Journal of Advance Research in Social Science & Humanities ISSN: 2208-2387

THE UMNO-PAS INFORMAL PACT IN ’S FOURTEENTH GENERAL ELECTION: THE GOOD PLAN THAT WENT WRONG

Nik Mawardi Mohamed 1 Kamarul Zaman Haji Yusoff Rusdi Omar

School of Government College of Law, Government and International Studies Universiti Utara Malaysia

ABSTRACT: The Malaysian ruling coalition, (BN), seemed to have a hard time facing the fourteenth General Election (GE) in 2018 that its Chairman cum Prime Minister, Datuk Seri , was widely reported as early as 2015 to be deeply embroiled in a major financial scandal involving Malaysian Government’s investment arm, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), with allegations that billions were diverted from that company for personal usage of Najib, his family members and his cronies. The allegation that Najib received a mysterious RM2.6 billion payment into his personal bank account, which was initially revealed by the the Report, followed by the more reputable Wall Street Journal, was particularly very damaging. It led to the removal of the Attorney General (AG), who headed a special task force to investigate it, besides the removal of three senior UMNO leaders, who were highly critical of it, from their government and party posts. During this time, the opposition coalition, (PR), was having trouble due to the uneasiness of PAS over the attempt by PKR to replace its Menteri Besar of with its de facto leader, Datuk Seri , via a forced Kajang by- election, without consulting PAS first. The trouble became greater after Najib’s own Minister at the Prime Minister’s Office assured PAS that the Federal Government would give way for to implement hudud, prompting PAS to submit a Private Member’s Bill to amend the Syariah Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Act 1965 to the Parliament, which resulted in the eventual dissolution of PR. The easy wins of BN over a new opposition coalition, (PH), due to the inclusion of PAS as third candidates, in Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Besar by-elections convinced UMNO that it would win the fourteenth GE in three-cornered fights, hence the efforts by UMNO to make the appearance that it was supportive of PAS’s struggle. PAS, meanwhile, believed that BN would not do that well in the fourteenth GE and needed its help to form the government, hence the cries by PAS that it would be a king-maker. However, in the end, three-cornered fights was not enough for UMNO and PAS when BN and PAS just managed to get 79 and 18 seats respectively out of 222 offered seats. This paper studies the main factor that made BN lost despite the seemingly feasible plan of three- cornered fights.

1 Corresponding author, [email protected]

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THE STEADY DECLINE OF BN Quite a number of people, especially those from the opposition coalition, Pakatan Harapan (PH), believed that UMNO and PAS had an unholy, if informal, alliance in Malaysia’s fourteenth General Election (GE) held on 9 May 2018. According to them, this pact, which was said to bring mutual benefits to both parties, required PAS to contest on its own in the election to provide the ground for three cornered fights which theoretically would help BN win in marginal seats due to the split of the opposition votes between PAS and PH. For its part, PAS was alleged to have been given financial helps, whether through the party or the government, besides the assurance of support that UMNO would give to PAS in matters that involve the Islamic struggle, particularly on its objective of implementing Islamic laws. A particular allegation that PAS received RM90 million from UMNO was made by Sarawak Report in its article published on 6 August 2016. In the article, it was stated that “(Najib) has gone on to “woo” the PAS Islamic party away from the opposition coalition in the normal way he woos – RM90 million is widely reckoned to have flowed into the top echelons of PAS in recent months” (Sarawak Report, 6 August 2016). This allegation was repeated by a former PAS Vice President, Husam Musa, in his political talk on 6 February 2017 and reiterated by him over time (Sinar Harian, 10 February 2017; Free Malaysia Today, 10 November 2017) despite Sarawak Report itself was being sued by PAS President, Datuk Seri , on 21 April 2017 for its article (Harakah Daily, 27 April 2017). Despite the fact that the allegation that PAS as a party was given financial helps by UMNO is yet to be fully proven, using logical thinking, this deal, in its general terms, was rather easy to be understood and accepted as it was a well-known fact that BN had been on the decline from the twelveth GE on 8 March 2008 and the thirteenth GE on 5 May 2013. The twelveth GE was a major milestone in Malaysian politics where BN under Tun Abdullah Badawi, who, after coming into power in 2003, achieved a landslide win in the eleventh GE on 21 March 2004 with BN winning 199 out of 219 available seats, only won 140 out of 222 available seats, losing for the first time its 2/3 majority, and and BN losing four more states, , , and Selangor, besides Kelantan that it already lost since the eighth GE on 21 October 1990. Taking over from Abdullah as BN Chairman cum Prime Minister in 2009, Datuk Seri Najib Razak fared much worse in the thirteenth GE on 5 May 2013, where BN, despite regaining Kedah and Perak, won only 133 out of 222 available seats, hence failed to get back BN’s 2/3 majority, and for the first time lost to Pakatan Rakyat (PR) in terms of the popular vote (47.38% versus 50.87%). That this defeat came about after Najib trying to show that he was inclusive by introducing the concept of One Malaysia, that he was a democrat and a reformer by annulling the three Proclamations of Emergency, repealing entirely the Internal Security Act 1960 and the Banishment Act 1959, and promising to repeal entirely the came as a big surprise. Venting out his frustration, Najib quickly blamed “a tsunami from the Chinese community” for this, adding that the trend of polarisation worried the government (Financial Times, 7 May 2013).

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THE FURTHER DECLINE VIA 1MDB BN and Najib’s popularity declined even further directly after the thirteenth GE with questions and revelations on the financial scandal involving Malaysian Government’s investment arm, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), started to come out. In fact even before thirteenth GE was held, questions were already raised about dubious investments of 1MDB such as the one done by Kini Biz which published an article entitled “1MDB: Giant ponzi scheme or strategic investment fund?” on its website on 26 March 2013 (Kini Biz, 26 March 2013). More aggressive and intensive revelations were done by the Sarawak Report portal beginning from May 2014, which intensified after its owner, Clare Rewcastle Brown, and owner, Tong Kooi Ong, got the leak of emails concerning the problems within 1MDB from former PetroSaudi International employee, Xavier Justo, in January 2015 (The Guardian, 28 July 2016). To make the matter worse, Tun Dr , the former Prime Minister who used to support Najib in the thirteenth GE, started to ferociously attack him on this 1MDB issue, primarily through his personal blog, chedet.com, beginning from a series of three articles entitled “1MDB” (Che Det, 13 March, 23 April and 6 May 2015). Dr Mahathir’s persistence in raising this issue became evident when he became more aggressive after that, writing one piece after another henceforth, culminating in the publication of 6 articles in the month of May 2015 alone (Che Det, 6 May, 8 May, 19 May, 24 May, 28 May and 29 May) besides the publication of 8 more articles in June 2015 (Che Det, 4 June, 5 June, 9 June, 11 June, 12 June, 15 June, 18 June and 29 June 2015). These revelations became more widely spread and discussed after the more reputable The Wall Street Journal published on 2 July 2015 an allegation that a total of US$700 million was transferred into Najib’s personal accounts in March 2013 via a chain of transactions (The Wall Street Journal, 2 July 2015). Much more damaging was the filing of civil forfeiture complaints seeking the forfeiture and recovery of almost $1.7 billion in assets laundered from 1MDB through the United States by the Department of Justice of the United States on 20 July 2016 and on 15 June 2017 where it was disclosed in great details how, from 2009 through 2015, more than US$4.5 billion in funds belonging to 1MDB was misappropriated by high- level officials of 1MDB and their associates (United States’ Department of Justice, 20 July 2016, and 15 June 2017). Of significant remark was the one made by both United States’ Attorney General, Loretta E. Lynch, and Assistant Attorney General, Leslie R. Caldwell, which described the complaint filed that day in federal court as “the largest single action ever brought by the department’s Kleptocracy Asset Recovery Initiative” and which “detail(ed) the complex web of transactions these co-conspirators used to launder billions of dollars that they stole from the people of Malaysia” (United States’ Department of Justice, 20 July 2016). According to the document, the funds diverted from 1MDB were used for the personal benefit of the co- conspirators and their relatives and associates, including to purchase luxury real estate in the United States and overseas, pay gambling expenses at Las Vegas casinos, acquire more than $200 million in artwork, purchase lavish gifts for family members and associates, invest in a major New York real estate development project, and fund the production of major Hollywood films (United States’ Department of Justice, 15 June 2017). Most damaging was the identification of Malaysian Official 1 (MO1), who was described as “a high-ranking official in the Malaysian government who also held a position of authority with 1MDB”,

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which was easily traced to Najib due to the mention of him being a relative of Riza Shahriz Bin Abdul Aziz, and the disclosure of the purchase, using 1MDB fund, of a 22-carat pink diamond, set in a diamond necklace, worth US$27,300,000 for the wife of MO1 (United States’ Department of Justice, 15 June 2017).

EFFORTS TO STALL THE DOWNFALL Najib, on his part, did initiate a number of actions in his effort to douse the fire coming from revelations about his involvement in the 1MDB scandal, including denying the revelations, taking action on the media outlets airing the revelations and taking action on the leaders and officers who were seen to be critical of him. The Wall Street Journal’s allegation that a total of US$700 million was transferred into his personal accounts in March 2013 was met with a denial from the Prime Minister’s Office, claiming that the expose was “political sabotage” masterminded by Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad (, 5 July 2015), besides the threat to take legal action “on Tuesday” against the newspaper (The Star, 5 July 2015), a threat which never came about. To contain negative publicities coming from 1MDB, The Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) also blocked access to the Sarawak Report portal on 20 July 2015 (Reuters, 20 July 2015) while The Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA) issued a letter to the Edge Media Group on 24 July 2015, announcing suspension of the publishing permits of The Edge Weekly and The Edge Financial Daily for three months over their reporting of the 1MDB scandal effective 27 July for three months (Straits Times, 24 July 2015). The Cabinet’s decision to order, on 4 March 2015, the National Audit Department (JAN) to start an independent probe into the account of 1MDB, with Najib pledging that those guilty would face legal repercussions (Financial Times, 5 March 2015), was also inconsequential because the report, completed a year later, was classified under the Official Secrets Act (OSA) 1972 (Free Malaysia Today, 25 July 2016). The same went for the Public Accounts Committee (PAC)’s report on 1MDB released on 7 April 2016 (, 7 April 2016) which was classified under the OSA (Star, 5 March 2016). The establishment of a special task force comprising the Chief Commissioner of the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission, Inspector General of the Malaysian Royal Police and Governor of Bank Negara Malaysia to investigate on issues relating to 1MDB was forestalled by the abrupt removal of Tan Sri as the Attorney General on 27 July 2015, followed by the appointment of a Federal Court judge, Tan Sri Mohamed Apandi Ali (Malaysia Kini, 28 July 2015), in the midst of a rumour that a charge sheet was already prepared to charge Najib in court for his involvement in the 1MDB scandal ( Daily, 16 May 2018). On the political side, Najib also removed, on 28 July 2015, two of his staunch critics on this 1MDB issue, Tan Sri and Datuk Seri Mohd , from their Deputy Prime Minister and Rural and Regional Development Minister’s posts (, 28 July 2015). Another critic, Mukhriz Tun Dr Mahathir, the son of Dr Mahathir, was made to resign from his Menteri Besar of Kedah’s post on 3 February 2016 (Malaysia Kini, 3 February 2016). This development was followed by Dr Mahathir quitting UMNO on 29 February 2016 (The Star, 29 February 2016), Muhyiddin and Mukhriz being sacked from UMNO on 24 June 2016 (New Straits Times, 24 June 2016), and Mohd Shafie quitting UMNO on 4 July 2016 after being suspended on 24 June 2016 (Malaysia Kini, 4 July

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2016). Najib then appointed on 28 July 2015 his former political secretary cum Minister of Home Affairs, Datuk Seri Dr , who was also UMNO’s most senior Vice President, as the new Deputy Prime Minister (New Straits Times, 28 July 2015) while also assuming the duties of UMNO’s Deputy President left by Muhyiddin on 26 February 2016 (The Star, 28 February 2016). Four members of the Public Account Committee (PAC), which had been probing 1MDB, including its Chairman, Datuk , besides Datuk Seri Reezal Merican Naina Merican, Datuk and Datuk , were also given Cabinet posts in a reshuffle on 29 July 2015, decimating PAC line-up and freezing the probe (The Edge Financial Daily, 4 August 2015). The new AG declared on 5 August 2015 that the special task force investigating 1MDB was no longer needed (Malaysia Kini, 5 August 2015) and cleared Najib of any wrongdoing on 27 January 2016, stating that the RM2.08 billion that was transferred into Najib’s personal accounts was a personal donation from the Saudi royal family in 2013, of which RM2.03 billion was allegedly returned back to the donor (The Edge Financial Daily, 27 January 2016).

UMNO COURTING PAS Despite the trouble faced by Najib and BN, the opposition coalition, Pakatan Rakyat (PR), was also having trouble due to the uneasiness of PAS over the attempt by PKR to replace its Menteri Besar of Selangor, Tan Sri Abdul Khalid Ibrahim, with its de facto leader, Datuk Seri Anwar Ibrahim, via a forced Kajang by-election, held on 23 March 2014, without consulting PAS first (The Star, 29 January 2014) which, however, ended by Anwar being jailed after the Court of Appeal convicted him (Malay Mail, 7 March 2014), and the Federal Court upheld it (10 February 2015), for sodomy. The trouble became greater after Najib’s own Minister at the Prime Minister’s Office, Dato' Seri Jamil Khir Baharum, assured PAS in the Parliament on 27 March 2014 that the Federal Government would give way for Kelantan to implement hudud (Malaysia Kini, 2 May 2014), prompting the Kelantan Government to pass amendments to Kelantan Syariah Criminal Code 1993 on 19 March 2015 (The Star, 19 March 2015) and prompting the PAS President, Datuk Seri Abdul Hadi Awang, to submit his Private Member’s Bill to amend the Syariah Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Act 1965 to the Parliament on 18 March 2015 (The Star, 7 April 2015), the moves which were greatly opposed by DAP. With DAP supporting them, PAS leaders from the moderate faction for the first time challenged Hadi and his ulama’s faction in the PAS General Assembly on 6 June 2015 but they, however, lost very badly in a heated contest, resulting in them quitting PAS en bloc (Mole, 6 June 2015), while the passing of that PAS General Assembly of a motion for PAS to review its ties with DAP was quickly used by DAP to declare on 15 June 2015 that PR ceased to exist (The Sun Daily, 16 June 2015). This was followed by the setting up of a new party, Parti Amanah Negara (AMANAH), which was officially launched on 16 September 2015, by the losing leaders of PAS (Malaysia Kini, 16 September 2015) and the launching of a new opposition coalition with the name of Pakatan Harapan (PH) by PKR, DAP and AMANAH on 22 September 2015 (New Straits Times, 22 September 2015). The easy wins of BN over a new opposition coalition, Pakatan Harapan (PH), due to the inclusion of PAS as third candidates, in Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Besar by-elections on

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18 June 2016 convinced UMNO that it would win the fourteenth GE in three-cornered fights, hence the efforts by UMNO to make the appearance that it was supportive of PAS’s struggle (Malay Mail, 18 June 2016). This appearance was made shortly before the Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Besar by-elections whereby Hadi was allowed to read his his Private Member’s Bill to amend the Syariah Courts (Criminal Jurisdiction) Act 1965 in the Parliament on 26 May 2016 (The Sun, 26 May 2016) and this was later repeated on 24 November 2016 (The Star, 24 November 2016) and 6 April 2017 (The Star, 6 April 2017). Indeed, right after PAS was separated from the other opposition parties, Najib openly tried to court PAS in the 66th UMNO General Assembly on 10 December 2015 whereby, after exclaiming happiness with that development, he said, “with open hearts, we extend the ties of brotherhood, we extend the ties of 'ukhuwah' towards the ideal of building Malaysia based on the Islamic principles” (Prime Minister’s Office, 10 December 2015). Following Hadi’s reading of his Private Member’s Bill, Najib asked everyone at the 66th UMNO General Assembly on 1 December 2016 not to politicise it because it was a private bill which would later be taken over by the Federal Government. He also reassured the non-Muslims that they would not be bound by it, adding that the Government was looking at it so that there was no double sentencing (Prime Minister’s Office, 1 December 2016). Bringing PAS closer to UMNO was also done through putting Najib and Hadi together in religious events in the like of the Al-Azhar Alumni Regional Seminar, with the theme of “Muslim Unity Transcending Ideology”, on 17 December 2015, where Najib said he, on behalf of UMNO, and Hadi, on behalf of PAS, would continue to hold on to Allah's calling (, 17 December 2015). Najib and Hadi, together with other leaders of their parties, met again at a rally held at the Stadium Titiwangsa on 4 December 2016 to protest the violence against the Rohingyas in Myanmar (New Straits Times, 4 December 2016). When PAS held a rally, known as Himpunan RUU 355, at Padang Merbok on 18 February 2017 in support of the Private Member’s Bill, Jamil was there to lend support (Free Malaysia Today, 18 February 2017). Najib and Hadi’s son, Khalil Abdul Hadi, chief of the PAS Youth wing, were there in a rally to protest US President Donald Trump's recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital in on 22 December 2017 (Straits Times, 22 December 2017).

WHAT WENT WRONG However, despite this seemingly feasible plan of informal cooperation between UMNO and PAS that would supposedly be beneficial for both, in the end, three-cornered fights was not enough for UMNO and PAS when UMNO just managed to get 54 out of the 120 seats it contested while PAS just managed to get 18 out of the 158 seats it contested in the fourteenth GE. BN, as a whole, only managed to get 79 out of the 222 maximum seats it contested, whereby BN’s three largest components in the Peninsular Malaysia, were almost wiped out after MCA just won 1 out of the 39 seats it contested, GERAKAN lost all of the 11 seats it contested, and MIC just won 12 out of the 9 seats it contested. This result meant that for the first time BN lost in Malaysia’s GE, with PH overtaking the ruling of the nation after winning 113 seats, 47 through PKR, 42 through DAP, 13 through BERSATU and 11 through AMANAH. However, a deep analysis of the thirteenth GE shows that UMNO did actually benefit from the three-cornered fights in that it would

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have lost in 36 seats had PAS did not put its candidates and joined PH instead because a combination of PH and PAS votes in these seats outnumbered those of UMNO. These 36 seats were P001 Padang Besar, P003 Arau, P007 Padang Terap, P016 Baling, P026 Ketereh, P027 Tanah Merah, P029 Machang, P032 Gua Musang, P033 Besut, P038 Hulu , P041 Kepala Batas, P042 Tasek Gelugor, P054 Gerik, P056 Larut, P058 Bagan Serai, P059 Bukit Gantang, P061 Padang Rengas, P067 Kuala Kangsar, P069 Parit, P073 Pasir Salak, P079 Lipis, P081 Jerantut, P084 Paya Besar, P086 Maran, P087 Kuala Krau, P090 Bera, P092 Sabak Bernam, P095 Tanjong Karang, P125 Putrajaya, P126 Jelebu, P127 Jempol, P131 Rembau, P139 Jasin, P147 Parit Sulong, P164 Pontian and P166 . If UMNO contested in straight fights against the opposition coalition which was joined by PAS then it would just win in 11 seats only in Peninsular Malaysia, which were P030 Jeli, P055 Lenggong, P075 , P085 Pekan, P091 Rompin, P134 Masjid Tanah, P153 Sembrong, P154 Mersing, P155 Tenggara, P156 Kota Tinggi and P157 Pengerang. Topping it all was the fact that, if UMNO and BN were united in a formal coalition with PAS, they would have won in the fourteenth GE with 126 seats as their existing seats, which were 79 and 18, would have been added by 29 more seats where a combination of BN and PAS votes in these seats outnumbered those of PH. These 29 seats were P002 Kangar, P005 Jerlun, P006 Kubang Pasu, P008 Pokok Sena, P010 Kuala Kedah, P014 Merbok, P015 Sungai Petani, P017 Padang Serai, P018 Kulim-Bandar Baharu, P057 Parit Buntar, P063 Tambun, P074 Lumut, P077 Tanjong Malim, P080 Raub, P082 Indera Mahkota, P083 Kuantan, P088 Temerloh, P089 Bentong, P093 Sungai Besar, P094 Hulu Selangor, P096 Kuala Selangor, P109 Kapar, P112 Kuala Langat, P119 Titiwangsa, P129 Kuala Pilah, P133 Tampin, P136 Tangga Batu, P149 Sri Gading and P165 Tanjung Piai.

CONCLUSION Hence, although three-cornered fights did benefit UMNO and BN, the real intention was not achieved because of the existence of too strong a tsunami against UMNO and BN which was unpredicted not just by UMNO and BN leaders, but also by PH leaders, otherwise UMNO and BN leaders would have proposed a formal coalition with PAS to face the fourteenth GE. One thing that UMNO and BN overlooked was the development that happened after their easy wins in Kuala Kangsar and Sungai Besar by-elections on 18 June 2016 where, due to this defeat, a new Malay party, named Parti Pribumi Bersatu Malaysia (BERSATU), headed by Dr Mahathir as its Chairman, Muhyiddin as its President and Mukhriz as its Deputy President, was registered on 9 September 2016 and was formally launched on 14 January 2017, whereby BERSATU was accepted into PH on 20 March 2017 (Astro Awani, 20 March 2017) besides Dr Mahathir being announced as its Chairman and its Prime Minister candidate on 7 January 2018 (The Star, 7 January 2018).

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“Muhyiddin, Mukhriz sacked from Umno, Shafie suspended”, New Straits Times, 24 June 2016, accessed via https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/06/154389/muhyiddin- mukhriz-sacked-umno-shafie-suspended “I am quitting Umno, announces Shafie Apdal”, Malaysia Kini, 4 July 2016, accessed via https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/347624 “United States Seeks to Recover More Than $1 Billion Obtained from Corruption Involving Malaysian Sovereign Wealth Fund”, United States’ Department of Justice, 20 July 2016, accessed via https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/united-states- seeks-recover-more-1-billion-obtained-corruption-involving-malaysian- sovereign “Attorney General Loretta E. Lynch Delivers Remarks at Press Conference Announcing Significant Kleptocracy Enforcement Action to Recover More Than $1 Billion Obtained from Corruption Involving Malaysian Sovereign Wealth Fund”, United States’ Department of Justice, 20 July 2016, accessed via https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-loretta-e-lynch-delivers- remarks-press-conference-announcing-significant “Assistant Attorney General Leslie R. Caldwell Delivers Remarks at Press Conference Announcing Significant Kleptocracy Enforcement Action to Recover More Than $1 Billion Obtained from Corruption Involving Malaysian Sovereign Wealth Fund”, United States’ Department of Justice, 20 July 2016, accessed via https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/assistant-attorney-general-leslie-r-caldwell- delivers-remarks-press-conference-announcing “A-G explains why 1MDB report is under OSA”, Free Malaysia Today, 25 July 2016, accessed via https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/306399 “1MDB: The inside story of the world’s biggest financial scandal”, The Guardian, 28 July 2016, accessed via https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/28/1mdb-inside- story-worlds-biggest-financial-scandal-malaysia “As Najib Denies All Over 1MDB, Let's Not Forget His Many Other Criminal Connections – COMMENT”, Sarawak Report, 6 August 2016, accessed via http://www.sarawakreport.org/2016/08/as-najib-denies-all-over-1mdb-lets-not-forget- his-many-other-criminal-connections-comment/ “Hadi tables 'tweaked' motion to amend Syariah Courts Act”, The Star, 24 November 2016, accessed via https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/11/24/hadi- tables-tweaked-motion-to-amend-private-member-bill/ “Ucapan Dasar Presiden UMNO Sempena Perhimpunan Agung UMNO Kali Ke-67 Tahun 2016”, Prime Minister’s Office, 1 December 2016, accessed via http://www.pmo.gov.my/home.php?menu=speech&page=1908&news_id=807&speec h_cat=2 “Najib tells Suu Kyi "enough is enough" at Rohingya solidarity rally”, New Straits Times, 4 December 2016, accessed via https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/12/194271/najib- tells-suu-kyi-enough-enough-rohingya-solidarity-rally-video “Najib told me to go, Jamil Khir tells PAS rally”, Free Malaysia Today, 18 February 2017, accessed via https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2017/02/18/najib-told-me- to-go-jamil-khir-tells-pas-rally/ “PPBM officially joins Pakatan Harapan”, Astro Awani, 20 March 2017, accessed via http://english.astroawani.com/politics-news/ppbm-officially-joins-pakatan-harapan- 136123 “Hadi's Bill tabled in Parliament”, The Star, 6 April 2017, accessed via https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2017/04/06/hadi-bill-tabeld/

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“Presiden PAS failkan saman fitnah Sarawak Report”, Harakah Daily, 27 April 2017, accessed via http://www.harakahdaily.net/index.php/berita/1228-presiden-pas-failkan- saman-fitnah-sarawak-report “U.S. Seeks to Recover Approximately $540 Million Obtained From Corruption Involving Malaysian Sovereign Wealth Fund”, United States’ Department of Justice, 15 June 2017, accessed via https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-seeks-recover-approximately- 540-million-obtained-corruption-involving-malaysian-sovereign “UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. CERTAIN RIGHTS TO AND INTERESTS IN THE VICEROY HOTEL GROUP, Defendant”, United States’ Department of Justice, 15 June 2017, accessed via https://www.justice.gov/opa/press- release/file/973671/download “Dakwa Pas terima dana RM90j: Husam tidak berganjak”, Sinar Harian, 10 November 2017, accessed via http://www.sinarharian.com.my/politik/dakwa-pas-terima-dana-rm90j- husam-tidak-berganjak-1.626091 “PM Najib leads third KL rally against Jerusalem move”, Straits Times, 22 December 2017, accessed via https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/pm-najib-to-lead-third-kl-rally- against-jerusalem-move “Dr Mahathir unanimously chosen as Pakatan Harapan PM candidate”, The Star, 7 January 2018, accessed via https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/01/07/mahathir-unanimously-chosen- as-pakatan-harapan-pm-candidate/ “Govt axes parliamentary debate for Hadi’s Bill today”, Malay Mail, 5 April 2018, accessed via https://www.malaymail.com/s/1615499/govt-axes-parliamentary-debate-for-hadis- bill-today “SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE – 14”, Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya Malaysia, 1 October 2018, accessed via https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/

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