing Huangqi Lake other Front Banner, most of which live half

Town, the information farming and half animal husbandry live. Ecological that social The migrants have no stable income, thus Development Zone, commentary lead tough live. They are rather perplexed Ulan Qab City concerns and pessimistic for that they have just moved, but are faced with another now removal.

23 Town Mayor Hao of Visits General According to prophase survey, the Bayin Town and situation of Zhangjiakou-Hohhot Railway is located related department the whole between Beijing-Tibet Expressway and leaders town, Jinong-Zhangjiakou Railway, the three railway paralleled lines give 2 or 3 artificial orientation, barriers to many people’s going out. Their Bayin tara Town Town tara Bayin distribution living and production spaces will be cut

August, 22 22 August, is villages off, and the village image will be greatly Morning Morning along the impacted. The railway might pass through railway, the wetland, grassland, and it is better to general adopt proper protective measures, and situations of take proper protective measures for the all impacted temporary land occupation in the villages, construction to help the peasants to other reclaim. information that social commentary concerns

24 The Communist Forums, General In recent years, there have been some Party Leader Tian questionnaires, situation of large-scale near the village, but there are Wanliang and visits etc. the whole not many land acquisitions and villager village and demolitions, which cause less impact on representatives of other the villager’s life and production. Many Liying Village information huge pits have been left in the that social construction of highway and railway for commentary nearby earth excavation, and these huge concerns pits lie in the farmland areas, cause great inconvenience for people’s passing, shall be backfilled immediately. Young people in the village are mostly going out to

Afternoon Afternoon work and most people left in the village are old.

The Communist Forums, General Tucheng Village is located between Party leader questionnaires, situation of Beijing- Tibet Expressway, Jining- Zhang Guoxi, visits etc. the whole Zhangjiakou Railway, with an interval Village Chairmen, village, the about 1km, in parallel from east to west. Accountant and national Over 200 mu of lands including over 50 villager distribution mu of irrigated land have been acquired representatives of of villages in the construction of the two traffic Tucheng Village and other arteries and other projects, but there are information few demolitions. Dayingtou Village is the that social village where Mongolian people are commentary relatively centralized. There are 12 concerns Mongolian households and several old people who can speak Mongolian, keeping some traditional folk cultures.

25 Deputy Chairman Forums, General The project pre-feasibility report Zhang, Deputy questionnaires, situation of recommends the South Line Program Secretary Zhang visits etc. the whole through Zhanggao Town, but the program Hong of county and has less driving function to Xinghe. Development and all impacted Therefore, the County Party Committee Reform towns, and Government are striving for the

Xinghe County County Xinghe Commission of other Middle Line Program, to set station in

August, 23 23 August, Xinghe County, information north outer ring of Xinghe County. Morning Morning Town Mayor Sun that social According to the new program, the of Chengguan commentary Zhangjiakou-Hohhot Railway will pass Town, Director concerns through Earldong Town, and Chengguan Ren Xian of the Town. Institute of Land, Town Mayor Zong Ming of Chengguan Town and Director Xu Yongfu of the Institute of Land

26 Hui people village in Chengguan Town Town Chengguan in village people Hui Chairman Cai Visits, History of The Zhangjiakou-Hohhot Railway might Shikui of No.5 questionnaires the village, pass through the east of the village, Village, East No. etc. general about 1100m to the village and mainly 10 Village situation of occupy sloping lands. There are Hui committee resource, people inhabiting in the village, and it is relation said that they have a history nearly 300

Afternoon Afternoon between the years. The village is mover 10km to the project county, and there are 31 households, 136

constructio people have households registration in n and the the village, but the permanent resident minority population is only 4 households. The groups, lands are usually sloping lands without religion and irrigated lands. There is a mosque in the others village and people have faithful religion belief.

27 Director Meng Forums, visits General The minority groups and Hui people only and Clerk Guo of etc. situation of live scattered in Huaian County and did the Development the whole not form the inhibition form. 90% of the and Reform county, Zhangjiakou Section of Zhangjiakou- Bureau in Huaian railway Hohhot Railway is in Huanan County, County orientation, totally 51.3km. The railway will pass general through the richest farmland, thus the situations land acquisition is the focus of problems. Huaian County County Huaian of all The county is not satisfied with the August, 24 24 August,

Morning Morning impacted current flow design and station scale, towns and thinking that for the railway as hundred- other year project, at least 30-year or 50-year information long-term development plan shall be that social made to leave enough space for local commentary development. The industrial concerns development is restraint and only the third industry based on coal logistics is relatively developed in this area. It is the national poverty-stricken county with financial difficulties, cannot bear the task to raise funds for the resettlements in the county.

28 Chang Accountant Forums, General At present, no peasant has lost his land

Chaigoubao Town Town Chaigoubao and Chairman situation of due to the project land acquisition or Wang of questionnaires, the whole other reasons in the village. The Afternoon Afternoon Guojiafang Village visits etc. village and economic condition of this village is other superior in the whole town and whole information county. The compensation standard for that social land acquisition in the already started commentary Jining-Zhangjiakou Railway is RMB concerns 25600 Yuan/mu, and the villagers think this compensation standard is low.

29 1.5.2 Village survey procedure

(I) Village-level roundtable discussion

(1) Explain purposes of the investigation to cadres at town and village levels, let them assist in calling in villager representatives of such categories as cadres, farmers affected, families in high, middle and low income levels, women, grand old men, young people, etc., about 10 in total, and hold symposiums at the village committee’s office or a villager’s house in better conditions, and keep the symposium open so as to collect villagers’ information and suggestion at any time;

(2) The implementing party prepared the meeting with paper, pen and the like for the representatives, as well as candies and cigarettes to make them relax;

(3) Jia Zhongyi, the leader, introduced members of the investigation implementing party and explained the causes, purposes, contents and patterns of the investigation, application of investigation results, by what means residents can see such results, and told the participants that no legal responsibilities shall rise from any information, opinion or suggestion they’ve given;

(4) Gradually master, in flexible ways and with representatives’ concerns as the entry point, such information as of the village’s basic facts, customs and habits and villagers’ understanding of the project, listen to the representatives about historical experiences, analysis the project’s potential effects, both positive and negative, propose countermeasures and plans to handle such negative impacts, also listen to residents’ discussion and different opinions;

(5) Record the issues at the meeting seriously and ask the representatives to examine, check and supplement the record until they approve the presentation of their views, opinions and suggestions made by the implementing party;

(6) The representatives sign their name on the record sheet then get their compensation for loss of working time;

(7) Members of the implementing party leave their contacts to the village cadres and representatives;

(8) Ask the representatives to help determine typical families and individuals for interview and show the way; and

(9) End the symposium by extending thanks to the representatives.

30 (II) Survey at home and individual interview

The basic procedures of survey at home and individual interview are as follows:

(1) Visit the interviewee with village cadres, villager representatives or young people as a guide;

(2) Explain the purposes of visit to the head of the household or the individual and present them gifts;

(3) Explain the contents and purposes of the questionnaire, consult the farmer on his/her requirements in language and environment for investigation and declare the confidentiality principal that protects the interviewee’s privacy;

(4) Ask the farmer to finish the questionnaire independently or with the investigator’s assistance; any questionnaire finished by an investigator shall be examined, checked and approved by the farmer;

(5) Carry out a semi-structured interview with the farmer so as to find out his/her understanding of the project, opinions and suggestions and to listen to his/her ideas and countermeasures to handle the project’s negative impacts;

(6) Listen to the farmer about his/her life, including the marriage, the family, relations between neighbors, relations between the cadres and the masses, experiences during working outside, etc.;

(7) Repeat the recording to interviewees on site and accept the confirmation from them

(8) Say good-bye to the farmer after leaving contacts.

In August 2010, the implementing party held 6 roundtable discussions with participation of village representatives. 65 typical rural households received questionarie surveys while 46 typical residents receiving in-depth interview (see Table 1-4).

31

Table 1-4 Roundtable Discussion of Typical Villager s Representatives

Survey mthods County/ Nationality Communit Survey district/ Town compositio Individua Characteristics of samples y time Representative In-door banner n l roundtable discussion surv ey interview

There are 2 Mongolian households in the village, about 40% of which go out to work. village cadre Due to the impact of Beijing- 2 Baotou Railway, Jining-Baotou Wulanch Railway, Beijing-Tibet 417 Highe r 2 Fem ale 1 abu Zhuozi Expressway and other project Zhangjiab households, August afternoo villagers 8 CityZhu shan Mi ddle 5 Ca dre 2 constructions, the land o villa ge 2 Mongol 20 n ozi Town women 2 acquisition and demolitions are households Co unty Lower 4 Young 1 frequent in this area. There are young people some problems left to be solved 0 (still 4 households are resisting the demolition since the starting of Jining-Baotou Railway in 2007).

The village is ecological migrant Wulanch village, without any farmland or abu village cadre grassland. The migrants are City, 3 With Han mainly workers without stable Economi Highe r 2 Fem ale 2 Huangq 2 n d as income sources and their long- c and 21, afternoo villagers 10 ihai resettleme majority, Mi ddle 6 Ca dre 2 term livelihood is worrisome. Technic August n town nt village Mongolas women 3 Due to the construction of al minority Lower 4 Young 1 Zhangjiakou-Hohhot Railway, Develop young people they are faced with another ment 1 removal, and some villagers Zone have Christian belief.

32 In recent years, there are some village cadre large-scale projects near the 2 village, but there are less land Highe r 3 Fem ale 1 acquisitions and demolitions. With Han villagers 9 Liying The huge pits left in as morn ing Mi ddle 7 Ca dre 2 village constructions unreasonable majority, women 3 Lower 3 Young 2 design of bridge plus less young people maintenance, cause great 1 inconvenience for the villager’s production and life.

The 110 National Road passes chahar Bayint through the village, but right 22, ala necessary protective measures back August town and facilities are lacking, thus banner village cadre traffic accidents usually happen. Datouying 2 Among it, Datouying Village is village:Mon Highe r 2 Fem ale 1 the village where the Mongolian Tucheng gol conc afternoo villagers 7 people are relatively Mi ddle 5 Ca dre 2 agglomerat village n women 2 centralized. There are 53 ed Lower 3 Young 4 households in the whole village, settlement young people including 12 Mongolian 1 households. The Mongolian people have lived here for generations, thus the traditional customs have been reserved well.

33 The Zhangjiakou-Hohhot Railway might pass through the east of the village, about 1100m to the village, with a relative village cadre large number of land 1 acquisition, but mainly sloping Wulanch Highe r 1 Fem ale 2 lands, has less impact on the abu Chengg Hui, only 4 peasant households (there are a Dongshiha 23 afternoo villagers 4 CityXing uan left-in Mi ddle 2 Ca dre 1 relative large number of migrant o villa ge August n he town households women 2 villagers and farmlands in the county Lower 1 Young 4 village, and the peasant young people households mainly live on going 0 out to work). The Hui people are not few, but their religious belief and customs have been reserved well, thus they have distinctive national traits.

At present, no peasant has lost his land due to the project land With Han village cadre acquisition or other reasons in as 3 the village and the village is Zhuangj majority,6 Highe r 5 Fem ale 3 original Han people village, but iakou Chaigo Mongols, 1 some minority girls have Guojiafang 24 villagers 8 City, ubao Wa morn ing Mi ddle 7 Ca dre 3 married some villagers and village August Huai’an town nationality women 2 moved into village in recent county and 3 Yi Lower 3 Young 2 years. Lands in the village are nationalitie young people almost irrigated lands, and the s 2 economic condition is the superior in the whole town and whole county.

34 65 househol ds receiving 10 in-door female surv ey interview (15 with village cadre 13, villagers ed, 12 higher Sub- 5 t h 47 persons including cadres 6 t h village economic total towm interview women 14 women, 5 level, 32 ed and young people with 14 middle minoritie level s while 18 with lower le vel)

35 As shown in Table 1-3 and 1-4, with assistance and support from local officials, village cadres and villager representatives, the implementing party carried out 6 symposiums in addition to five department interviews. Participants called in were from five towns along the project’s line. They were directors of the Development and Reform Bureau in charge of preliminary work of the project and departments involved of the national and religious affairs bureau, cadres in charge of preliminary work of the project from towns/townships along the line, as well as village cadres and villager representatives of various nationalities interviewed. The implementing party listened to them to understand the ethnic distribution along the line, economic and social status there, by what means and to what extend they would be affected, national relations, ethnic minority people’s attitude and reactions to similar transport infrastructure projects in the past, lessons and experiences drawn from such projects for this one, legacies at the locality that would possibly affect the construction of this project, etc. and to grasp resident’s opinions and comments on the project, and, helped by participants interviewed, collected documents and materials needed. 1.5.3 Complementary survye

The survey in August 2010 was conducted before the line route position was defined finally and the local governments had full understanding on the project. Therefore, the implementing party had no other choice but to conduct surveys on typical national communities. In April 2011, after the site position was basically defined, local governments along the line had more clear understanding on the importance of surveys on minorities and requirements of the World Bank loan projects, through coordination meetings organized by the Foreign Capital and Technical Import Center of the Ministry of Railways, and agreed to give huge support on on-site surveys conducted by teams of social evaluation, environmental impact assessment and resettlement. The implementing party conducted a complementary survey on the project area from April 25 to 30, according to basic data provided by local governments. Tasks of complementary surveys included: 1) participating in all symposium or roundtable discussions between local governments and teams of social evaluation, environmental impact assessment and resettlement, collecting further data of social and economic development and opinions and suggestions of local governments and relevant departments on the project; 2) Focusing on surveys on four villages concentrated by Monglo, Hui and Manchu nationalities, namely Laijiadi village in Malianqu Town of Jining District with concentration of Hui nationality, Chahanying village of sanchakou town of Chayouqian Banner with concentration of Manchu nationality, and Xiaochaodai village and Taoboqi village of Sanhai district with concentration of

36 Mongol nationality(details in Table 1-2). By doing this, the implementing party had a comprehensive understanding of permanent minorities along the line. 1.5.4 Complementary illustrations and Thanksgiving

When conducting the first survey, the implementing party was confronted with the rare traffic congestion between Hohhot and Zhangjiakou which lasted for a half month. We explored any possible rountes and moved from one survey site to another in a very difficult way, facing with extremely dangerous situations every day and traveled on the way over night. It was learnt later that such a severe traffic congestion was caused by the existing transport capacity could not meet the demands. In recent years, Inner Mongolia have experienced faster development of mineral resources and urban construction, heavy-duty over-loaded trucks with coals, mine refuse and construction materials, over four to five times of the designed highway transport capacity, run overspeed through the highways among key cities like Hohhot in Inner Mongolia, Beijing and other cities, which caused frequent traffic accidents, moreover, there are so many toll collection stops resulting in slow travel speed of trucks. All theses contributed to an overall paralysis. From such an experience, we could have a better understanding why the Minstry of Railways and Inner Mongolia governments are so hurried to facilite the construction of Zhanghu railway and we were keenly aware of the heavy yet lofty responsibilities we bear. Certainly, the traffic congestion disturbed our survey plan. We could not reach some of planned survey sites and had to spend a lot of time to arrive in accessible sites. Therefore, we had to reduce the number of survey sites and indoor surveys.

We would like to first thank the cadres at all levels of governments. When we could not arrive on time, they waited for us patiently, and after we arrived, they gave active support to our surveys if at off-duty time and holidays. During the strenuous research, confronting lack of hands and heavier workload, cadres at all levels of government still took the interview without complaints, assisted us in holding symposiums, provided data and materials we needed, and even led us to the interviewee’s home, and took good care of our daily life. We would also like to thank all villagers. When we visited villages and families for the investigation, the villagers, though busying for their bread and butter, stopped working to participate symposiums, take interviews, provide information, answer questions and some of them even treat the interviewers with fruits and cakes, showing their sincerity and hospitality. We are thankful for these! And all members of the Implementing party worked so hard that they usually went out early and returned at dusk and sorted out notes from dusk to dawn, showcasing admirable attitude and spirit. It was because of efforts and support from various sectors that the research finished smoothly as scheduled.

37 2. Screening and Related Policy Review of Minority

2.1 Objectives and Necessities of Minority Screening

The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is located in the north boundary of China, with a total area of 1.183 million square km, 12.3% of the total area of China and ranking the third among 32 provinces. It is in neighborhood with 8 provinces in the direction of east, south and west, including Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shanxi, Ningxia and Gansu. And it borders with Monglia and Russia in the north, with a national boundary line of 4200 km. Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established in 1947, which is the first to establish province- level nationality autonomous region. Accoding to the fifth national population census in 2000, the total population was 23.323 million, having 49 natinalities such as Mangol, Han, Manchu, Hui, Dahaner, Ewanki, and Elunchun. The population of Mongol was 3.995 million, 17.13% of the total, 1.8466 million Han people, 79.17% of the total, 0.5 million Manchu, 2.14% of the total, 0.21 million Hui people, 0.9% of the total. According to the population data in 2004, the rural population of Inner Monglia occupied 56.72% of the total population and population in pasture area was 7.33% of the total.

This project, namely, the Zhanghu Railway is led from Hohhot City, going through the Xincheng district and Hansai district of Hohhot city from west to east, crossing the whole domain of Wulanchabu city and arriving at the termination in Zhangjiakou City of Hebei Province. Since there are minorities living for generations such as the Mongol, Hui and Manchu nationality in this project area, it should accurately master the population of different nationalities of minorities along the line and its actual distribution, know the economic society and cultural status of minorities possibly distributing in this project area, judge the possible fragility exposed by the characteristics, design program, construction and future operation of this project, possible influence especially adverse effect and proper technical measures and policies to be adopted to avoid or alleviate the influence and safeguard the interests of the minorities to the maximum extent, constituting not only the significant prerequisites to ensure smooth and successful promotion of this project and the basic spirits of the national ethnic policies and regulations of China and the fundamental requirements of minority policies of the World Bank, in addition to the preconditions to strive for loan support to this project provided by the World Bank.

2.2 Screening procedure and key data

38 The implementing party conducted minority screening along the line, adopting methods of literature review, expert consultation, and collecting basic data grasped by local governments and on-site surveys.

Through literature review, the implementing party learnt about the minority population conditions along the districts/counties/banners and towmship as well as distribution of nationality towns. They identified areas concentrated by minorities, historical and cultural conditions, livelihood, local economic and social development conditions, policies and regulations issued by different levels of governments, which set foundations for on-site surveys.

The expert consultation focused on solving the issue of local customs when arriving in a new place, namely understanding the major items that shall be concerned during on-site surveys.

Collecting basic village data grasped by local governments, especially township governments is the major means of minority screening conducted by the implementing party. There are three reasons, firstly, in recent ten years, there were large adjustment of local administrative regions and subordination relations between village and towns, and only township governments could straighten out the changes; secondly, data got from the fifth population census was out of date, and only town governments and village committees had the accurate and latest population data; thirdly, in recent ten years, the migrant bird type move-back flow was gradually shifted to permanent population outflow. There was big difference between registered permanent residents and permanent residents, while permanent residents were the focus which shall be given special attention in the project.

On-site survey was an important way to verify, enrich and improve basic data collected from literature review and local governments, understand the actual production and living conditions, confirm their understanding and support to the project, judge the social and cultural frangibility, positive and negative impacts according to the project arrangements, technical features and relevant measures, and put forward relevant counter-measures.

39 The detailed conditions of screening were illustrated in Section 1.4 and 1.5 of Chapter 1, no need to repeat. The section would give a detailed introduction on the results.

Through general screenings on all villages within 5 km to both sides of the line, the implementing party confirmed that:

(1) The screening scope covered 195 vilages in 23 towns in 10 counties (banner/district) of 3 cities, nationality population structure and basic data of all villages in the attached table: The minority screening along the line (summary statement). According to on-site surveys conducted by teams of social evaluation and RAP, the actual impacted regions covered 3 cities, 9 counties/districts and 100 villages.

(2) 163,499 persons (population data by the end of 2010) were covered in the survey scope, including 3418 minorities, 2.09% of the total population of the survey scope. Mangol, Hui and Manchu nationalities lived in the survey scope, including 2058 Mongol, 60.21% of the total minority population, 441 Hui, 12.90% of the total, 895 Manchu, 26.18% of the total, and 24 other minorities, 0.70% of the total.

(3) Mangol, Hui and Manchu were minorities living along the line for generations, but others were descendants of mixed marriage between different minorities. Among the 195 villages, 118 had minorities, but with extremely lower percentage and living in a highly diverse situation.

(4) Mangol was a minority with a larger population who lived in the project area for generations. There were 2058 persons, living scattered in towns and cities. Including, 374 persons in Yulin town of Saihan district of Hohhot City, 268 persons in Haoqinying Town in Xincheng District, 590 persons in Huangmaoying town in Chayouqianqi in Wulanchabu City, 300 persons in Huangqiying town in the Economic Development Zone in Wulanchabu City. The population of Mangol took up a relatively low percentage to the total population in villages or streets. For exaple, there were 229 Mongol in Tali village of Haoqinying town, but only occupying 10% of total population of the village. The scattering condition is related with the below situations: the project area was once marginal area of nomadic mongol, who lived scattered in a very small size, and at the same time inland farming people spread to the grassland, forming stable, dense and large size of agricultural settlement. Through on-site survey and consultation with local experts, town and village cadres, Mongols in the project area

40 have been totally absorbed with Han nationality, using the Chinese, and engaging in dry farming, who shared the same production and living customs and the same living level with the local Han nationality.

(5) Hui nationality concentrated in Laijiadi village of Malianqu Town of Jining District of Wulanchabu City (225 Hui, 51.37% 438 villagers in total), Huangqi Town in the Economic Development Zone (50 Hui), Xinmeng Street in ZHuozi Town (30 Hui), Dongshihao village in Chengguan town of Xinghe county (136 Hui, 335 villagers in total). They lived in a circle around mosque, believing in the Islam religion and eating Moslem food, keeping folk religious holidays related with Islam, and using the Chinese. They shared the similar production and living standard with the local Han nationality.

(6) Manchu were dispersed very spreadly. There were 4 villages with the population of minorities over 10 persons, including 720 minorities in Yanjiatun Village in Shenjiatun Town, High- tech district of Zhangjiakou City (3800 villagers), 50 minorities in Chahanying Village in Sanchakou Town of Chahaer Youyiqianqi (857 villagers), 26 minorities in Nandian Village in Haoqinying Town in Xincheng district of Hohhot City (4100 villagers), 12 person in Tali Village (2245 villagers), 20 persons in Huangqi Town in the Economic Development Zone of Wulanchabu (16000 person in the whole town). As living scattered in Han villages, Manchu minority in the project area were totally merged into Han nationality.

(7) Nationalities along the line are Han in majority, most of who are people moved from Shanxi and Shanxi. Therefore, they shared a much similar production and living customs with inland Han nationality, living on agriculture and communicating in the Chinese.

(8) From west to east, the line goes through Zhuozi county, the economic and technical development zone, Chayou front banner and Xinghe County, which is the north line of inland dry agricultural zone, the south boundary of grassland pastoral area, and front strip of “moving westward”, crossing the Great Wall and conducting agricultural cultivation in pastoral area since the mid and later period of . As the project area was the south boundary of pastoral area with little Mongol herdsmen, the situation with dense Han nationality and less Mongol was formed, partially due to agriculture advancing and pasture retreating. Wulanchabu city is the area with lowest Mongol population percentage in the whole region of Inner Mongolia. According to the information in the website of

41 Wulanchabu municipal government, the total area of Wulanchabu city is 54,500 square km, with 287 million populations, including 63,400 Mangol, 2.32% of the total population, which mainly distributes in Chayou back banner and Siziwang Banner; 2.6053 million Han, 95.47% of the total population, spreading in all banners and counties. Population of other over 20 minoirites incluing Hui, Dawoer, Mangol, Ewenki, Miao, Tibetan, Tu and Uygurs was over 60,000, 2.21% of the total. Therefore, the population of minorities occupies 4.5% of the total population. In addition, the percentage of minorities in Huai’an county and Wanquan county in Zhangjiakou City and in the downtown area of Zhangjiakou city was very low. See in Table 2-1 and 2-2.

42

Table 2-1 Population structure in major city/distri ct/county/banner along the line

Item Xincheng Saihan Zhuozi Chayouqianqi Economic and Xinghe Huai’an Wanquan Zhangjiakou District District County Technical county county County City Development Zone

Area( k) 700 1013 3119 2734 166 3520 1706 1164 36829

Total population( 33 37 22 24 16000 31 24 22 454 ten thousand pers ons)

Percent of minority 16.87 15.17 2.00 2.65 1.88 3.56 0.29 0.21 1.64 population( %)

Notes 1, “Area” and “total population” in the table make reference to Script of Administrative Divison of th e People’s Republic of China” , data at the end of 2006

2. “Minority population percentage” makes reference to the fifth population census in 2000, but in rec ent years, there are big variations of administrative division in Inner Mongolia, with common merging and redivision of dif ferent towns aong the line, which causes large difficulty for the dat a collection. For example, some data like minority population and percentage are not accurate, so the “minority perce ntage” in the table is only for reference.

43 Table2-2 Minority screening results in some villages along the line

County/ Town Villages Population structure Minority Livelihood Pure income Project design and composition structure per capita impacted approaches city (Yuan/Year)

Zhuozi Qixiaying Sidaowa 35504 persons Minority:1453 Planting 4100 Jingbao line, Jibao county Town Village persons (Mongol (potato, line and Jingzhang 720 M anchu corn, expressway pass Luduping vegetable) through the town, Village 334 H ui 392) , livestock which experienced raising, several times of land labor requisition and force resettlement. The export length of Zhanghu line is about 10km, passing by 2 administrative villages and 6 natural villages.

Lihua Dabaogou 20790persons, 12360 Minority: planting ( 4200 The line passes by 7 Town village permanent residents 370persons( Mongol potato, administrative 298 Manchu corn, oils, villages, the length Dachangmian vegetable) being 26 km. village 142 other , livestock nationalities 30) raising, Yushuying labor village force export Sandaoying village

Tuchengzi Village

Fengheng village

Fusheng village

44 Zhuozishan Xinmin village 64395persons Minority: Planting 4380 The line is 20 km Town (Zhangjiabo village 2856persons( or raising within the down, Zhangjiabo 417household, more including Mongol ( passing by 6 village than 1650 persons) 1917 Manchu vegetable, administrative potato) , village; Jingbao line, Touhao village 763 Hui livestock Jibao line and raising( Jingzhang Magaitu village 151 other Chicken, nationalities 26) expressway pass Dongtan village pi g, , ox, through the town, shee p, which experienced Wuxing village rabbit) , several times of land labor requisition and force resettlement, but export, with some problems tranter , to be solved. trans port

Shibatai Yushugou 44516persons Minority: more than labor 4000 The line passes by 4 Town village 550 persons( force administrative including export, villages and 4 Bayingou 324 Manchu local part- natural villages; 3 village time job, railways and 2 200 Hui 16 other planting ( highways pass by the Jinchengwa nationalities 15) potato, town, with a lot of village grass, land requisition and corn) , demolition. The land Huangqitan livestock reducing and lost village raising households normally make a living on working outside.

Economic Huanghaiqi 2 n d More than 400 Dominated by Han, Local 4000 The line passes by and Town resettlement households, over 1400 with little number working, the town and Jining Technical village persons about 1200 of Mongols labor Station is installed Development force nearby. The village permanent residents Zone export, is ecological cow resettlement village. raising Villages make a living on part-time job, no stable income sources. The village experienced

45 resettlement just before. chahar right Sanchakou Yiyuanxin Over No minority living planting , 5000 The line passes by 2 back banner town village 1200persons about for generations: raising, village committees labor and 8 natural 600 permanent force villages, with 2 resi dents export tunnels. Two natural Shibatai village Over 300 households, villages are passed over 1000 persons through by rail trucks, and about 20 households to be demolished.

The line probably passes by mining areas in Shibatai village and Yiyuanxing village. Residents along the line have experiences of land requisition and demoltion.

Bayin Liying village Over 300 households, planting , 4000 The rail track passes Town over 1200 persons raising, through the town, labor with a length of 13 600 permanent force km. 2 large bridge resi dents export culverts are built in the town,. 2 village

46 Tucheng 1050 households, over export 3000 the town,. 2 village village 2900 persons more committees and 4 natural villages are than 1500 permanent affected. According resi dents to previous investigation, Zhanghu line will lie in the middle of Jingzang expressway and Jizhang railway. The three parallel lines will divide the production and living of many villages into several segments, especially on the environment.

Xinghe Chengguan Dongshihao 100,000 persons Minority: about planting , 3200 The length of the County Town village 3000 raising, line within the town persons dominated labor is about 40 km, Woyaowa force passing by 9 village by Hui and Mongol village export, committees and 22 living for shops, natural villages. 2 generations Haoqian village vendor, households in trans port Gaomiao village will Maqiao village probably be Beiguan village demolished and other natural Shihao village villages will be impacted by land Yangpo village requisition. After construction of Gaomiao Natural Highway 110 village line, Jingzang expressway and Sandaogou Jizhang line, local village residents are familiar with land requisition and demolition.

47 Eerdong Mudong village 10460household, Minority: 412 Planting 2600 Length of the line Town 32423persons households, more or raising within the town is Dianzi village than 1300 , labor about 14 km, mainly persons dominated force in the form of Haiwozi village export viaducts. The line by Mongols living passes by 3 village for generations committees and 8 natural villages, 97 village groups impacted, including 482 households, 1406 persons including: 169 minority households ( 543persons)Jiabazi village in Mudong village is directly impacted by the line, with 54 households (136 persons) 2 households to be demolished.

Huai’an Dukoubao 245,000 19 Minorities: planting 3000 Huai’an station is County town population Chaigoubao scattered living, (rice, installed here. 657persons( corn) , Length of the line town: over 80,000 including Mongol livestock within the town is persons 251, Manchu 197, raising, 51.3 km, 90% of Hui 42 other labor Zhangjiakou section force lies in the domain of 16minorities: little export Huai’an. The line population) passes by the richest 4 towns in Huai’an count, about 50 administrative villages. 60% of the line within Huai’an county is bridge tunnel. Nation-level poverty county,

48 difficulty in demolition and compensation.

49 2.3 Identification and Meaning of Minority along the Line in this Project

2.3.1 Identification of Chinese Nationalities and Meaning of “Minority”

Many nationalities have lived together in the domain of China since ancient times. As early as in the Pre -, the pattern of minorities with Xia living in the middle, Rong, Di, Yi and Man living in the west, north, east and south had been formed. Since the Central Royal Courts in all ages of China took the policies to placate and tolerate the surrounding ethnic groups and implemented indirect governance of “governing according to customs” in the areas where the minorities living together for a long period. The Yuan and Ming Dynasties and the earlier days of the Qing Dynasty developed the policy of mollification featured by “governing according to customs” to the “Hereditary Headman System” what ensured the political, economic and cultural rights of the leaders of the minorities in their own inhabitation so as to inherit and continue the political, economic, cultural and social characteristics of the minorities. In the Yongzheng Period of the Qing Dynasty, although the Central Government tried to enhance direct governance of the border areas and adopted the policy of “bureaucratization of native officers” and the big powers of occidental capitalism in modern times infringed upon China by force, consequently the Central Royal Court was tire with tackling foreign aggression and the governance strength over the domestic minority areas was not reinforced, resulting in the characteristics of social structure of multiple ethnic groups and diverse economic and cultural types in the boundary of China.

After the foundation of the New China in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party in power formulated the minority policies of the New China in accordance with the Marxist theories and policies on ethnic groups, combining the historic experiences and actual national situation of China and on the basis of political consultation with other democratic parties and representatives of all social groups and all walks of life. The minority policies of the New China were clearly written in the first document of the nature of constitution in China, namely the Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (approved on September 29 th 1949, hereinafter referred to as Common Program ). Thereinto, Article 9 regulated that: “all the nationalities in the People’s Republic of China had equal rights and obligations”. The “Minority Policies” in Chapter 6 of Common Program had 4 articles in all, namely, Article 50, 51, 53. Thereinto, Article 51 definitely regulated that the areas where the minorities living together should adopt regional national autonomy and respectively establish various institutions for national autonomy in line with the size of inhabiting population and region of the nationalities; each nationality in the places where all the nationalities living together and the national autonomous regions should have representatives in corresponding quota in the local organs of state power. Article 53 regulated that: “all minorities had the freedom to develop their own languages, keep or reform their customs and religious beliefs; the people’s government should help the masses of the minorities develop the construction of their politics, economy, culture and education”.

50 Although the minority policies have been established, China has never defined, affirmed or identified what kind of people’s community within its borders can be called “nationality” in a true sense in its history? How many nationalities there are in China? What is the population of each nationality? Where they are distributed and what characteristics they have on their own etc.? These are the problems in knowledge, theories and policies requiring urgent solutions. As a consequence, the Chinese government has started with the identification of ethnic groups which had continually proceeded for nearly 40 years from 1950 to before and after 1990.

Ethnic identification of China was organized by the government and specifically participated in and implemented by experts and scholars in the disciplines such as nationality sciences, anthropology, sociology, history and linguistics etc. The standards to determine “nationality” was the definition of nationality given by Stalin that nationality was the stable community of the same language, area, economic life and psychological quality reflected in the same culture developed in human history. However, Chinese scholars did not indiscriminately imitate Stalin’s definition but judge in accordance with actual situation flexibly in the course of ethnic identification. Generally speaking, the ethnic identification of China did extensive investigation in the features such as the distribution area, group titles, historic sources, languages, economic life, material cultures, spiritual cultures and ethnic belonging or identification etc of the ethnic group of a human community and referred to the data in history and linguistics etc for overall research to judge the ethnic belonging of each group to be identified. The survey conclusion and the specific titles of the nationalities were finally determined by the Central Government with the consensus of the Central Government after consultation with the representatives of these nationalities.

Ethnic identification primarily distinguished “Han nationality” and “minority”; secondly further identified 55 single “nationalities” with specific and definite titles. Although the 56 Chinese “nationalities” including the Han nationality differ from each other in population size, economic and social development level, the Chinese government uniformly adopts the concept of “nationality” to designate them to show the uniform attitude to each nationality.

Then, that is the meaning of “minority” in the Chinese context?

Briefly, the so-called “minority” is firstly the community of people not believing or thought to be not the “Han people (Han nationality)”; secondly, there is textural research of the origin as non Han people or/and their features such as languages and religions etc are different from the Han nationality. The nationalities besides the community of Han nationality although have the names or other names accepted by the members of this nationality and the names of the nationalities have been affirmed by the Central Government to be statutory names, however the population of Han takes up more than 90% of the total population nationwide while all the nationalities besides the Han nationality take up less than 10% of the total population nationwide, other nationalities no matter as individuals or as a whole consequently compared with the Han nationality are customarily called “minority”. This concept does not indicate and discrimination or inequality but a title in a broad sense established by usage to refer to other nationalities besides the Han nationality.

51 2.3.2 Identification of Ethnic Groups along the Line of the Project and the Meaning of “Minorities”

Mongol, Hui and Manchu nationalities once had sharp-cut ethnic features, clear ethnic awareness and ethnic belonging, playing actively on the political stage of modern China.

Since ancient times, the Mongolian People is a nomadic people lived on the broad grassland, have distinctive cultural and colorful national customs. The animal husbandry is the main industry for their survival and development, and they are called as the “nation on horseback”. The Mongolian People has unified the whole China and established Yuan Dynasty in 13 century, established the first provincial autonomous local government that is Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region on May 1, 1947. China has a Mongolia population of 5.81 million at present, among which 4.0292 live in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. The Mongolian People who live in areas along the project railway for generations have lived together with local Han people who conduct farm work and began to conduct agriculture, therefore, their nomadic production and living habits have basically vanished. Since the clear historical sources and ethnic memories, they have been identified as Mongolian People since the early time of national identification in New China.

Hui nation is the abbreviation of Hui Hui nation, and their ancestors are mainly the “Hui Hui” people that moved in 13 century after the Mongolian people’s three western expeditions, as well as Muslin “foreign guests” who lived in southeast China coast in Tang and Song Dynasty. In the long historical progress, they have absorbed the Han, Mongolian and Uyghur people’s national traits and some living customs through many factors such as intermarriage, gradually formed the Hui Hui nation. According to the fifth national census statistics in 2000, the total population of Hui people is 9.82 million. They are distributed broadly in all parts in China, and form the inhabiting characteristics of “large scattered and small centralized”. The Hui people are mainly living together with Han people in the inner land, and local minority groups in borderlands, most of which are on the land or water

52 transportation arteries, thus the economy and culture are relatively flourished. Chinese is the common language for Hui people, and in daily communication and religious activities, the Hui people have reserved some Arabic and Farsi vocabularies. In the borderland areas, some Hui people can also speak the language of local minority groups. The Hui people in along the project railway are people successively settled for business and seeking of opportunities for survival in different historical periods. They still keep the traditional livelihood feature of combination of business, slaughter, transport goods for sale and agriculture. Though they have gone native and adapted the local production and living habits, familiar with the local language, they always live and form small inhibition around the mosque to keep the religion belief. In the intermarriage and other social communication, they also keep close relationship within the nation. The Hui people’s uniqueness on religious belief and some living customs has always been witnessed by other nations in the nearby places, and their nationality has been identified in the national identification in New China.

The Manchu is the minority nation that lives in northeast China. After the Man government was established in the Central Plain, a great number of Man people also moved in areas inside Sanhaiguan Pass and were assigned by Qing Government to station in crucial strategic places. Since area along the project railway has always been the important strategic agriculture-animal husbandry interface for long time, it was also key region that the Eight Qi troop stationed. This is the main source for the Man people along the railway. With the breakdown of Qing Government, some Man people that stationed in the area have registered in local places, conducted farm works and blended into the local Han people. In the national identification conducted in New China, some Man people chose to keep their nationalities, while others chose to give up their Manchuality and totally blend with the Han people.

The identifications of Mongolian People, Hui people and Man people are clear. As mentioned above, since they are not Han people, they are usually called as the “minority groups”. There are a few of Mongolian People, Hui people and Man people in the project area, and most of them are scattered in villages or communities with Han people as the majority. None of them has formed a sole national inhibition. See the annex for details.

53 2.4 Policies and Regulations towards Chinese Nationalities

The economic development of the area where the Chinese minorities comparatively inhabit together is relatively backward for complicated reasons such as restrictions of natural geological conditions, low starting point and weak foundation etc; in addition, they compose only a little part in the population of the whole country, they are easy to be peripheries in politics and social life. With the purpose to ensure their equal standing with the Han nationality in legislation, politics, economy and social life, the Chinese Government after the foundation of the New China formulated a series of special policies, laws and regulations for the minorities and the regions where they comparatively lived together to provide reliable political and legal guarantee and administrative frameworks for the minorities to completely enjoy the equal rights granted by the state and help the minorities develop faster. These policies achieved world spotlight in the practice of more than half a century. The currently prevailing system of laws and regulations are composed by three parts, namely, the Constitution, the Law of Regional National Autonomy and laws and regulations formulated by the authorities and the legislative body of the national autonomous regions in accordance with related laws, regulations of the Central Government and in combination of the reality of this area.

The Constitution and the Law of Regional National Autonomy grant the Chinese minority and the national autonomous areas the following rights:

(1) The positions as administrative chief of the national autonomous areas must be taken by the local minorities. The administrative chief of multinational autonomous areas should be arranged in the sequence of the names of the nationality or the number of the population of this area.

(2) The national autonomous areas enjoy favorable treatment of the Central Government in administrative capital, development fund, construction projects, poverty-alleviation funds and other economic subsidies.

(3) Educational and medical organs of national autonomous areas can apply to the local minority committee for capital assistance. The children of minorities enjoy favorable policy in enrollment mark for higher education. The local citizens encountering special difficulties in education and medical care can apply to the local minority committee for subsidies.

(4) The governments of national autonomous areas have the rights and liabilities to promote the languages of local nationalities. The citizens of minorities have the rights to adhere to the religious beliefs and use the languages of their own ethnic groups. The rights to use languages and characters of their own in the lawsuits are best implemented.

54 (5) The rights of minority citizens in marriage age, family planning, languages, religious beliefs and customs including festivals and holidays of their own ethnic groups are most concrete.

In addition, the Chinese Government attaches tremendous importance to protecting the interests of the minority living scattered, issuing the Decision to Protect All Minorities Living Scattered to Share Rights as Equal Nationalities in 1952, making regulations in the policies and regulations such as the Law of National Autonomous Area etc to protect the minorities living scattered. In 1993, with the view of further enhancing the protection of the rights and interests of the minorities living scattered, the State Council of China authorized the National Ethnic Affairs Commission to release the Administration Rules in Ethnic Towns and the Rules of Urban Ethnic Affairs .

The Mongolian People is one of the five great minority autonomous regions, established in 1947, is the earliest national autonomous place in New China. The Mongolian People have the autonomy in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region according to law. Related regulations on national autonomy in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region also include the Work Rules in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region issued in the 12th meeting of the 11th Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region on November 26, 2004. It has made clear regulations on the normalization, standardization of Mongolian language and the systematism of learning and using of Mongolian according to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China , The Law of the People's Republic of China on Regional National Autonomy and other related laws and regulations in combination with the local reality.

The minority groups along the project railway are main Mongolian people, Hui People and Man people, since the population is small and they live scattered, there is no condition for the establishment of autonomous places or national town. Therefore, they do not have the national collective right that the autonomous subject in autonomous places has, but they have full other rights that the State policies and laws endowed to the individual member of minority groups.

2.5 Definition of “Minorities” in the Policies of the World Bank

55 The World Bank is always laying significance on the social benefits of the investment projects, giving special priorities to protecting the benefits of the citizens especially the minorities and other vulnerable groups affected by this project and specially working out the OP4.10 of the policies of the World Bank (the minority) which fails to give a clear and uniform definition of “minority” based on the complexity of the situation of the “minority” in the third world countries. In this policy, the word “minority” is used in a general sense, that is to say, the unique and vulnerable social and cultural groups. It has the following characteristics to different extents as follows:

(A) Identifying themselves as members of a certain unique cultural group of the minority and being identified by others in this way;

(B) Collectively depending on the living communities or the realms handed down from the ancestors boasting unique geological features in this project and relying on the natural resources of these living communities and realms;

(C) Boasting traditional cultural, economic, social or political systems different from mainstream society and culture;

(D) Boasting languages of the minorities distinctive from the official languages of this country or this region.

If a certain group loses “the living communities or realms handed down from ancestors boasting unique geological features in this project area they collectively depended on [para.4 (b)]” due to “mandatory segregation”, then they are fit for the regulation of this policy. Affirmation whether a certain group belongs to the “minority” referred to in this policy might need the ideas of the experts (see para.8).

In accordance with the above-said statement, the “minorities” concerned in the policy of the World Bank is featured by three aspects: One, subjective recognition, that is to say, the "minorities" should have the awareness of ethnic groups of their own to distinguish themselves from the principal nationality and other people/ethnic groups of their country or regions also recognize this distinction; Two, objective difference, that is to say, the “minority” must have their own traditional cultural, economic, social or political systems different from the mainstream society and culture in addition to unique unofficial languages; Three, the “minority” must collectively depend on the living communities or realms handed down from ancestors with unique geological features and their natural resources, which is the basis for them to maintain their traditional cultural, economic, social and political systems, touching and occupying of which will make it easier for the minorities to lose the base to keep the particularity.

2.6 Comparison of “Minority” under Two Different Policy Frameworks of China and the World Bank

56 There is common ground in the policies of China and the World Bank in affirming the minority. That is to say, the identity of the minorities should be principally a subjective affirmation which is not the unilateral assertion of the minorities but the identification of other social members at the same time. Nevertheless, there are some significant differences in the two:

(1) “Minority” in the policy of the World Bank has an objective and fundamental distinctive feature, namely, they are the unique social and cultural group boasting traditional cultural, economic, social or political systems differing from the mainstream society and culture. Obviously, the distinctive feature it stresses is the current reality and fact. Nevertheless, the minority called in this way might be for the reason that they still objectively keep social and cultural characteristics to different degrees, for instance, the Korean nationality; another reason is that they have once had their unique social culture and textual researches can be found concerning these features by means of historic bibliography, cultural relics and folk data passed on by word of mouth etc which have been inconspicuous in reality and even almost completely disappeared, such as the Manchu nationality and the Hui nationality. In brief, the “minorities” concerned by the policy of the World Bank is based on these realistic characteristics, highlighting its special situation and the necessity and possibility to protect these unique social cultures. Nonetheless, the "minorities" affirmed by China take roots in historic facts and national awareness. They are the identity clearly approved by national laws and can continue for generations, having no necessary connection with the practical circumstances of the collective and individual minorities.

(2) The policy of the World Bank stresses the vulnerability of the “minority” which might result from their few number and different economic, social, social systems and languages (characters) from the mainstream society. On the one hand, it is difficult for them to share various opportunities from the mainstream society. On the other hand, it is easy for them to be assimilated by the mainstream society and culture. For this reason, vulnerability and fragility are shown in keeping their own characteristics and the ability to acquire development opportunities. However, the minority in China have the representatives on behalf of the nationality in every aspect of national political life in accordance with the Constitution and the National Regional Autonomy Act . National regional autonomy is ordinarily implemented in the provinces, prefectures, counties (banners) and towns where they relatively live together develop their economy and culture according to their will and acquire preferential policies and fiscal support from the governments of higher levels and the state. Consequently, no matter in the political, economic and social life of the state or the local areas, the Chinese minority is not bound to being vulnerable groups.

(3) The Policies of the World Bank emphasize that the “minorities” collectively depend on the living communities or the realms with unique geological features or handed down from the ancestors and their natural resources. In

57 other words, the minorities live together in the living communities or the realms with unique geological features or handed down from the ancestors and depend on the natural resources to make a living and live together, resulting in maintaining their unique traditional cultural social, economic or political systems. In China, the minorities, the Han nationality and the minority themselves have not only naturally developed the distribution pattern of “living together and in compact community” in the provinces, prefectures, counties (flags) and towns of different levels and scopes in the realms of the state but also rarely live independently as a singular nationality or ethnic groups. Even in most villages, different ethnic groups always live together. Landlord (Individual) ownership of basic means of production such as land etc had been implemented in the areas where most Chinese minorities inhabited at latest in the Qing Dynasty, with only part of waste mountains, slopes, rivers, lakes and forest land as water sources and some areas prohibited from development for being regarded as holy mountains of holy water belonging to the collective of the village communities. In the 1950s, the territorial resources were in the possession of the state and the collective. The land was in the possession of the collective and its power of operation was also once dominated by the collective of the village community, which were not handed over to the peasant households in the mode of contract until the 1980s (see detailed statement in next chapter). That is to say, the Chinese minorities had not possessed the land of the collective units as individual nationalities or ethnic groups or used the natural resources in the living areas for more than one century.

(4) The policies of the World Bank also points out that the “minority” always “have the languages of their own nationalities different from that of the country or the official languages of the local place”. Besides, using unofficial languages is not the past fact but the present situation of language used. This language situation has complicated significance, indicating not only that the language of minorities is an important tool for communications between the members of the minorities, the important bond to maintain identification and the important carrier of ethnic cultures and therefore the important content needing the common life of the minorities to maintain and carry forward traditional cultures but also that due to dependence on ethnic languages, most or part of the minorities lack the opportunities to study and use official languages, it is difficult for them to successfully communicate with the mainstream society and there is lingual barrier to maintain the rights to be informed and the rights of participation which makes the interdependence between the members of the minorities enhanced. When they are faced with the external world especially the mainstream society, their vulnerability appears. In China, whether owning the language of minority is different from the official languages of the state and the local places is a basis to identify the minorities. It is not the prerequisite and unnecessarily the present fact. For instance, the Manchu nationality and the Hui nationality of this project area have already had no languages (characters) of their own; although the Mongol nationality has its own ethnic language and characters, the language and characters are not

58 used basically, and in particular, the young people could not speak their own language at all.

2.7 Conclusion

In conclusion, the “minority” concerned by the World Bank and the counterparts in China have many vital differences. The “minority” in the policy framework in China is broader than that in the counterpart of the World Bank and many Chinese minorities do not boast the features concerned in the policies of the World Bank. For this part, we cannot believe that the policies of minorities of the World Bank are popularly suitable for the Chinese minorities. In -depth survey and analytic demonstration are needed to make sure which minorities in China or which specific ethnic minorities tally with the requirements of the policy OP.4.10 of the World Bank.

Specifically as to the minorities such as the Mongol, Manchu and Hui nationality along the line of this project, they not only clearly tally with the characteristics of the World Bank policy of “identifying as the member of a unique ethnic cultural group by themselves and by others”. Therefore, obviously they do not belong to the “minorities” defined in the OP4.10 of the World Bank.

59 3. Land System

3.1 Basic State Land System

The basic land system of China is mainly embodied in the Land Administration Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereafter referred to as the Land Administration Law ). The Land administration Law was compiled and published for implementation in June, 1986 and revised three times in 1988, 1998 and 2004 until now. The latest version of the Land Administration Law (2004 version) clearly specifies:

Article2 The People’s Republic of China resorts to a socialist public ownership i.e. an ownership by the whole people and ownerships by collectives, of land.

In ownership by the whole people, the State Council is empowered to be on behalf of the State to administer the land owned by the State.

No unit or individual is allowed to occupy, trade or illegally transfer land by other means. Land-use right may be transferred by law.

The State may requisition land owned by collectives according to law on public interests and pay compensation accordingly.

The State introduces the system of compensated use of land owned by the State e xcept the land has been allocated for use by the State according to law.

Article3 To cherish and give a rational use to the land as well as to give a true protection to the cultivated land are seen as a basic principle of land use in the country. The people’s governments at all levels should manage to make an overall plan for the use of land to strictly administer, protect and develop land resources and stop any illegal occupation of land.

Article4 The State is to place a strict control on the usages of land.

The State shall compile general plans to set usages of land including those of farm or construction use or unused. A strict control is to place on the turning of land for farm use to that for construction use to control the total amount of land for construction use and exercise a special protection on cultivated land.

“Land for farm use” refers to land directly used for agricultural production, including cultivated land, wooded land, grassland, land for farmland water conservancy and water surfaces for breeding; “land for construction use” refers to land on which buildings and structures are put up, including land for urban

60 and rural housing and public facilities, land for industrial and mining use, land for building communications and water conservancy facilities, land for tourism and land for building military installations. The term “land unused” refers to land other than that for agricultural and construction uses.

Land should be used strictly in line with the purposes of land use defined in the general plan for the utilization of the land whether by units or individuals.

Article5 The land administrative department of the State Council shall be unifiedly responsible for the administration and supervision of land in the whole country.

The setup and functions of land administrative departments of people’s governments at and above the county level shall be decided by the people’s governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities according to the relevant provisions of the State Council.

Article8 Land in urban districts shall be owned by the State.

Land in the rural areas and suburban areas, except otherwise provided for by the State, shall be collectively owned by peasants including land for building houses, land and hills allowed to be retained by peasants.

Article9 Land owned by the State and land collectively owned by peasants may be allocated to be used by units or individuals according to law. Units or individuals using land shall be responsible for the protection, management and a rational use of the land.

Article10 In lands collectively owned by peasants those have been allocated to villagers for collective ownership according to law shall be operated and managed by village collective economic organizations or villagers’ committee and those have allocated to two or more peasants collective economic organizations of a village, shall be operated and managed jointly by the collective economic organizations of the village or villagers’ groups; and those have allocated to township (town) peasant collectives shall be operated and managed by the rural collective economic organizations of the township (town).

Article11 People’s government at the county level shall register and put on record lands collectively owned by peasants and issue certificates to certify the ownership concerned.

People’s government at the county level shall register and put on record the use of land collectively owned by peasants for non-agricultural construction and issue certificates to certify the right to use the land for construction purposes.

61 People’s government at the country level shall register and put on record uses of land owned by the State by units or individuals and issue certificates to certify the right of use. The State Council shall designate specific units to register and put on record State-owned land used by central government organs.

Certifications of ownership or use right of wooded land and grassland and the uses or of water surface and beachland for breeding purpose shall be managed according to related provisions of the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China , the Grassland Law of the People’s Republic of China and the Fisheries Law of the People’s Republic of China .

Article12 Changes of owners and usages of land, should go through the lan d alteration registration procedures.

Article13 The ownership and use right of land registered according to law shall be protected by law and no unit or individual is eligible to infringe upon it.

Article14 Land collectively owned by peasant shall be contracted out to members of the collective economic organizations for use in crop farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries production under a term of 30 years. The contractees should sign a contract with the correspondent contractor to define each other’s rights and obligations. Peasants who have contracted land for operation are obliged to use the land rationally according to the purposes agreed upon in the contracts. The right of operation of land contracted by peasants shall be protected by law.

Within the validity term of a contract, the adjustment of land contracted by individual contractors should get the consent from over two-thirds majority vote of the villagers’ congress or over two-thirds of villagers’ representatives and then be submitted to agricultural administrative departments of the township (town) people’s government and county level people’s government for approval.

Article15 Land owned by the State may be contracted out to units or individuals for farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries operations. Land collectively owned by peasants may be contracted out to units or individuals who are not belonging to the corresponding collectives for farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fisheries operations. The contractees and contractors should sign land use contracts to define each other’s rights and obligations. The contracted term for operation is to be agreed upon in the land use contracts. Contractors for the land operation are obliged to protect and use the land rationally according to the usages specified in the contracts.

62 Whereas a land collectively owned by peasant is contracted out for operation to ones not belonging to the corresponding collective organizations, a consent should be got from the over two-thirds majority vote of the villagers’ congress or over two-thirds of the villagers’ representatives with the resulted contract being submitted to the township (town) people’s government for approval.

Article16 Disputes arising from the ownership or use right of land shall be settled through consultation among parties concerned; should consultation fails, the disputes should be handled by people’s governments.

Disputes among units shall be handled by the people’s government at and above the county level; disputes among individuals or between individuals and units shall be handled by township level people’s government or people’s governments at the county level or above.

Whereas parties concerned refuse to accept the decisions by related people’s government the dispute may be brought before the people’s court within 30 days after the notification on the decision is received.

No party shall change the status quo of the land before the disputes over owners hip and use right are settled.

3.2 Rural Land System

The rural land system of China is clearly specified in the Land Administration Law -the rural land resource is owned by collectives. The ownership of rural lands belongs to rural collectives, but the land-use right was transited to individual farmer through remuneration linked output around 1980, the government of the people’s republic of China protects the long term legitimate occupation of land-use right of farms through legislation. The Law of the People's Republic of China on Land Contract in Rural Areas (implemented from March, 1 st , 2003) specifies:

Article4 The State protects, in accordance with law, the long-term stability of the relationship of land contract in rural areas.

Article9 The State protects the legitimate rights and interests of the owners of the collective land and the right of the contractors to land contractual management, which no organizations and individuals may infringe upon.

Article10 The State protects the circulation of the right to land contractual management, which is effected according to law, on a voluntary basis and with compensation.

63 Article20 The term of contract for cultivated land is 30 years. The term of contract for grassland ranges from 30 to 50 years. The term of contract for wooded land varies from 30 to 70 years; the term of contract for wooded land with special trees may, upon approval by the competent administrative department for forestry under the State Council, be longer.

Article24 Article 24 After a contract goes into effect, the contractee may neither modify nor revoke the contract due to the change of the representative for the contractee or the responsible person concerned, or due to the split or merger of the collective economic organization.

Article26 During the term of contract，the contractee may not take back the contracted land.

Article27 During the term of contract, the contractee may not readjust the contracted land.

Article32 The right to land contractual management obtained through household contract may, according to law, be circulated by subcontracting, leasing, exchanging, transferring or other means.

Article42 For the purpose of developing the agricultural economy, the contractors may, of their own free will, jointly pool their rights to land contractual management as shares to engage in cooperative agricultural production.

3.3 Land system in the project area

According to related laws and in combination with the reality of the autonomous region, the 19th meeting of the 9th Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region has issued the Implementation Method of The Land Administration Law of the People's Republic of China in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region on October 15, 2000. It has made regulations on the ownership and right of use of lands, protection of farmland, grassland and forestland, construction land use and the supervision and inspection of land etc. For example:

Article4 “the Autonomous Region implements the system of paid-for use for land in accordance with law except the land has been allocated for use by the State within the scope of laws and regulations. The Autonomous Region implements principle of marketization of the extent of land resources according to socialist market demands, normalizes the circulation of land

64 resources and assets according to law, promotes the formation and development of land resources market.”

Article5 “the Land Administrative Department of People’s Government of the Autonomous Region takes full charge of the management and supervision work of land in the whole region. The local administrative departments of Ming, cities with subordinate districts, Banner and County take full charge of the management and supervision work of land in the whole region.”

Article20 “the People’s Government at all levels shall strictly implement the overall land use plan, strictly control the non-agricultural construction land use of farmland, grassland and forestland.”

Meanwhile, the 6th meeting of the 9th Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region has issued the Basic Grassland Protection Regulations in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region on November 27, 1998. The 12th meeting of the 10th Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region modified the Basic Grassland Protection Regulations in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region on November 26, 2004. It has clear regulations on the ownership, the use plan, construction and protection of grassland, as well as supervision and management etc. On May 31, 2007, the 28 meeting of the 10th Standing Committee of the People's Congress of Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region issued the Wetland Protection Regulations in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region . The Construction Land Replacement Measures in Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region was issued on March 1, 2008. All these laws and regulations have reaffirmed and refined related national policies and regulations.

3.4 Conclusion

Through carefully reviewing the existing laws document concerning land system of China, we can find that China unifiedly implements a socialist public ownership without lands handed down from ancestor or the land and other resources owned by some nationalities or group of population. Rural land is owned by collectives of village community, where there single nationality or group of population settled, the ownership of collective is coincided with that of group of population, but later is only the appearance and the form, that the ownership of collective and the right of operation is long term contracted by individuals according to law are the fact. In addition, the nationality distraction in China has the characteristics of “Different nationalities live together in whole country, but some nationality resides centralizedly in partial area”, in most township (town) and administrative village, natural village, multi-nationality lives together, thus, the land and natural resource owned by

65 collectives are shared by member of villager community, without exclusiveness of nationality or group of population.

Seen from on-site surveys, a large proportion of young labor forces in the project area went out for working in recent years, and monetary income of most of families depended on labor force export. Moreover, many families moved away from the region after working outside for a period of time, causing that the permanent residents in many villages along the line only occounted for about 60% of the Hukou (ID) population. Along with labor force export and moving out of population, relatively poor lands in some villages were not cultivated at all, and some fertile lands were given to relatives or friends for free or cultivated by villagers freely. Even if there were some families let off their land, but the rent fees were extremely low. Under the current national policy framework, land is owned by the collective and the individual just have contracting right, no free land trade allowed, only transition of land use right allowed. There are a very few transition of land resources usage right in the project area.

66 4.Ethnic Minorities

4.1 Ethnic Minorities Profiling

4.1.1 Ethnic Minorities Profiling in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, founded in 1947, is a multi-ethnic autonomous area with Mongols remaining dominant. At the end of 2004, the region has a population of 23.8485 million people. The permanent residents include Mongols, the Han people, Manchu, the Hui people, Daur, Evenki, Oroqen and other 42 minorities. The Han nationality occupies 78% of the total people in the region, having 18.7294 million people; the minorities occupy 21%, having 5.1141 million people. And among minorities, 4.1704 million people are Mongols and the rest of 943.3 thousand people are other minorities.

The whole region has 3 autonomous qi, Oroqin Autonomous Banner (founded in December, 1950), Evenk Autonomous Banner (founded on August 1, 1958) and Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner (founded on August 15, 1958), and 18 townships. The minorities in the region have a big proportion and are widely distributed, mainly in mountain areas, semi-mountain areas, grasslands and pasturing areas, and border areas. 4.1.2 Ethnic Minorities Profiling along the Project

Ulan Qab is in the central Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region with 11 qi, counties and districts in total, including 1 district, 5 counties and 4 qi, governing 1 county-level city and the administrative committee of one industrial park on behalf of another. The city is an area inhabited by ethnic groups with Mongols remaining dominant and more Han people, covering an area of 54.5 thousand square kilometers and having a population of 2.87 million people, among which 63.4 thousand people are Mongols, 2.32% of the total population, mainly distributed in Chahar Right Back Banner and Siziwang Banner. Other minorities have a population of more than 60 thousand people, 2.21% of the total population, and over 20 nationalities, including the Hui, Daur, Mongols, Evenki, the Miao, the Tibetan, Monguor and Uygur.

Zhangjiakou has jurisdiction over 4 districts, 13 counties, 2 directorial areas, 1 hi-tech development zone and 1 industry gathering zone, covering an area of 37 thousand square kilometers and having a population of 4.6 million people. 26 minorities inhabit in the city and occupy 1.64% of the total population, including the Han, the Hui, Manchu, Mongols, the Zhuang, the Korea Chinese, the Tibetan, the Miao and Uygur.

67 The population profile of nationalities along the project has been described in the table of Chapter II (see table 2-1). The details of the distribution of minorities in the 195 villages within 5 kilometers away from the lines of the project see attached table, the Screening Table (Summary Sheet) for the Minorities along the New Zhangjiakou- Hohhot Express Railway Project , so it is unnecessary to give more details.

4.2 Rural Resources and People Livelihood in Project Area

4.2.1 General Condition of Resources

IInner Mongolia Autonomous Region Resource Survey

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region starts from Argun River in the northeast border to China, inclines to the south, stretches to the northern edge of Gansu Province, extends across the Northeast, the North China and the Northwest, borders on the Heilongjiang River, Jilin Province and Liaoning Province on the east, adjoins Gansu Province and Ningxia on the west, abuts Hebei Province, Shanxi Province and Shaanxi Province on the south, and borders on Mongolia and Russia on the north. The linear distance is 2,400 kilometers from the east to the west, and the span is 1,700 kilometers from the south to the north. The region covers an area of 1.183 million square kilometers, 12.3% of the country's total area, ranking the third place in the country's provinces, cities and autonomous regions. The whole region mainly is a plateau landform with most areas’ elevation of over 1,000 meters and the temperate continental monsoon climate remaining dominant. The Inner ranks the second place in China’s 4 great plateaus, stretching over 3,000 kilometers from northeast to southwest, covering 2/3 area of Inner Mongolia, thus the main landform of Inner Mongolia is plateau. The region is dotted with thousands of rivers and lakes, mainly including the Yellow River, Argun River, the Nen River and Xiliao River, the four river system.

Now Inner Mongolia has 15 large coal fields with reserves of 1 billion tons, and 6 coal fields with reserves of 10 billion tons. The region has plenty reserves of oil and gas, and 13 major oil and gas fields are explored. It is estimated that the total oil resources were 203 billion tons and the most future reserves of gas could be 1 trillion cubic meters. The main part of the world-level Shan-Gan-Ning Oil and Gas Field is in Ordos Basin of Inner Mongolia. The explored REO (rare earth oxide) reserves occupy over 90% of the country’s total reserves and the explored Be (beryllium), Ta (tantalum) and Co (cobalt) reserves rank the first and second place in the world. And some mineral resources in the region come to the top in

68 China, including black metal, non-ferrous metals, precious metals, building materials, other non-metals and industrial chemicals. In addition, the forest area of Inner Mongolia ranks the first place in the whole country. In 2009, the total output value of the whole region was RMB 972.58 billion Yuan, increasing by 16.9%; the general financial revenue was RMB 137.81 billion Yuan, increasing by 24.5%; the per-capita disposable income of urban residents was RMB 15,849 Yuan and the per-capita net income of herdsman was RMB 4,938 Yuan, increasing by 9.8% and 6.1%. 2

II Ulan Qab Resource Survey

Ulan Qab is located in the central region of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, consisted of Mongolian Plateau, Wulanchabu Hills, Yangshan Mountain range and Loess Hills from the north to the south. It adjoins Hohhot on the west and Xilin Gol League on the northeast, abuts , Shangyi County and Huai’an County of Hebei Province on the east and , , County, Zuoyun County, , and Pianguan County of Shanxi Province on the south. The length of the city is 458 kilometers from east to west, the width is 442 kilometers from south to north and the boundary line is 104 kilometers in length. The city borders on Mongolia on the north. Ulan Qab is located in the mid-temperate zone and has a temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons. Due to the separation by Daqingshan Mountain in the middle, the front mountain area is warm and rainy, while the rear mountain area is windy.

Ulan Qab has an agricultural muage of 11.3 million mu, among which 2.081 million mu is irrigable land and 203 thousand mu is for fresh water aquaculture. The potato covered area is 4 million mu, 8% of the country’s total potato covered area, and the total output reaches 4 billion kilograms, 10% of the country’s total potato output. It is the one of the country’s biggest potato production base. As the Inner Mongolia’s biggest production base for various minor cereals and mixed beans, Ulan Qab has unique hulless oat, buckwheat and barley cultivation. In 2004, the total output value of farm production was RMB 4, 441, 080,000 Yuan and the per-capita net income of herdsman was RMB 2,608 Yuan, among which RMB 1,065.1 Yuan was from farm production income. Ulan Qab is a stock raising big city in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with native pasture area of 51.528 billion mu and available pasture area of 46.433 billion mu. And the pasture area covers 63% of the total city area. The potential economic value of the explored mineral resources in Ulan Qab is RMB 500 billion Yuan. In Ulan Qab, more than 80 kinds of minerals have been discovered, 478 mineral deposits, mineral occurrences and 290 associated minerals have been proved, the reserves of 37 minerals have been known and 29 minerals have been explored, and 75

2 See 2010 Report on the Work of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Government.

69 production areas have been established. The predominant minerals mainly include: graphite, copper, gold, dark jade (diabase), lime stone, bentonite, fluorite, etc. Besides, silver, aluminum, magnesium, coal, silicon, granite, marble, mirabilite, gypsum and rare earth all have good developing prospect. In 2009, RMB 50 billion Yuan, the total output value of the city, has been completed, an increase of 13.5% year on year; the local total financial income of RMB 3.007 billion Yuan has been completed, a decrease of 14.2%; the per-capita disposable income of urban residents was RMB 12,866 Yuan, an increase of 9.5%; the per- capita net income of herdsman was RMB 4,144 Yuan, an increase of 2%. 3

III Zhangjiakou Resource Survey

Zhangjiakou is located at the northwest of Hebei Province, high northwest to southeast. The city is divided by the in the middle into two physical geographical areas, Bashang and Baxia. Covering an area of 12,607 square kilometers, Bashang is typical maidan with flat landform, vast grassland, inland lakes, Gangliang, bottomland, and grass slope alternating with grass land. And Baxia covers an area of 24,393 square kilometers with complicated landform, rolling hills and hills alternating with basin valley. Zhangjiakou is an important link between Central Plains and northern Xinjiang, the eastern China and the western China with Beijing, the capital of China on the east, Datong, “Coal Capital” on the west, hinterland of the North China on the south and Inner Mongolia Prairie on the north. Since ancient times, it has been a northward town of military importance, known as “National Capital Gateway” and “North Gateway” of Beijing.

Zhangjiakou covers an area of 55.29 million mu and its per capita land area and per capita agricultural muage are above the national and provincial average level. Having more than 90 minerals, Zhangjiakou’s mineral reserves of coal, iron, gold, lead and zinc rank the forefront of Hebei Province; also it has various non- metal minerals with considerable reserves and widely distributed, including zeolite, graphite, limestone, marble, diatomaceous earth, etc., whose reserves rank the forefront of Hebei Province. 4.2.2 Resource Survey along the Project

According to the actual situation of the areas along the project, the editorial party collected the land resource data and divided the land into three types which are irrigable land, dry land and other land (mainly including forest land, land leasing, meadow, etc.). Based on the surveying data concerned with the administrative villages and farmers along the project, the rural residents’ possession on the land resources as provided below:

3 See 2010 Report on the Work of the Ulan Qab Government.

70 Table 4-1 Zhangjiakou-Hohhot Railway Editorial Data of households —————— land possession (unit of land area: mu) Item Irrigable Land Dry Land Other Land

Total 581.70 488.10 9.90 Number of 31 20 3 Households Provided Data Per Household 18.76 24.00 3.30

In the survey, two reasons were responsible for the inaccurate cultivated land data in some questionnaires and interviews; one was that almost all the youngsters were working outside, only leaving the old people at home; the other was that the old people who attended forums and took household survey were unclear of the actual amount of the cultivated land their family owned due to the rural house division, land contract adjustment, etc. However, according to the obtained data, farmers living along the project own rather large land area. Table 4-1 shows that each household in the 31 households provided data of irrigable land owns 18.76 mu and each household in the 20 households provided data of dry land owns 24 mu, which are far above inland level.

In addition, just as mentioned in 3.4 of last chapter, many families living along the project went out to be workers, leaving their land cultivated by friends and relatives or being idle. Thus many lands have no owners; they can be cultivated by the farmers in the villages who have less land. Part land may need to be paid certain rent, but usually very low, so the rural residents living along the project own more land areas, the condition of owning less land barely exists. In terms of suburb residents and ecological migrant village residents, and several villages endured many times of land acquisition and removing, it is another matter. In all, the situation of difficulties in livelihood caused by less cultivated land barely exists and the basic reason is that the income from the land cultivation is no longer the main source of livelihood for the rural residents living along the project.

4.3 Resident Livelihood along the Project

The areas along the project are eastern Hohhot, south-central Ulan Qab and Zhangjiakou, and the important area of wars between people of Central Plains and north nomad in history, connecting culture of Central Plains and north grasslands. For a long time, the Han people and nomads have been living here.

71 Especially since the mid-late Qing dynasty, a great number of Han people came to ethnic areas outside the Great Wall from Shanxi, north Shaanxi and nearby areas to do business or make a living which lead to the living style of farming and animal husbandry with agriculture remaining dominant in current days.

From the survey, we can see that the traditional livelihood of rural residents of various nationalities living along the project is plantation, the farm crops mainly including corn, potato, wheat, broad bean, flax, etc. which are mainly the food for farmers and fodder for livestock and poultry, and the remaining are for sell. According to our observation and knowledge, usually the residents living along the project transformed their yards to vegetable gardens, planting eggplant, tomato, chili and other vegetables. Potato is the most popular crop there, for instance, Ulan Qab is one of the country’s biggest potato production bases, having potato covered area of 4 million mu, 8% of the whole country’s potato covered area. Many farmers living along the project also raise cow, cattle, pig, yellow cattle, sheep and poultry, but in a small scale, and the income from the farming is not their main source of income. There are three reasons to explain the underdevelopment of farming, one is that most of the residents living along the project are the Han people migrated from the inland, who are emphasizing on plantation, not farming; the second reason is that the enlarged cultivated land along the project leads to the vast reduction and degradation of native pasture area and restricts the development of scale farming; the last reason is that in recently years, because a great number of workers have been required in large and inland medium-sized cities and coastal areas, lots of young and middle-aged people have been coming out for jobs which relieved the tension between the area’s population and cultivated land, and it is difficult for the old people left at home to engage in large-scale farming. In short, the rural residents’ livelihood has changed from traditional equal plantation and farming to export of labor service as priority and main cash income with plantation as supplement. At present, the annual average net income of farmers living along the project is about RMB 4,000 Yuan.

The labor export is basically in two ways: one is the perennial labor export which is taking young adults as main body, whose destination is generally outside the country/province, they are all year working outside the home except spring Festival or special circumstances, this is the main form of local labor export. As for labor export within the territory of China, the per capita monthly salary ranges from CNY 1500 to 5000 and the average is about CNY 2500. The result is that only children and old persons are left at the home and the group engaged in agriculture is old aged, which has negative impact on structural adjustment of agricultural industry and improvement of quality of the group engaged in agriculture, the crop farming follows the traditional management pattern, even becomes extensification due to the shortage of labors. And the other one is the seasonal labor export within small radius which is taking middle aged people as main body, according to the investigation, due to most of villages along the line are distributed in surround area of county town, along with the rapid growth of

72 consumption and service industry in small and medium-sized cities stimulated by the increase of labor income of tourism in surround area of Yanbian area, foreign investment as well as labor export. In recent years, the small radium labor export within county city or prefecture border also comprise a certain proportion in part villages, this part of labor export include part of young people, but middle aged person still serves as main body. Most young people choose to go out perennially, middle-aged people are mainly using slack season to go out for primarily doing odd-jobs, with per capita monthly income of about CNY 1500.

Agricultural seasons in rural villages are illustrated below (according to Julian calendar) ，

Early March: ploughing and tilling (leveling the ploughed lands for planting seeds), 10-15 days;

Late March-early April: planting seeds (corn, potato) ;

Middle and late part of May: hoeing and land management;

June-early August: slack season, part-time job;

Middle part of August-September: harvest;

October-early March next year: winter slack and part-time job.

[Case 1] [Xinghe County Chengguan Town] The whole town’s population is 100 thousand people, about one third of the county’s total population (300 thousand people), among which 68 thousand people are rural residents and about 3,000 are ethic people, the natives are mainly the Hui people and Mongols. The whole town has 25 village committees. In 2009, the rural per capital net income was RMB 3,200 Yuan. The sources of farmers’ income mainly include plantation, farming and export of labor service. People from some village can take the advantage of being close to the county town to run small shops and sale stalls or driver vehicles. Because the export of labor service is the main source of family income, the permanent resident population only accounts for half of the registered population in the whole town’s population. Young people under 45 years old can barely found. The locals always come to Beijing, Hohhot, Baotou, Jining, Datong and other places for jobs.

The whole town’s cultivated land covers an area of 210 thousand mu, among which 20 thousand is irrigated land, over 1,000 mu is vegetable field and the rest is dry land. Corn, potato and vegetable (greenhouse) are planted in irrigated land, while corn, hulless oat, buckwheat, flax, oil plants, millet, chestnut, etc. are planted in dry land. In recently years, some farmers also grew green Chinese onion and other commercial crop. Take potato plantation for example, in

73 irrigated land the annual production value is about RMB 2,000 Yuan (1000-1500 kilogram yield per mu, market price: RMB 0.5-1.0 Yuan) and the net output value is about RMB 1,500 Yuan; in dry land the annual production value is about RMB 1,200 Yuan (750-1000 kilogram yield per mu) and the net output value is about RMB 800 Yuan.

4.4 Social Culture and Livelihood of Mongolian People along the Project Railway

4.4.1 Profile of Mongolian People

According to the fifth national census statistics in 2000, there are 5.81 million Mongolian people in Chinese mainland, mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, the Three Northeast Provinces, Xinjiang, Hebei and Qinghai, as well as in Henan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Beijing, Yunan and other places.

The Mongolian people have lived on the prairie, and animal husbandry has been the main livelihood for Mongolian people since a long time, is the guarantee for Mongolian herdsmen’s life and the source of wealth. Since the mid-late Qing Dynasty, the central government has adopted policies to encourage the development and reclamation of lands in Mongolian Prairie area, and a large number of Han peasants and merchants who had no lands entered into the prairie area, opened the progress of agriculture in Mongolian Prairie area. After the establishment of new China, the State has explored the mineral resources in Inner Mongolia area, promoted the progress of industrialization and urbanization, produced many resource-type industrial cities and made the industry of Mongolian people more and more complex. Nowadays, people engaged in traditional animal husbandry only occupy 7.33% of the totally population in the whole region, and only about 40% of the Mongolian people are still engaged in animal husbandry. The others are usually engaged in crop production, business etc. in recent years, mote of Mongolian people in farming and stockbreeding areas, especially in farming areas go out to work, especially go to town to work, which has become their main means of livelihood.

The Mongolian diet is very distinctive, besides the most common milk, there is also edible goat’s milk, mare’s milk, deer’s milk and camel’s milk, a small part of which are served as fresh milk drinks and most are processed into milk products. The milk product is usually considered as the superior drink, if guest comes, the host will firstly offer the milk product, and if children will come, the host will also coat vrum or butter on children’s forehead to deliver blessing. The Mongolian meat mainly includes beef and mutton, and a small amount of camel meat and horsemeat. Mongolian people drink tea every day, and except the black tea, most of them have the habit of drinking milk tea. Most Mongolian people can drink

74 wine, and wines they drink are usually white wine and bear. People in some areas also drink milk wine and kumiss.

Shamanism is the ancient original religion of Mongolian people, which warships kinds of natural gods and ancestors. Genghis Khan and his successor adopted inclusive and harmonious polices on all kinds of religions. In Yuan Dynasty, Buddhism gradually replaced the position of Shanmanism in the Court, but the impact of Buddhism was only restraint in the upper ruling class and most of Mongolian people still follow Shamanism. Since then, under the support and advocate of Ming and Qing Dynasties, Tibetan Buddhism began to flourish in Mongolian area, but Shamanism also survived in east areas in forms of sacrifice, divination, healing and other activities to different degrees.

The Mongolian festival mainly includes the Spring Festival and the Ovoo Festival. In addition, there is also the Lighting Lantern Day (Zulu’s Day), Mayer’s Day etc. The Mongolian people treat the first day of spring that is the Spring Festival as “Chagan Sa day” and they also have their own unique way to celebrate the Spring Festival. Lunar May 13 is the Ovoo Festival, which is the most common sacrifice activity among Mongolian people. Ovoo is the common dune for sacrifice on prairie. A willow branch is plugged on dune to symbolize the column. The Mongolian people “pile rocks into hill” and “treat it as gods”, considering it as the manifestation of King Mountain, King Earth and Guard for nomadic people, it the typical case of original worship on Shamanism. On the day of worshipping Ovoo, people gather in places in front of the Ovoo joyfully to sacrifice, the Lama will firstly burn incense and chant sutra. After offering the offerings, people will walk and kowtow around the Ovoo for three times, with the palm of their hand upward, to pray for good fortune. After sacrificing the Ovoo, they will also hold horse race, wresting, archery, songs and dances and other entertainment activities. Therefore, sacrifice is not only a kind of religious activity, but also an opportunity for Mongolian young girls and men to express their talents, skills and conduct emotional communication. The horse race, wresting and archery are called as the “Men’s three talents”, are the masterpieces of the nation of horseback on prairie. The Nadam Meeting is the distinctive traditional activity of Chinese Mongolian people, also one form of traditional sport activities that the Mongolian people like. The morin khuur, yartovsk (Mongolia Guzheng), kopuz, harmonica, hur and kocur are traditional Mongolian instruments.

At the beginning of 13 century, the Mongolian people created their own characters. Since then, historical and literary works in kinds of forms have come out, many of which have even spread p to now. Among them, the most famous historical works are The Secret History of the Mongols , The Golden History of the Mongols and The Origin of Mongols , which are called as three historical works of the Mongolian people.

75 At present, the basic social organization of Mongolian people is mainly the Villager Committee, which is the villager autonomous organization democratically elected by the villager, is the national basic level political organization, including the main organization forms for rural residents of all nationalities including the Mongolian people along the railway to communicate with governments at all levels. In the survey, the generally reflect that the Villager Committee can represent people’s benefits, is the main channel for villagers to express their appeal for benefit to the outside world. In practical contact, we can also fell that most village officials along the railway have successively been elected as officials for many years, with relative high prestige and relative strong ability, who dare to talk and can handle affairs. 4.4.2 Mongolian people’s Means of Livelihood in the Project Area

Through field survey and consultation from related experts, we are sure that Mongolian people’s means of livelihood in the project area are completely same as that of local Han people. In the following paragraph, we will briefly describe Mongolian people’s means of livelihood with the example of Tucheng Village, Bayin Town, Chahar Front Banner, where Mongolian people are relatively centralized.

[Case 2] There are 12 villager groups, 1050 households and mover 2900 people in Tucheng Village, and about 1500 people are at home. There are basically no young adults under the age of 45 in the village, and people at age of over 50 are relatively young in the village. There are11160 mu of farmlands in the village,, among which irrigable land is about 5000 mu, most of farmlands are dry land, and mountainous land, as well as large area of grassland.

The irrigated land in the village is generally for plantation of corns and beets, and the dry land is for plantation of potatoes, flaxes and all kinds of side crops. The corn is divided into the green corn specially used as green feed and seed corn used as grain ration. The production value of corn is about RMB 500 Yuan, and production value of seed corn is about RMB 600 Yuan. The yield per mu of potatoes is about 1250kg, about RMB 700 Yuan.

There are 5 natural villager groups breeding cows in the whole village, and the other 7 villager groups are mainly engaged in plantation since there is less grassland while more farmland. The average annual net income of villager in the whole village is about RMB 3000 Yuan in 2009. The crop production was seriously reduced in 2008, 2009 and 2010 due to the spring drought. The government has given some relief materials and money, generally 3-5 bags of flour, half ton of coal and RMB 400-500 Yuan and some other relief clothes to each farming family.

76 Over 200 mu of farmland in the village including over 50 mu of irrigated lands have been acquired in the construction of Beijing-Tibet Expressway, Jining- Zhangjiakou Railway and other projects in recent years. In 2002, 3 mu of land were acquired in the construction of Beijing-Tibet Expressway G110 , all of which are dry land, and the compensation for each mu is RMB 2000 Yuan. In the land acquisition in Jining-Zhangjiakou Railway in 2006, the compensation for each mu of dry land is RMB 3000 Yuan, and RMB 6000 Yuan for each mu of irrigated land. The compensation standard in this year is RMB 10000 Yuan for each mu of irrigated land and RMB 7000 Yuan for each mu of dry land. In recent years, besides the three households in Ertaigou Village have relocated, there is no resettlement in other villager groups. While Tucheng Village is between the two traffic arteries of Beijing-Tibet Expressway and Jining-Zhangjiakou Railway, which are about 2km to each other, in parallel from east to west.

The natural village, Datouying Village in Tucheng Village is the village where Mongolian people are relatively centralized. There are 53 Han households, 210 people in the whole village, among which 41 Han households and 12 Mongolian households. The Mongolian people are the old residents in the village. Since Mongolian and Han people have lived here for long time, they intermarried with each other without discriminations. There is almost no difference between them. Nowadays, except several old residents can speak Mongolian, people under age of 50 basically cannot speak Mongolian, and they speak Chinese in daily life. They still worship Ovoo on lunar May 13 every year, and invite Lama, but when Lama speaks Mongolian, the villager basically cannot understand, and just nod their head. There is large area of grassland in Dayingtou Village, thus both Mongolian people and Han people are engaged both agriculture and animal husbandry. Due to lack of earth surface water, land degradation becomes serious, and livelihood is still mainly depends on the irrigated land and going out to work.

[Case 3] Xiaochaodai is one natural village in Chaodai Village, Yulin Town, Saihan District where Mongolian people inhabit, is the only pure Mongolian village along railway in this project, and there are 18 people in the village at present. According to introduction of Chairman Lu of Office of Yulin Town who accompanied us to conduct survey, though the village is not big, many talents were born in the village. Many villagers were working in governmental departments or institutions, and only went back to the village after they retired.

Residents in the whole Chaodai Village are mainly Han people and Mongolian people. When the new China was founded, land reform was carried out in the village. Inconsideration of the Mongolian people have the habit of grazing, in the land division, each villager could acquire a piece of ration land, and Han people and Mongolian people are same. But the Mongolian people would acquire another piece of wild grassland to facilitate them to continuously breed draught

77 animals. Due to the subsequent grassland degradation, the Mongolian people were no longer breading cows or sheep, but the tradition that each Mongolian household could acquire one more piece of land has remained. At present, the average farmland for every villager is about 2.6 mu. In recent decades, the main economic source of most households is going out to work, and people who do farm work usually plant corns, flaxes, potatoes and others. There is no difference from other nearby villages. The average income is about RMB 4000 Yuan, and no matter what crop they plant, the output of land is basically the same, which is over RMB 400 Yuan for each mu except the production cost. The income of people who go out to work is hard to calculate accurately. Some people that go to town live well, while some others may live tough life, but all of them go to town. Villagers in this village generally go to Hohhot, Baotou and other cities, work as waiter in hotel and restaurant, and some of them might work on construction site. Nowadays, villagers usually go out with the whole family, and most of those left people are usually old people who cannot move.

There is basically no difference between the mm and the Han neighbors. Both their living habits and languages are same with each other, even the crops they plant are same, and their life levels are also similar to each other. They communicate with each other without discrimination of nationalities, and only deference on friends or relatives.

There is a temple in the village, which was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and was reconstructed by the village through self-raising of funds. The villagers usually have activities on February 19, June 19 and the Spring Festival. People also come to burn incense and worship the gods at ordinary times, people from other village also come to the temple to burn incense

The infrastructure constructions in Chaodai Village have been extremely dense in recent years. Dadong-Lhasa Expressway was just completed in 2000, and the constructed Jining-Baotou Railway (Line 3 and 4) is in the north of the village, about 200m to the village. The Hohhot-Zhangjiakou Railway to be constructed in is the north of the village, about 500m to the village, which might refer to some land acquisition.

4.5 Basic Information about Hui People in the Project area

As what mentioned before, the total number of Hui people in the project area is not large, only 441, and the distribution is relatively centralized, mainly in Laijiadi Village, Malianqu Town, Jining District, Zhuozi Town, Zhuozi County, Ulan Qab and Chengguan Town, Xinghe County. Through filed survey, we make clear that only the natural village, No. 5 Tuen of East No. Village Committee,

78 Chengguan Town, Xinghe County is impacted by the resettlement in this project. In the following paragraph, we will introduce the generally situation of the Hui people with the example of this natural village.

[Case 4] No. 5 Village is one natural village of East No. 10 Village Committee where Hui people are relatively centralized. It is over 10km to the country, over 1 hour’s drive and over 2 hours’ walk. There are 31 households, 136 people have households registration in the village, and the family name includes Cai, Ma, Han, Shi and Yu. It is said that their ancestors moved from Pingliang, Gansu Province to inhabit here 2 or 3 hundred years ago. The mosque at the village head was constructed soon after they moved here.

There are over 500 mu of farmland in the village, all of which are sloping lands (hard beam ground and two-beam ground), on irrigated land, and people depends on the heaven for food. The crops they plant include corns, potatoes, naked oats, millets, wheat, oil plants etc. the yield for each mu of potatoes is about 1000 kg, corn about 300 kg and naked oats about 75-100 kg. The income of peasant is RMB 600-700 Yuan/people/year. In the several households left in the village at present, Chairman Cai’s family raises 8 sheep and 3 cows, and the other four households also raise 1-3 cows respectively. The peasants raise all these cows for the purpose of drinking milk and improving life. Chairman Cai’s family has begun to raised cows since 1992, then the other households followed to raise cows. The feeds are usually green feeds of corns planted in their own lands. They stock cows at ordinary times due to characters of large mountain field and numerous grasslands in the village.

Electricity, telephone and TV have been connected to the village, and the drinking water is drawn from well that each family dug, therefore the water supply is guaranteed. At present, one kilowatt-hour is RMB 0.71 Yuan, which has ever reached to RMB 2.4 Yuan at the highest time. There is earth road in the village, and small car and tractor are basically access to the village, but mid-large vehicles such truck, midsized cars and others cannot get into the village. When it rains or snows, it is hard for the village to contact the outside world, and the mobile phone signals are also bad. There is no doctor and pharmacy in the village, thus people who is ill shall go to hospital by him, or call the taxi to send him to hospital. People can reach the section that vehicles frequently pass after walk for 2.5 km.

Since 1980, young villages began to go out to make a living, and they mainly went to Jining, Hohhot, Datong, Baotou and other places, nowadays some of them also go to Beijing and other places. 7 households do farm work in the village, among which 3 are working in the country to support their children to learn at school at ordinary times and go back to the village to take care of their own lands at seasons of sowing and harvest. They do not live in the village, and there are only

79 4 households left to actually living in the village. The village was lively in the past when there are many people going to church and celebrating festivals in the village, but there are only old people left in the village at present, most of them are over 50. There is no people under the age of 50, and some of them only come back the village pm festivals or come back to visit their parents. The village is really desolate at ordinary times.

Though there few people in the village, people continue to go to church. Though the old mosque was abandoned since it was old and shabby, there is the newly built church, and bathhouse suitable for both children and adults. They just cannot afford the Iman since there are too few people. The villagers are also planning to ask leaders in the government of county of Town to come to visit the village, and allocate some funds to reconstruct the mosque.

The villager leader Cai Shikui, who is 67 years old, and his wife is 68 years old. They have four sons and one daughter, the oldest son 42 years old, the second 40 years old, the third 38 years old, the forth 30 years old and the fifth is a girl, who is 27 years old. All of them are married.

Though the village is small, there is still thick religion and custom of Hui people surrounding Han people and the religious activity is still important condition to keep the national traits. Another important one is the intermarriage. Taking the example of Cai’s house, the oldest son’s wife is from Hebei Province, the second son’s wife from Ulan Qab, the third son’s wife from Gansu Province, and the Forth’s wife from Chahar Right Middle Banner.

The Hohhot-Zhangjiakou Railway might pass the east of the village, about 1100m to the village, land there is mainly slopping land. All Cai’s second son, third son and forth son have lands to be acquired in the project, and the oldest son and second son of Zhongkui, who is Chairman Cai’s brother also have lands to be acquired in the project. The acquisition of these farmlands will not cause impact on their family life, one reason is that they have another lands, and the other reason is that they all make a living through going out to work, and not depends on farm works.

4.6 Relationship within One Nation and between Different Nations in the Project Area

The Mongolian people in the project area are the descendents of herdsmen who have been nomad in the south of Yinshan Mountain for generations. After the implementation of league-and-banner system in Qing Dynasty, the range of activity has gradually been fixed. Latterly, under the impact of Han people and Hui people that entered into the pasturing area, they gradually began to plant

80 crops and settle down. The Han people and Hui people were peasants moved from Shanxi Province, Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province and other places. The Man people is the descendents of the “Eight Qi” stationed troops that the Qing Government sent to be stationed in strategic locations in the interface of Zhangjiakou and the northwest farming and grazing areas. They then latterly registered in local places and became peasants. After the living together for long time, the Mongolian people, Man people and Han people have already converged together, and they intermarry and communicate with each other at ordinary times. The Hui people still keep their belief in Islamic and maintain the Muslin lifestyle of keeping promise, and these national traits are reflected in terms of focus on Muslin diets and unique religious festivals. To maintain the religious life, the small settlement around the mosque has been formed, and people live here keep to contact with the adjacent areas to maintain the intermarriage between different nations. Through the consultation of chorography of each county and Banner along the railway, we didn’t find the historical records on conflicts between the Mongolian people, Han people, Man people and Hui people. Seeing from the field survey, the local residents of all nationalities have no complaints or opinions due to their nationalities. Though the Hui people are apt to intermarriage within the nation, they also keep harmonious and friendly with the adjacent Han people, Man people and Mongolian people. There are no township leaders who mentioned that there have been national estrangements or conflicts caused by different religious belief and customers in the chanting. In the survey in Laijiadi Village, Malian Town, Jining District, we found that the local Han people respect Hui People’s religious belief and life habit, and they haven’t raised pigs for many years, will only buy a few of ports on festivals from the market. They usually buy some beef and mutton from Hui butchers at ordinary times. When we consulted the Mongolian people, Man people and Han people on Hui people’s religious belief and life habits, they also expressed that they understood the dietary taboos of Hui people, as well as their insistence on religious belief.

From the angle of comparison, there are no obvious inter-national differences in the production and operation ability and family life of Han people, Mongolian people, Man people and Hui people. There are actually some differences in the production and operation ability and living conditions between different towns, village committees and natural villages, as well as different families in one village. However, these differences are not caused by national cultural differences or national relations, but are caused by the differences in infrastructures, operation environment, structure of farmland, number of family members and personal abilities and other objective factors.

4.7 The Guarantee of the Right of Participation and Know of Minority in the Project Area

81 Through on-the-spot investigation, we find that there are many ways for residents of different nationalities in villages to receive information in the project area. The levels of district and county towns have their own special channel in closed-circuit television to broadcast circular of local government, local news and other importance information every day, due to nearly every family has a television, so all families are able to receive the information; in addition, there is a broadcasting room in every village, which broadcasts all kinds of notification and program in special time; The villages all have special newspaper column to make public village work, which is set in village hall for posting various kinds of notices, announcement and making public of finance and other village work for the village; Peasant households mostly install home phones or use mobile phone, SMS (short message service ) or telephone notification is also common way for communicating information between villagers, In addition to television, radio, newspaper column, and mobile phones, the cadres of villager committee and villager group often visit villager at home to notify the importance information to villagers, especially for elder villagers who are not familiar with modern communication methods, such as mobile phone, internet, etc. If there are important situations or matters needed to be negotiated, the villager committee, villagers group will hold villagers congress for negotiation.

In the villages that experienced the construction of highway along the line, the interviewed villagers can receive related information form the said ways; most of notices of county city or township (town) government and previous publication announcements including acreages of farm land , four boundaries of land of requisition, compensated amount, payment situation of compensation as well as information of demolished house, such as area, structure, cost evaluation, etc are still be completely posted in publication column, all of above shows that the right of know of villager of different nationality is ensured.

In the informal discussion and visiting with farmers in project area, the implementing party knows that in the past, during the forming process of compensation and resettlement scheme for land requisition and demolitions, including items involved with vital interests of villagers, such as compensate standard, compensation scope, resettlement points and selection of lands for building house, payment method of compensation, etc. the investing party, survey and design party, construction party, basic level government department and affected farms all have site negotiation system, including the arrangement of project kick-off meeting in village convened by local government, relevant parties site symposium, entering village and visit family for confirmation by signing. In negotiation processes, such as kick off meeting, symposium, signing links, etc., farmer collective or individual can put forward his appeal to the working staff of investing party, survey and design party, construction party and the local government departments; In recent years, village cadres were directly elected by villagers, who, on one hand, generally got villagers trust, with better individual management ability, social relationships and family economic conditions as well as strong responsibility and competence, and on the other hand got government subsidies wages and stayed in village hall all working time every day, with time and spirit in participating in negotiation or reflecting appeal

82 of villagers represented by villagers, all of above guaranteed the participation of villagers in project in systems and conditions.

The coordination, appealing and participation mechanism of resettlement teams targeting impacted the individual and collectives, as well as protecting the participation rights of affected groups and individuals through monitoring and evaluation are feasible, and applicable to the minority group in the project area. As Mongol, Hui, Manchu and local Han nationalities use the Chinese, no language barriers exit.

4.8 Conclusion

To sum up, the implementing party thinks that the Mongol, Hui and Manchu nationalities is confirmed as a minority in the project area in China, but they are not vulnerable groups in livelihood mean, personnel quality, local political, economic and social status, etc. Under the policy and legal gramework in China, they enjoy more favorable policies than Han, not only as an individual but also as a group. Mangol and Manchu are merging with local Han nationality, and in good relationship. The religious belief and unique customes of Hui are respected by Han, Mangol, Manchu and other nationalities and protected by national laws. Therefore, no matter Mangol and Manchu but also Hui will not receive unique negative impacts different from Han, and no fragibility is caused due to language, culture, religion and social structures. In addition, Mangol, Manchu and Hui nationalities live scattered along the line, no single nationality or ethnic group aggregation is formed in the preliminary level of administrative and natural villages or in county/district/banner and township. Therefore, they do not have features defined as “Minority” in OP4.10.

83 5. Poverty and Social Gender

5.1 Poverty Situation in the Project Area

5.1.1 General Situation

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is one of the less developed provinces in West China. There are 31 banners or counties are listed in the national poverty development plan, including Chayouqianqi, Zhuozi County and Xinghe County. According to some reports, the poor population in rural pasturing areas in Inner Mongolia reduced from 1.83 million at the end of 2001 to 0.66 million at the end of 2008, over 0.1 million persons reduced each year. The definite poverty rate was reduced from 15.2% to 7.2% 4.

Generally speaking, the project area is relatively poor in Inner Mongolia, Chayouqianqi being the national key poverty development banner, and Zhuozi County and Xinghe County being the key poverty development in Inner Mongolia. It was found out from field survey that situations were different in different towns and villages. For example, Qixiaying Town in Zhuozi County has a population of 35504 persons, over 300 persons with lower income. There are 4 villagers groups in Guojiafang village in Chaigoubao Town of Huai’an County, with a population of over 440 households, 1392 persons. In 200, the pure per capita income was about 3000 Yuan, 109 persons enjoying low guarantees, including 6 five guarantee households and the poverty rate approaching 10%. 5.1.2 Reasons of poverty and help method

The governments mainly promote new-type rural cooperative medical service, lowest life guarantee, disaster relief social guarantee measures and production support to reduce the povery in rural villages. These measures have achieved certain effects but much more work need to be done in the project area.

According to the field survey of the implementing party, there wer four reasons causing poverty along the line.

Firstly, the agricultural and pasture production mode is extensive, mainly planting traditional agricultural crops with low efficiency, insufficient irrigation facility and water source, easily impacted by spring drought. The situation of depending the heaven for food did not change at all.

Secondly, the county economy lagged behind without pillar industry, less investment on rural infrastructures. Cities and towns are lack of industrial pillar, with poor self-development capacity and no obvious radiation effect on the development of rurals.

4 “Resource network” Analysis on the Current Status of Poverty in Rural and Pasture Area in Inner Mongolia , www.Irn.cn/stratage/ressecurity/201004/t20100413_480842.htm

84 Thirdly, young and strong labor forces moved out working for living permanently, letting the childrens leave rurals become their objective of labor export, which make the back breeding impossible to agriculture and rural villages. Agricultural aging made the operational efficiency of agriculture become lower and lower.

Fourthly, due to worse production and living conditions, it is easier to get sick. The expenses of seeking medical treatment are huge which normally causes poverty, and moreover, if the major labor force in illness, there would be no income which made the economic conditions worse than before.

There are also folk salvation approaches in the villages along the line for the families with material difficulties in the same village, including the help with ploughing and harvest of the families with material difficulties given by other villagers organized by the village committee, lending money, grain or free material assistance between relatives, friends and neighbours etc. These help not only improves the relationship between villagers but also temporarily meets the crying needs of the families with material difficulties to some extent. But it could not solve the problem basically due to an overall economic situation. 5.2 Relevance of Poverty-stricken Nationalities

The necessary relevance between poverty and minorities does not exist in the project area.

Integrally, there is no inherent relationship between the nationality structure and the economic development level of the village and citizen income of the villagers. From the survey on 10 administrative villages conducted by the implementing partys, the net per capita income of the peasants of the villages along the line is at the level of about CNY 3000，4000 per capita whose source is generally the same, namely, mainly ploughing and labour export. There is no obvious ethnic difference in labour skills; the methods and profits of ploughing of the villagers in the same village are equal on the whole. 5.3 Women

5.3.1 Quality of Women and Tradition Labour Division

According to fact finding, the education degree of the female especially the woman in business in this project area is generally lower than that of the male. Traditional roles of female are almost to do all the housework, take care of the elderly and the children and simultaneously take part in productive labour together with male members. They take little part in the affairs beyond their families or various meetings of affairs of the village community as long as there are male. However, with the emerging labour economy in recent 20 plus years, young and strong men and unmarried female either work all year around or make money out of their hometown in slack seasons, so the women staying at home not only shoulder almost all the housework but also undertake most

85 farming. Women’s cultivating the land and keeping the land and men’s making money out of their hometown becomes the mode of gender labour division of ordinary families. 5.3.2 The Project and Women

The labour division mode of “women dominating at home while men outside” makes the unrestricted prophase informed negotiation of this project in each phase must place special stress and emphasis on the participation of women staying at home. This is not only the influence of local traditions of labour division upon them and lack of initiatives and consciousness to participate but also due to the negative influence of their housework on this project, for instance, the disturbance of construction, inconvenience of the changes of production and life brought by the railway and ancillary facilities and safety of the elderly and the children etc. The feelings are more delicate, more direct and stronger. With the aim to enhance the degree and effects of participation of the women, the implementing partys suggest:

(1) Enhancing publication and mobilization of this project and strengthening the participation awareness of the women. The publication and mobilization of this project must make sure of the presence of the women. When necessary, women can be specially called on to attend the meeting to understand the targets, meaning, contents, participation modes and requirements of this project so as to boost their consciousness of participation;

(2) Preparing and executing the project, the negotiation, supervision and assessment of operation of each phase in later stage, participation of women of the community in this project area must be ensured, respecting their ideas on modes of participation;

(3) Enhancing skill training of women. The governments of various levels in the possession of this area carry out various skill trainings in this project area, giving special consideration to the requirements of the women and arranging special class shifts for women with pertinence when necessary.

(4) When the local governments at various levels take account of the participation framework of women in this project area, attention should be laid on the ideas of the departments familiar with the situation of rural women such as the Women’s Federation.

Since there is no difference between social roles and people's quality of the women of the project area, the above-said description of the relationship between women and the project in this project area and the suggestions brought forward to protect the rights of participation of women also apply to all nationalities. 5.4 Conclusion

86 In conclusion, the producing and living skills and household economy of Mongol, Hui and Manchu nationalities in the project area are almost equal to Han. There is no necessary linkage between poverty and nationality background. The women of the three nationalities have no sharp difference in the positions, roles and situations in family and social life. In brief, Mongol, Hui and Manchu nationalities do not show particularity and fragility needing special attention in poverty and gender due to historic and cultural background different those of the Han nationality.

87 6．Project Impact Analysis

6.1Project benefit

Through field investigation, the villagers of Mongol nationality, Hui nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality in the project area are sure the project may bring the following positive benefit to the local region:

(1) The project concerns a special railway for passengers with high capability and speed, comprising the stations like Zhangjiakiou, Xinghe, Jining and Hohhot along the line, which will provide rapid, safe, smooth traffic means with strong accessibility for the outgoing of villager along the line, thus greatly narrowing the distance between the rural residents and the big cities such as Hohhot, Jining, Zhangjiakou and Beijing and making going out for work, business, education, medical treatment, tourism convenient for them;

(2) With the easy traffic, the outworkers may return home at any time, no matter in case of family emergency or creating festive atmosphere on the festivals, they may come at the drop of a hat, but cost less money than that of the airline;

(3) The convenient and smooth traffic is conducive to stimulate the large people, logistics and information flow with more commercial opportunities, to attract investment and implement local economical development, as well as expand the second and third industries with more employment and business opportunities, by which more peasants may obtain the chances for work and business in the neighborhood;

(4) The improvement of infrastructures and transport could help flourish the local market, and facilitate the export sale of local agricultural and pasture products.

(5) To some villagers, the most direct benefit is compensation funds because of demolition and land requisition. As currently land planting is always deficit, the land ownership is large, and some households have plans to make a living outside, the compensation could be a short-term benefit to this kind of families.

In the course of field investigation, no matter at the villager representative discussion, household survey or individual interview, the residents of Mangol, Hui and Manchu nationality had the basically consistent anticipation of the project profit with that of the residents of Han nationality. The consistent anticipation also reflected their similarity in living conditions and experience. 6.2 Negative Impacts

88 While widely contacting with the rural residents of Mongolia, Hui, Manchu and Han nationalities along the line, who understood and confirmed the selection of the technical program 5 mainly consisting of tunnels and viaduct in the project, particularly trying to avoid track laying on the ground when passing through the villages where muffler measures will be adopted, so that the impact on the land occupation and villages along the line will minimized, however they has raised the following concerns:

(1) The construction of bridge piers and unavoidable track laying on local ground sections in the project will require part of cultivated land requisitioned of the project area and some land occupied for homestead to resettle the demolished household, which will cause a absolute reduction in the amount of local cultivated land, at the same time the project is the basically parallel to the Jinlin-Hunchun highway which has been substantially completed and put into operation, not far from it, part of villages have been re-imposed by repeated land acquisition; if they have not an alternative living skill, the reduction of cultivated land means the living style with land as key guarantee is facing direct risk;

(2) The cultivated land requisitioned by the project has been contracted by each households which depend on the land to different extent, but the compensation policies have restricted flexibility in operation, the village collectivities can not share the risk by adjusting the land again arbitrarily, thus increasing the living risk for the rural households mainly dependent on the land;

(3) Even the development of local economy is relatively low in the project area and the cultivated land has a limited output value and huge multiplication space, the compensation is evaluated according to past harvest, and the financial capacity of local government is also limited, based on these the rural households are inclined to take a pessimistic view of possible compensation and to consider the project as a harm to their profit;

(4) With the decreasing total quantities of cultivated land, the pressure of the rural household in the project area who try to increase income source through labor export and nonagricultural employment is further enlarged, but the labor market is responsive to the economy prosperity, so is the enterprises and industries where the rural migrant workers in the project area concentrates, therefore the deduction of cultivated land suggests the increasing life risk of affected rural households;

5 According to the information of design according to the Feasibility Study , the length of subgrade is about 36% of the trunk line, bridge culverts about 16% of the trunk line. The information were told to interviewees in roundtable discussions and in-door survey by the implementing party. Local government cadres participating in the roundtable discussion and interviews made further introduction on the specific direction and engineering technical design scheme.

89 (5) Reduction of arable lands may make the peasants become more concerned on the maintence and production of these lands. The boundary of farmlands and irrigation water sources wil become more sensitive issues among peasants and villages. If without proper treatment, it will directly influence the normal life of residents.

(6) In case of poor management or rehabilitation benefits, the temporarily occupied cultivated land will bring loss to the rural households, which has been demonstrated by the past experience;

(7) In the course of construction or after the completion of the project, if the agricultural infrastructures of the villages destroyed by the project fail to be repaired or replaced with alternative facilities, they will directly affect the productive activities and income of the households;

(8) According to the principles of saving land, the project will minimize the amount of land acquisition; however some sections of the railway will inevitably cross the cultivated area to cause the following situations such as most parts of the cultivated land of the rural households are requisitioned but edges and corners are left for difficult management, or the whole cultivated land is crosscut so that people have to cross both sides of the railway to cultivate and manage the land. In practices in recent years, the residue land with area on less than 0.2 mu after land acquisition are not considered as leftover land. However the local farm works are all conducted with agricultural machinery and it is rather inconvenient to use tractors to conduct farm work on small block land which is hard to turn around and reach the corners. Meanwhile, all the railway footings are equipped with concrete fence higher than 1m, thus it is hard to plough to the edges. What’s more complicated, the superficially one great block of land is actually cut by many families in irregular form, and once they are cut by the railway, the form will various, become more inconvenient for plough and management. In this way, the peasant households will not acquire compensation 6 for actual loss. 7

(9) The concerns of the residents in several villages which the railway cut through definitely are generally the problems such as noise, safe, the impact on the appearance of the village, as well as obstruction to the infrastructure and appearance improvement of the village, which are caused by the crossing railway. The villagers look forward to a more considerable program from the owner to ensure that minor impact on the village appearance and daily production and life;

(10) When the railway or highway passes through the production and living area in village along the railway, the original roads, height and width of bridge and slopes shall be kept as possible to facilitate the

6 7 Through field survey, there is no crop in the interval at least 1m wide between the railway subgrade concrete fence and the crop line of the peasant household.

90 passing of villagers and all kinds of agricultural vehicles and reduce inconvenience of passing around of villagers and agricultural livestock in the design. At present, the height is usually designed as 2.7m, and the agricultural vehicles that transport fertilizers are crop straws usually have great volumes, cannot access at all. To reduce traffic volume and increase times, they will waste more energy and oil. Sometimes when some slightly larger vehicles transport materials into the village, they have to unload materials firstly, and then reload materials after passing. Let along the expense caused by employing people to load and unload materials, there are few people in the village, it is even hard to look for people to load and unload materials. Under circumstance of ensuring the height, width and slopes of bridges is access to passing, problems such as the bridges with two higher ends but low middle part, which will accumulate large amount of water when it rainy shall also be solved in the design, this question is very common that the villagers reflect most intensely.

(11) If sugrade is paved on grassland and grass slopes, make sure to leave certain access for the livestock to pass to prevent the subgrade from becoming the barrier that cuts the grassland and violates herdsmen and herds’ using of the grassland. The grassland is the basic means of production for herdsmen, and since there the grassland recourses is limited, we shall pay attention to protect it, thus increase the compensation standard 8 for the land acquisition 9.

(12) In Laijiadi Village, Manlianqu Town, Jining District, the Hui residents reflect that: they have a public graveyard nearby the village, hoping that the design and construction departments can avoid this graveyard in the planning and construction process. The social commentary party has appealed related parties to pay high attention to the problem of public graveyard of Hui people according to their years’ project research experiences.

The above concerns of potential negative impact on the project, as the past experience of all villages in the project area is not exactly consistent, the concerns and importance of the residents have the local difference, however the residents of the same village, regardless of Mongolia nationality, Hui nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality, have the similar views. 6.3 Analysis on Interracial Effect of Project Impact

8 9 Through survey, we find that the compensation standard in Jining-Zhangjiakou Railway is: natural grassland RMB 1200 Yuan/acre, artificial grassland RMB 3000 Yuan/acre. Some villagers suggest that the compensation level shall be increased to near the artificial grassland as possible according to the quality of natural grassland.

91 As for the residents of Mongolia nationality, Hui nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality, the potential impact of above project has not significant national difference regardless of positive or negative impact, degree, range and means.

From the perspective of potential positive impact of the project, land acquisition and demolition of the project has a direct connection with the location and direction, the relationship between the line position and distribution of residential housing along the line, location of cultivated lands is contingent, and the residents of Korean nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality live together in many land section along the line, where their houses and cultivated land contracting by the farmers are mixed, therefore the impact probability of residents of all ethnic groups is equivalent. Concurrently due to the unified land system along the line, similar living style and productive skills of Korean nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality, and equal income level and economic capability, therefore the negative impact resulting from land acquisition and demolition is extremely unlikely to cause the marked interracial difference, nor does the capability and way for the residents to overcome the positive impact of the project. For the impact on the infrastructures such as transportation and water conservancy of the villages, and environmental impact and interference to normal life and production of the residents owing to the project construction, since the local residents has basically similar customs, traditions and activities methods and so on, the potential positive impact will not show significant ethnic difference. The implementing party found that through field investigation, no matter at the villager representative discussion, household survey or individual interview, the residents of all ethnic groups had raised the similar prospect, requirement, proposal and concern.

Likewise, the project might have positive effect on the villages and rural households along the line, including the convenience because of improvement of traffic conditions, the individual opportunity owing to local economic development, with the same significance and value to Mongolia nationality, Hui nationality, Manchu nationality and Han nationality.

6.4 Local government response toward the project negative impacts

During the two field investigations, the implementing party consulted with local government departments on countermeasures to the project negative impacts by organizing roundtable discussions. The following comments were made:

(1) The central and local governments are fully aware that social stablility is the prerequisite to social and economic sustainability in China. As a key infrastructure project, land requisition, demolition and resettlement of the line have influences on the fundamental benefits of residents in the project area, which are given the highest

92 attentions from impacted residents. If without proper treatment, social contrast will occur. It is also a key issue to check the governance capability of governments and its credibility image. On one hand, different channels shall be open to ensure that impacted residents could have access to project related information and are free to express their comments. On the other hand, land requisition, demolition and compensation shall be implemented in accordance with relevant policies issued by the central and local governments, promoting law-based administration and enforcing laws strictly. At the same time, do a good job of explanation and coordination. Compensation modes shall be flexible to meet the demands of residents. Resettlement is of relevance to the fundamental and lasting benefits of residents, and the personalized requirements shall be met as much as possible through coordination.

(2) Key technical issues like noise, brige culvert and route position shall be improved by careful consulation with design agency.

(3) Issues like noise, hidden danger, route occupation, life disturbance, yard clearing and road restoration are directly related with residents’ life and asset safety and social harmony. Local governments shall coordinate actively with construction company to improve their construction scheme, and on the other hand, local governments shall execute administrative supervision functions, protecting legal benefits of residents and creating good social environment for the project.

(4) According to the past experiences of infrastructure construction, local governments established a special construction office comprised by development and reform commission (bureau), bureaus of transport bureau, national land, public security and national religion, to play the role of coordination and help solve potential problems during the project process. 6.5 Conclusion

This chapter has analyzed and summarized the reflection of the residents and the potential effect of positive and negative impacts on the Mongolia nationality, Hui nationality, Manchu and Han nationalities, and drawn the conclusion that because of the unified land system in China, minority and Han nationality were basically consistent in land system, living style, economic development, production and living skills and other aspects in the project area, so they had the same potential to withstand the possible negative impact of the project, and use of the opportunities offered by the project, as well as the ability and approaches to address the adverse impacts of projects, etc.

93 7. Stakeholders

7.1 Identification of Project-related Groups

This report is based on project feasibility study the engineering consulting group Co., Ltd. iron compiled files of the, identifying the project-related stakeholders/groups are as follows:

Ministry of railways: owners, finance party and the World Bank loan borrowers of the project;

Construction headquarters of Zhanghu railway (hereinafter refer to “Huzhang headquarter”): Ministry of Railways needs to set up special project implementation agencies for this project;

Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: As an owner of the project uses the local funds invested for land acquisition and resettlement of territorial area of the project as the project investment;

Prefecture (city), county/district, township government in the project area are responsible for the specific implementation of territorial land acquisition, demolition and resettlement;

World Bank: World Bank is the major provider of investment loans in the project;

Residents of project area: inclusive of residents of Han nationality and minority, also immigrants etc;

Construction party: Project contracting party undertaking the construction task.

7.2 Stakeholder Analysis

7.2.1 Ministry of Railways

Ministry of Railway is the highest administrative department for construction, development, operation and management of national transportation in China, and it is the major finance party, borrower of World Bank, as well as supervisor of the project construction. It assumes the concrete functions such as construction, operation and management of Ji-Tu-hun railway project through the organization and establishment of Ji-Tu-hun passenger special line headquarters.

As the state administrative organ, Ministry of Railway reflects and represents the state will in its administrative behavior, subject to the regulation of national legal system. Chinese Constitution and Law on Regional National Autonomy are the

94 basis and regulation to exercise administrative functions in the field area, which is interested in how the project construction is carried out scientifically and reasonably under the framework of national policies and laws, discriminatory measures, policies shall not work out and adopted for different ethnic residents in the project area, especially the relevant provisions must be strictly observed in case of the policies problems involved in the project, without any contravention.

7.2.2 Construction Headquarter

The headquarter is a specially established agency as the Zhanghu railway project construction needs, engaged in tender-inviting and bid for the project construction, the supervision and management of construction activities of the units contracting the project, and coordination and cooperation with local governments at all levels or related agencies to jointly complete the tasks of land acquisition, demolition and resettlement etc..

From the perspective of social assessment, the important activities such as the land acquisition, demolition and resettlement, construction within the project functional range, are all directly associated with the well-being of the rural residents in the project area. For one thing, the project must conscientiously perform the supervisory management functions, strictly supervise the safe and standard construction of the contracting units, carefully protect the productive and living facilities of the villages and villagers along the line, in case of occupation, appropriate compensation shall be performed and the facilities shall be returned as soon as possible, in case of damage, the restoration should be provided promptly; with the local government, properly carry out the land acquisition, demolition and resettlement work, deliver the full compensation payment to the affected rural households timely. For another thing the project should consciously accept the oversight of ministry of railway, territorial government and residents along the line; ensure the governing compliant with national and local policies and regulations, and consciously based on the principle of “prior informed consultation with indefinite duration”, deal with the problems concerning the interests of the residents along the line may occur at each stages of project construction, effectively protect the interests of residents in the project area, and maintain a good project image.

The activities of the headquarters are under the supervision of Ministry of Railway, local government at all levels, and the residents along the line. Properly dealing with the relationship between the project construction and production and living of residents along the line, and maintaining the normal social order along the line are the premise for the headquarters smoothly proceeding in the project construction. Since the potential negative and positive impact possibly incurred in the project area on the resident of Mongolia, Hui, Manchu and Han nationality are basically consistent, and the residents of Korean, Manchu and Han nationalities showed no ethnic differences at the aspects of organizational forms, legal means and actual capacity used for safeguard their own rights and interests, as a result the Zhanghu railway headquarter will not work out and

95 adopt policies arrangement having ethnic discrimination in terms of compensation and resettlement and so on. 7.2.3 Governments of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Hebei Province

Provincial governments of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Hebei Province play the role of investment party in the project. According to Minutes on speeding up the construction of Inner Mongolia railway, the Ministry of Railways, nner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Hebei Province agreed to co- fund the construction of Zhanghu railway. Concurrently the two provinces are also the main beneficiaries of this project, not only burden the cost of land acquisition, demolition and resettlement, safeguard the normal construction of the construction team within the territorial scope, but also shoulder the important duty such as maintaining and safeguarding the rights and interests of territorial villages and residents. Therefore its attention must be paid to coordinate the relationship between the construction unit and residents along the line, properly settle the argument and dispute which may occur, timely deliver the full compensation payment for land acquisition, demolition and resettlement to the affected rural households, arrange the temporary house or homestead without any delay for the demolished household. The provincial governments must strengthen communication and consultation. Through proper consultation they should work out the solution in respect of the compensation standard issue which is very sensitive, related to the vital interests of the affected enterprises and residents. The provincial government should attach great importance to the remaining issues of past project which may disturb the advancement in the territory, and work out a solution through negotiating all parties concerned to reduce barrier for the work of government at basic level.

Through field investigation, the implementing party realized that Inner Monglia and Heibei provincial governments boasted of rich project experience for they had separately or corporately implemented numerous of major constructions such as railway or highway in its territory in recent two decades. At present the provincial Development &Reform Commission of Inner Mongolia and Heibei province is tentatively responsible for taking lead in dealing with the pre-stage work of the project, after the project is officially launched, the government departments at provincial and municipal/ state and county levels will set up special institutions responsible for the project construction. 7.2.4 City, County, Districts and Township Governments along the Line

City, county, district and township governments along the line are both the beneficiaries of the project construction and the bearer of territorial responsibility at all stages such as project preparation, construction and putting into operation etc. They also assume the tasks such as specific implementation of land acquisition, demolition and resettlement, delivery of compensation payment, guarantee of normal order of territorial project construction, to settle the contradictions and disputes resulting from the project construction, to maintain the local social order and the interests of affected enterprises and

96 residents, and so on. It may be said that they are carrying heavy responsibilities with light powers and in an awkward position, therefore, on one hand they must perform the duty fairly according to the national and local policies and regulations; on the other hand, making use of being familiar with not only the local folk customs and attitude, but also the law, regulations, in addition to the advantages of the moderate master the policies, they should play an intermediate role in coordinating relationship, communicating information and settle contradictions, etc.

Through field investigation and contact, the implementing party found that governments at all levels along the line in the project area, in particular the cadres appointed by the local government at the same level to assist the work of the project are well aware of the situation of the project, with good anticipation of the potential risks of the project and difficulties in performing their duties, also a deep understanding of public sentiments and opinion in their possessions. Moreover they were very familiar with the residents of all ranks particularly the village residents affected by the potential impact of the project, and they had won the trust of the residents. Such was the important condition to ensure that they can make an active contribution to this project. 7.2.5 World Bank

The World Bank is the loan provider of the project. At the same time the World Bank did more contribution to the project, not limited to providing loan. In order to help the owner to develop the project construction smoothly and reduce loan risk, the World Bank specially set up a project team to provide strict supervision and professional guide at each stage such as preparation, implementation, management and operation at later stage based on the associated business policies and rich international project experience. The World Bank adheres to implement the security policy in the whole process of the project, which is of great value to increase the policy support capability and standardization of operation as well as to decrease the potential risk.

Minority polices of the World Bank full reflects the special attention of the World Bank and its expert team on safeguarding minority rights and interests, will not ignore the occurrence of ethnic inequality in the project by itself, or even cause national question. 7.2.6 Residents of Project Area

The residents of project area mainly refer to all kinds of urban and rural residents distributed within the project area, belonging to local permanent residents. They can be divided into cities and towns/rural residents, cities and towns common residents/cadres and staff of enterprise and public institution , Han nationality/minority residents, project involuntary migration and so on. They may continuously share the advantages such as convenient traffic and local development, while also being directly exposed to various potential positive impacts due to the project construction.

97 Through field investigation, the implementing party found that residents of all ethnic groups along the line in the project area, with the experience of projects such as construction and operation of Jingbao railway, Jibao railway, Jingzang expressway and National highway 110 line, had general knowledge on the potential positive and negative impacts caused by the project activities. They trusted the local government and cadres responsible for the work, and hope to settle the possible contradictions and disputes through equal consultations. They thought the village committee had represented the public opinion of the community. They were familiar with the necessary rights protection approach such as appeal to the government or legal body, having general understanding and support of the project.

The problems of their common interests were as follows: whether the affected rural households could get the full compensation in time; whether the homestead of demolished household could be arranged reasonably and timely; how to deal with the affected village appearance properly; how to solve the inconvenience in agricultural production and living when the suburbs rural households resettled in the towns, and whether their living standard could be maintained or raised; whether the related information could be open to the public; whether the comments of rural residents would be respected and adopted; whether the project would leave all kinds of hazards to the production and living of community residents and so on.

7.2.6.1 Minorities in the project area

Minorities living in the project area include Mangol, Hui and Manchu. Their comments, willingness and requirements are not different from other community residents. They do not think that they have special problems needing special attention from project owners, governments and experts, the project has unique benefit impacts on nationality group, or minorities are weak in political and social life in the project area.

7.2.6.2 Involuntary resettlement

Involuntary resettlement refers to urban and rural residents impacted by land requisition and demolition. The implementing party of social evalution gives special attention to involuntary resettlement of minority community. In accordance with the principle of unlimited consultations and pre-informed approach, the implementing party held enough interview with representatives of involuntary resettlement through roundtable discussions, in-door interview and individual interview. Besides common questions, the involuntary migrants paid special attention on: compensation standard, in-time and full amount payment of compensation funds, in-time and proper arrangement of building sites (area, location, fees and procedures), enough time, new house ready before demolition, stable or improved life than before. Questions raised by Mongol and Hui involuntary migrants had no difference with Han, no particular requirements or indications based on nationality backgrounds.

98 7.2.6.3 Other Vulnerable Groups in the Project Area

Namely the poor, elderly, women, juvenile and disables. The implementing party has attached great importance to them. It should be noted as follows:

(1) Since rural young adults in the project generally go out, the implementing party had not seen the youth representative in most of the villages;

(2) Similarly, due to a large number of the young adults served as migrant workers, about 80% of those who participate in the informal discussion on behalf of the community residents are the elderly;

(3) Since there are relatively more women left in project area, the female representatives attending the informal discussion are basically equal to male representatives. The female views, aspirations and demands are roughly consistent with those of male villagers.

Through the field investigation, the implementing party found that the elderly and women specially concerned about the following problems: whether the project land acquisition, demolition and construction and future rail operations, would bring inconvenience to their production and living in the community; whether they were be far from relatives and friends of the community after resettlement; whether there was danger when children went school or play; whether the reduction of cultivated land will affect the family, particularly the life of future generations; how to solve the problem that the compensation for the elderly persons of no family was unable to sustain their living during his lifetime ? And so on.

During the process of communicating with local government officials and grassroots cadres as a accompanier in the investigation, the implementing party learned that the local government implement living security for the household in hardship along the line in three way: firstly provide basic living security by incorporating them into the scope of subsistence allowances; Secondly, the local new rural cooperative medical care has fully spread, which can prevent from the “impoverishment”, “returning to poverty due to illness” more effectively; thirdly the rural basic education along the line has been raised the general attention of the government and rural households, with a relatively high level of youth education, and better quality of the population, and the production and living conditions may be changed through increased training efforts. The railway security risks during the construction and operation can be minimized as much as possible through technical design, construction specifications, supervision and management, strengthening the warning means and rails, public education of the territorial government and other mean; the homestead will be arranged in the village for reconstruction as much as possible in demolition and resettlement.

99 In the course of survey, there is no ethnic difference in the situation and demand reflected by the vulnerable groups. 7.2.7 Construction Party

At present, the project is still at the earlier preparation stage. The owners indicate they will make an open tender-inviting and bid for project engineering strictly in accordance with the relevant policies and regulations of state and departments, to make sure that the qualified construction unit shall undertake the project engineering, also strengthen the supervision and management of the units contracting the engineering give priority to the qualified surplus labors of the project area in employment. The owners also said they would propose the units contracting the project based on the principle of increasing the benefits of village and villager of project area, with a prior consideration of resources and products from the villages and enterprises along the line in raw materials selection.

The project construction activities of construction party are governed the ministry of railways, government of the project area at all levels, and the residents along the line under the Chinese relevant policies and regulations. Since the potential negative and positive impact possibly incurred in the project area on the resident of Korean, Manchu and Han nationality are consistent, so are their proposed right appeal, the ability, way and means to safeguard their own interests, for the above reasons the potential interests of the construction party are basically as same as that of the residents of Korean, Manchu and Han nationality, neither necessary nor possible in dealing with the relationship between the residents along the race to distinguish between other strategies, It is neither possible nor necessary to adopt strategies which are diverse in different ethnic groups in the course of handling the relationship with the residents along the line. 7.3 Conclusion

Combining with relating stakeholder groups analysis, the implementing party have an opinion: although around the project, the residents of project area has formed a complex interests relationship with various relating stakeholders outside, however, these stakeholders do not have the damage to the residents of Mongol, Hui and Manchu nationality rights or motivation or inclination to get them trapped in the vulnerable situation, It is impossible occur under the relevant Chinese laws and policies.

100 8．Conclusions and Suggestions

8.1 Public Participation and Resident Support

Governments at all levels and residents along the line in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Heibei Province have long been looking forward to the project. Since March 2010, governments at all levels of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Heibei Province have propagandized the project to the society through many channels including the television, the broadcast, the newspaper and all levels of the government portals. Beginning from June 2010, the teams of survey and design, resettlement, social assessment and so on also widely contact with the villages and residents along the line by each form. Territorial government, migration team and social assessment team commonly use unlimited early knowledge and negotiation measure to communicate with the affected villages so that the residents of the project area have a better understanding of the project. Villages and residents of the project area show high recognition and extensive support to the project. In the on-the-spot investigation from social assessment implementing party, the supporting rate from the village resident representative symposium is 100%, and the supporting rate from household visit and personal interview is above 90.7%. There is one person is apposed to the project, holding the reason of big influence from local exiting infrastructures. Two hold conservative attitudes due to leftover problems and unclear detailed policies in the project.

Table 8-1 Attitudes of interviewees on the project Item Category Number Attitude of persons Surveyed Total 43 Support Oppose Conservative households and households, 149 population total populaiton Sex Male 36 33 1 2 Female 7 6 0 1 Age <30 1 1 0 0 30-60 29 28 0 1 Over 60 13 10 1 2 Nationality Han 37 34 1 3 Mangol 4 4 0 0 Hui 2 2 0 0

101 Eudcational Illiterate, 8 7 1 0 level Semi-illiterate, 9 9 0 0

Primary, 16 14 0 2 Middle 9 8 0 1 Senior or 1 1 0 0 secondary, University

Religion No 38 34 1 3 Islam 2 2 0 0 Buddhism 1 1 0 0 Catholicism 2 2 0 0 Occupation Farming, 24 21 1 2 Pasture 6 6 0 0 Local working, 4 4 0 0 Working 3 3 0 0 outside, 2 1 0 1 village cadre, 2 2 0 0 transport, 2 2 0 0 Individual business, Others

8.2 The project is not applicable to OP4.10

As indicated in Secion 2.2 of Chapter 2, there is only one Hui natural village in the project area, namely the fifth natural village in Dongshihao village, Chengguan town of Xinghe county in Wulanchabu City. But as discussed in section 4.5 and 4.8 in chapter 4, the Hui nationality has their own religious belief and customs, but are not in fragile position in terms of politics, economy, culture and social life as the current policy and legal framework in China guarantee their freedom in religion and national customs. They do not have such basic features as “minority” defined in the World Bank Policy OP 4.10. Therefore, the project is not applicable to OP 4.10. The other two nationalities, namely Mongol and Manchu, are living scattered, with higher integration with dominated society and culture, no abvious national characterisitics. They are not vulnerable groups. Moreover, they do not form a single national village, but in highly mixed with other nationalities in villages. They do not have such basic features as “minority” defined in the

102 World Bank Policy OP 4.10. Therefore, it is suggested that there is no need to formulate the Minority Development Plan for the project. 8.3 RAP Formulated in the Project Is Applicable to Minorities

RAP of the project has carried out a thorough investigation and research on the potential positive and negative effects, combined the present economical and social development situation of the project area, national related policies and regulations, the desires and the requests of residents along the line, and proposed the policies and measures for the compensation and resettlement. The implementing party confirms that the data of RAP is reliable, analysis of problem is reasonable, the basic conclusion is credible, and the proposed series of countermeasures have the pertinence and the feasibility to relieve or compensate the negative effects of the project, enhance the positive effects and guarantee the Minority’s rights to know and participate in the project. RAP is also suitable for Mongolia, Hui and Manchu nationality residents of the project area.

103 Annex: Minority Screening Along the Zhanghu Rapid Railway

Affected county Affected towns Affected village Totao Minority Populaiton by minorities Distance Direction Average Per (city/district) village populaiton (persons) to the income capita popualtion (persons) route of farmland (persons) Mongol Hui Manchu Others position peasants (mu) (m) (2010) Gaoxin District of Shenjiatun Yanjiatun village 3800 720 North 5630 0.63 Zhangjiakou City Town Xujiazhuang 1435 0 South 4221 1.7 village Zhangjiafang 2102 0 South 11645 2 village Sijietun village 1142 0 North 4226 2.5 Shenjiatun 2433 0 South 4852 1.5 village Subtotal 1 town 5 villages 9912 720 0 0 0 0 Shangyingfang 1329 0 450 North 5155 1.5 village

Yixingbao 2180 0 0 North 5278 1.8

village

Xiaotunbao 1 1 Wanquan COunty Kongjiazhuang village 980 4222 2.5 town Xingmin village 632 0 4722 0.0

Majiafang 858 0 9801 1.0 Lijiafang 600 0 4911 1.0 Wujiayao 1911 8 8 4914 1.6

104 Kongjiazhuang 7106 0 7455 0.6 Lujiawan 1202 0 6800 1.7 Zhuweizhuang 818 4 3 1 4558 2.7 Zhangjiezhuang 1126 7 2 3 2 4235 3.5 Shenjingbao 1562 1 1 4902 2.3 Subtotal 1 town 12 villages 20304 21 14 4 1 2 Liujiabao 1887 3 6 1000 left 3940 1.5 Jiantaizhai 1054 500 left 5786 1.82 Dazhong 760 1000 right 4200 1.85 Zuowei town Dongfangzi 1200 800 right 4000 2 Huai’an county Xifangzi 824 1000 right 3520 2.5 Jingquanbao 1636 6 6 1000 left 6279 1.9 village 4th tun village 1796 6 6 1500 left 6297 1.15 Shuangjiafang 712 800 left 4800 0.9 village Jianguojie 1468 2100 left 3940 1.1 9 villages 11337 15 6 0 6 0 Erbaozi village 404 800 left 4059 2.2 Disantun village 2746 24 17 6 1 900 left 3903 2.5 Diliutun town Sanhetun 968 1 1 700 left 4075 2.7 Diliutun village 2703 2 2 600 left 3921 2.2 9th tun village 1415 4 4 700 left 3821 2 NorthGuojiayao 223 2 1 1 1000 left 3537 2.8 village

105 Yangjiayao 126 3000 left 3240 8 7 villages 8585 33 18 2 8 5 Dishitun 1382 1000 left 4382 1.6 Nanqitun 847 13 13 1000 left 4040 2.4 Liujiayao 1565 3 3 1000 left 3400 1.5 Lijiayao 1020 1 1 1500 left 3600 2 Dongshawa 2640 1500 right 4500 1.5 Chaigoubao village Town 1st Street 2910 2000 left 4320 0.27

6th Street 2106 5 4 1 2200 left 4696 0.5 8th Street 2375 1 1 2300 left 4650 0.4 7th Street 1730 2000 left 4651 0.4 5th Street 2530 2000 left 4538 0.4 3rd Street 4415 3 3 1800 left 3500 0.4 Guojiafang 1406 12 8 4 1000 left 3734 1.36 village Shajiatun 1880 7 5 2 1500 left 3808 1.9 Lvjiafang 580 7 3 4 1500 left 3500 1.8 Yuanjiayao 1549 8 5 3 1500 left 3000 2 Guangdimiao 318 2000 left 4500 2.3 Majiaxinyao 218 1500 left 2470 1.5 Xihe 279 1500 left 3145 0.8 Yuanzigou 1400 1000 left 3750 2 Shuihaowa 330 2 2 1000 left 2800 4.8

106 Erdaotai 378 1500 left 2700 0.6 21villages 31858 62 42 0 16 4 Caixiantan 422 1 1 600 right 3124 1.49 village Dukoubao Town Dukoubao 1786 2 1 1 3500 right 3414 3.24 Yinjiawan 203 1000 right 3186 9.09 village Jingjiawan 1223 1 1 1200 right 3111 1.73 Wagoutai 822 1 1 200 right 3115 3.34 Manzhoupo 759 2 2 600 right 3129 1.34 Maquanwan 240 1 1 100 left 3117 2.45 village Xinlongwan 324 1 1 2000 right 3122 1.66 Wangjiawan 500 2 2 2000 right 3105 2.54 Xiyanghe village 1114 2 2 1000 left 3127 4.23 Mashigou 288 3 3 500 left 3128 3.07 Tiaogou 71 300 left 3118 2.84 Pachigou 437 2 2 400 right 3123 5.79 Shagou 301 800 right 3101 2.95 Wengjiawan 556 1500 right 3125 1.47 Liangjietai 491 4000 right 3193 2.39 Shuangluogou 154 1500 right 3102 3.66 17 villages 9691 18 9 0 2 7 Subtotal 4 towns 54 villages 61471 128 75 2 42 16 Shangyi County Xiamatuan Nancouzhan 687 2000 North 2520 8

107 Subtotal 1 town 1 village 687 0 0 0 0 0 Sandaogou 181 right 2200 2 village

Yangpo village 569 2000 5

Shihao village 374 2000 3.5 Chengguan Town Maqiao village 1158 2500 1.5

Dongshihao 335 136 136 2000 8 village

Sanshierhao 67 2200 6 Village Xinghe County Dongshizui 720 15 15 2300 3 Haodian 531 5 5 2300 4 8 villages 3935 156 20 136 0 0 Haiwozi village 1060 6 4 2 2800 10 Dabozi 151 3 3 10 left 4000 2.5 Eerdong Town Niuchang 33 100 right 7000 Toudaonaobao 272 16 16 100 right 5500 1.8 Xiying 264 25 25 Guodaoxin 110 10 10 560 left 6000 5.5 Village Shazhanggaiying 265 8 8 500 left 6500 15 Dalianggou 167 8 8 8000 7.5 Jiaba 369 9 9 1 left 6000 5.5 9 villages 2691 85 83 0 0 2 Sunjiawa 152 20 20 2000 right 2600 10

108 Tuanjie Town Sishihao village 386 27 27 3000 right 2600 9 Xiaowuhao 75 5 5 3000 right 2600 11 Bashisanhao 78 4000 right 2600 8 Zhangjiawa 147 14 14 500 right 2600 10 5 villages 838 66 66 0 0 0 Subtotal 3 towns 22 villages 7464 189 169 18 2 0 Economic development zone Huangqi Resettlement 16000 300 230 50 20 5 left 5200 2.1 Town village Jining District Malianqu Laijiadi 438 225 225 2500 North 2860 5.5 Town Subtotal 2 towns 2 villages 16438 525 230 275 20 0

Daerying 1000 60 60 400 North 2100 4 Sanbaoying 400 20 20 350 North 2100 4 Huangmaoying Dazhuoer 360 100 100 1 North 2100 2.5 Town Badaqing 210 100 100 1 South 2100 2.5

Nanyao 230 50 50 5 South 2100 3

Beiyao 1070 120 120 5 South 2100 3

Xiying 210 70 70 500 South 2100 4 Chahar Right Front Banner Erlun 210 70 70 500 South 2100 4

Quannao 390 200 South 2100 4

9 villages 4080 590 590 0 0 0

Mijialiang 252 500 left 3980 5.2 Yinxiliang 703 50 50 500 left 3980 6.3 Maodiandi 330 1000 right 3900 5.6

109 Qiganliang 157 10000 right 3900 4.2 Bayintala Zhangxi village 224 40 40 500 right 3900 5.4 Town Duanjia village 212 1000 right 3900 4.3

Yinbeiliang 388 10000 right 3900 4.4 Liying village 395 500 South 1500 8.3 Tucheng village 831 13 13 300 right 4300 3 Dachengdian 201 5 3 2 200 right 4300 6 South Dachengdian 274 700 right 4400 6 North

Louzimiao 272 5 5 800 right 4400 4.5 Niuming 211 1500 right 4100 4 Ertaigou 224 5 5 500 right 4100 4 Naobaowa 231 9 9 1000 right 4100 7 Datouying 224 52 52 1500 left 4100 4 Sangenbaying 113 6 6 2000 left 4100 5 Haibao 335 5 5 3000 left 4100 4 18 villages 5577 190 188 0 0 2

Baishitou 188 3200 right 4330 3.1 Chahanying 857 53 3 50 2800 left 3420 4 Middle Yiyi 569 3 3 Middle 3410 6.7 Sanchakou Town Tuchengzi 256 1000 left 3410 3.3 Village

Xitukeng 253 200 right 3410 5.8

110 Middle Xitukengwai 60 Middle 3410 7.2

Banhaodi 105 500 South 3420 7.3 Xiaotukeng 125 1 1 800 South 3420 6.25 Datukeng 295 Middle 3430 4.4 Dawanzi 325 1000 right 3420 1.9 10 villages 3033 57 7 0 50 0 Subtotal 3 towns 37 villages 12690 837 785 0 50 0 Shibatai Town Baiyinbolang 210 13 13 1000 left 2100 6.5 Xiaodong village 124 1 1 left 2000 5.6 Me ngguyingzi 67 10 10 left 2800 5 Baidaoliang 146 1000 left 2100 8 Bujiabozi 68 1 1 500 left 1900 4 Chengjiagou 81 700 left 1900 4

6villages 696 24 24 0 0 0 Zhuozi County Bayinxile Shiyaowan 253 right 2000 2.7 Town Dongfangzi 173 left 1800 4.9 2villages 426 0 0 0 0 0 Xiaoxigou 108 4 4 50 left 2000 1 Yifeng 65 150 left 2000 2 Zhuozishan Baliang 153 250 right 2000 1 Town Muhugou 50 250 right 2000 3

Xiyingzi 310 200 left 3000 1

111 Xinmin street 1200 38 5 30 3 200 left 3500 0.1 Toudaogou 60 4 4 150 left 3000 4 Touhao village 200 400 right 5000 2 Erhao village 200 1 1 300 right 5000 2 Yingpan 105 250 right 2000 1 Dongximiaobozi 300 200 right 4000 3 Xiwanzi 60 5 5 200 left 2000 5 Yaojiabo 350 2000 right 2000 3 Shiyisumu 180 10 10 300 right 3000 5 Kangjiabo 60 12 7 5 2000 right 2000 4 Zhangjiabo 350 2 2 1 left 5000 0.4 village Lujiawan 310 5 5 1 left 5000 0.5 17villages 4061 81 38 30 13 0 Jiucaigou 210 2000 right 4860 7.4 Xiaoerdaoquan 415 left 4820 0.7 Dujiagou 126 left 4760 2.7 Xiaoxigou 115 1000 right 4880 2.2 Xisheng 120 1000 right 4820 2.3 Erdaoying 95 1000 left 4850 2.5 Lihua Town Shanghaozi 75 500 left 4810 5.3

Tougudi 151 500 right 4880 4 Tuchengzi 215 1000 right 4980 2.3 Village

112 Naobaowan 50 1000 right 4760 3 Erdaoquan 97 / / / / / 1000 left 4830 2.1 Sandaoquan 225 / / / / / left 4850 1.7 Toudaoquan 179 / / / / / 1000 left 4860 2.7 Jiaojiadi 65 / / / / / 2000 right 4880 3.3 Gentongwan 810 / / / / / 2000 right 4890 0.8 Xihaozi 126 / / / / / 1000 right 4860 2.8 16villages 3074 0 0 0 0 0 Saodaowa 81 / / / / / 1000 right 2800 4.4 Sidaowa Village 75 / / / / / 1000 right 2600 4.5 Qixiaying Wudaowa 92 / / / / / 900 right 2700 4.1 Town Yuanshanzi 84 3 3 / / / 900 right 2800 4.2

Yangpozi 91 / / / / / 1200 right 3000 3.8 Xiaonangou 44 2 2 / / / 500 left 2800 4.5 Xiayingzi 217 2 2 / / / left 3000 3.5 Zhengpaizi 249 / / / / / left 3000 3.1 Dongcha 80 3 2 / / 1 1100 left 2800 4.5 9villages 1013 10 9 0 0 1 Subtotal 5town 50villages 9270 115 71 30 13 1 Chaodai 1218 22 18 / 3 1 500 right 4000 2.6 Yulin town Yulin 1446 35 32 / 3 / 500 left 4000 2.4 Guliban 1980 10 10 / / / 30 right 5200 9 Taoboqi 2860 300 300 / / / 500 left 4000 2.5

113 Saihan district Shenmuyao 1078 5 2 / 3 / 780 left 3900 2.8 Yangquyao 702 12 12 / / / 800 left 4000 2.1 6villages 9284 384 374 0 9 1 Bayan town Guojiaying 1338 28 28 / / / 200 South 7345 5 Qiaojiaying 1716 31 31 / / / 100 North 7298 5 Tengjiaying 1200 16 13 / / 3 500 South 7470 2.5 Luojiaying 1380 / / / / / 1000 North 7815 2 4villages 5634 75 72 0 0 3 Subtotal 2 towns 10villages 14918 459 446 0 9 4 Xincheng district Haoqinying Tali 2245 241 229 / 12 / 10000 5.5 town Nandian 4100 45 19 1 26 1 8000

Shaliang 4000 20 20 / / / 8000 3 Subtotal 1town 3villages 10345 306 268 1 38 1 10 23 towns 195villages 163499 3418 2058 441 895 24 districts/counties/banners Note: The social evaluation groups conducted twice field investigation on the project area. The six villages marked with red is the sites survyed for the first time, the four villages marked with yellow is the sites survyed for the second time.

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