Index

50 Reasons Why Anwar Cannot be mega-projects 194, 313–14, Prime Minister 287–8, 298 320–1, 323 successor 126, 194, 307–9, 345 298 Proton 319–21 Abdul Aziz Taha 158 Abdullah Majid 35, 36 Abdul see Daim Abdullah Mohamed Yusof 133 Zainuddin Abu Bakar Ba’asyir 228–9 see Gani Patail Abu Sahid Mohamed 176 Abdul see Ghafar Baba affirmative action programme (New Abdul Khalid Sahan 165 Economic Policy/NEP) 30–1, 86, Abdul Qadeer Khan 313 87, 88–9, 96, 98, 101, 103–4, Abdul Rahim Aki 151, 152 110–13, 142, 155, 200, 230, 328, Abdul Rahim Bakar 201 329, 348 Abdul Rahim Noor see Rahim Noor Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Abdul Rahman Putra see Tunku Abdul Organization 23 Rahman agriculture 88–9, 104, 111 Abdul Rahman Aziz 227 see Zahid Hamidi see Razak Ali Abul Hassan Sulaiman 301 Hussein Aliran (multiracial reform movement) Abdul Wahab Patail see Wahab Patail 66, 70, 324, 329 Abdullah Ahmad 4, 26, 27, 32, 35–6, Alliance 17 38, 128, 308, 319 government 18–19, 24–5, 53, 126, see Abdullah 218 Badawi see also National Front Abdullah Badawi 235–7, 268, 299 Alor Star 3, 4–5, 11, 14–15, 16, 130 2004 election 317–18 MAHA Clinic (“UMNO Clinic”) 13, anti-corruption agenda 310–12, 191 317–18, 319, 327–8, 330–1 ’s relocation to case 316 from 31 corruption and Alternative Front 232, 233 allegations 312–13, 323 Anti-Corruption Agency 90, 282, 301, economic policies 194, 313–14 311, 312, 314–15, 344 international relations 316–17 anti-corruption agendas investigation into police 314–15, Abdullah Badawi 310–12, 317–18, 323, 327–8 319, 327–8, 330–1 Islam Hadhari 235–6, 315–16 Mahathir Mohamad 310–12 leadership style 308, 309–10, see also corruption (including 327 and nepotism) and Mahathir Mohamad Anti-Corruption Bill (1997) 282 criticisms and attacks 319–32 anti-Semitism 244, 255–6 passim, 341, 345–6 anti-Western sentiments 242–4, deputy prime minister 79–81 246–7, 248, 255, 256–7, 258–9, family relationships 326 342

352 Index 353

Anwar Ibrahim Ascot Sports 319 arrest (1974) 220–1, 279 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation business associates 102, 110, 141, (APEC) 253, 262–4, 294 144 Asian economic crisis (1997–98) 86, court cases 293–301 90, 103, 105–10, 112, 144 Abdullah Badawi government Anwar–Mahathir relationship 79, 299, 316 283, 285 arrest (1998) 79, 231–2, 267, Bank Bumiputra impact 166 277–8, 291–2 building projects 187–8, 192–3 corruption allegations 293–4, currency trading 106, 107, 108, 109, 296, 300 167, 283 homosexuality allegations and 12, 107, 167, 267, 289–90, 291, 293–4, 295–6, 284 297, 298, 299–300 “Asian values” 243, 258–9, 261 police brutality 292–3 Asian Wall Street Journal see media political conspiracies 277, 282–3, Association of Southeast Asian Nations 287–93, 298, 344 (ASEAN) 97, 99, 245, 261–3, 264, post-trial career 300, 329, 344 265, 268, 317 public support for 290, 291–2 Free Trade Area (AFTA) 99, 262 currency trading (forex fiasco) 170, Regional Forum (ARF) 262 172 Australia 243, 252–4, 262, 263–4, education and early political 268, 316 career 278–9 Abdullah Badawi’s official visit expulsion from UMNO 277, 290 to 317 founding of ABIM 220–1, 278–9 Mahathir Mohamad’s official visit judiciary corruption allegations to 254 (videotape) 328, 330–1 authoritarianism 53, 54, 65–9, 77–8, and Mahathir Mohamad 278, 342 Acting Prime Minister 282 Azahar Mohamed 295 comparison between 280 Azizan Abu Bakar 293–4, 295, 297, conflicts and tensions between 79, 298, 299 108, 109, 193–4, 277, 280–1, 283–6, 345 Bakun dam project 106, 186–7, 193, differences over economic policy 283, 314 107, 109, 283–5 Bank Bumiputra 63, 152, 153, 154, early relationship with 278–80 177 government and party roles 61, Bumiputra Finance Ltd. 78–9, 221, 222, 279 (BMF) affair 154–64 Islam 222, 232 Perwaja Trengganu Sdn. Bhd. 172–7 personal and family relationships Putra World Trade Centre 135, 137, 281 144 as successor 62, 280–1, 282–3 and Tengku Razaleigh 32, 128, 156, People’s Front 329, 330, 343–4 157–8 Perwaja Trengganu Sdn. Bhd. 174, Bank of Commerce (Bian Chiang) 128, 175–6 132 agenda 232, 235, 267, Bank Negara 106, 108, 143 285, 290, 310, 347 BMF inquiry 157–8, 161–2 Seri Perdana project, currency trading (forex fiasco) 188–9 166–8, 169–72 and 279 and Daim Zainuddin 90, 91–2, 130 Ariffin Jaka 297, 298–9 tin caper 151–2 354 Index

Banking Act (1973) 91–2 Chinese 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 17 (news agency) 160, 192, and Malays, relationship between 288, 308 13, 16, 18, 22–3, 24–5, 26, 28–30, Berry, Jr., William E. 251 61, 65, 67, 86, 88–9, 96 Berthelsen, John 70 Association Bosnia-Herzegovina 257, 258 24–5, 35, 53, 63, 65, 67, 68, 126, Britain 243, 246, 247, 248–50 127, 162, 230 return of “Carcosa” 248–9, 279 and sultanates 202 British colonialism see also ; and elitism 3 ethnic and immigrant and independence 17, 19, 22, 199, populations 246 civil service/bureaucracy 3, 9, 10, Mahathir Mohamad’s criticism of 18, 27 11, 13, 247–8 Mahathir Mohamad’s reforms 55, return following Japanese 56, 90, 92, 113 occupation 8, 9, 10, 198–9 Commonwealth Heads of Government Singapore 11 Meetings 249, 257 and sultans/royal family 9, 17, Commonwealth 19, 245, 246, 249, 198–9 257 and UMNO 4, 9 communism and anti-communist building programme and activities 35–7, 245, 257, 259, mega-projects 183–94 260–1 Abdullah Badawi government 194, /Council of Rulers 313–14, 320–1, 323 73, 198, 199–200, 202, 204, 205–6, Bumiputra Malaysia Finance Ltd. 208, 219, 234 (BMF) affair 154–63 Constitution see Malaysian Constitution bumiputras 87, 93, 99, 102, 129, corruption (including cronyism and 130, 348 nepotism) affirmative action programme Abdullah Badawi 313, 323 (New Economic Policy/NEP) Anwar Ibrahim 293–4, 295–6, 300 30–1, 86, 88–9, 96, 98, 101, judiciary 75–6, 328, 329–30, 330–1 103–4, 110–13, 142, 155, 200, Mahathir Mohamad 250, 285, 286 230, 328, 329, 348 343 bureaucracy see civil UMNO and “money politics” 124–5, service/bureaucracy 142, 143, 287, 311, 319, 326, 327 Bush, George W. 267, 313, 317 see also anti-corruption agendas; financial scandals Cambodia 245, 260, 261 cronyism see corruption (including car industry (Proton) 95, 96–100, cronyism and nepotism) 319–21 Cumaraswamy, Param 299 Mitsubishi participation in 97, 99 currency trading 106, 107, 108, 109, promotions 184, 185, 186 166–8, 169–72, 283 Carrian group 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163 Daim Zainuddin 5 censorship 67–8, 69, 160, 323–5 Abdullah Badawi succession 307–8 The Challenge (Mahathir Mohamad) and Anwar Ibrahim 288 29, 221 British return of “Carcosa” 248–9 Chee Heng Leng 66 as finance minister and UMNO Chia, Eric 173–4, 175, 176, 312 treasurer 63, 90–2, 101, 102, China 34, 36, 245, 251, 260–1, 262, 107, 109–10, 124, 125, 126, 264, 317 139–40, 144–5, 168, 172, 266 Index 355

Bank Negara 90, 91–2, 130 ethnic and immigrant populations 4, Fleet companies 129–30, 131–2, 5–6, 9, 12 133–5 assessment of Mahathir Mohamad’s and Mahathir Mohamad 56, 57, leadership 349 279 equity measures 30–1 reappointment 287 and Malay supremacy 17, 197, in U.S. 129–30, 251 199, 328, 349 dakwah groups 219–20, 222 and national unity policy (Bangsa Darul Arqam movement 226 Malaysia) 103, 113 democracy and , post-independence Western rhetoric of 259 inequalities 24–5 Democratic Action Party 65, 67, 77, racial stereotypes 255 150, 154, 163 scapegoats for economic Alternative Front 232, 233 recession 65 see also violence 113 developing countries, relationships Hindu Rights Action Force-led with 243, 257, 258, 259–62 demonstration (2007) 328 May 13 riots 25–6, 30, 89, East Asia Economic Caucus (EAEC) 279 262–3, 264 detainees 65–7, economy 85–113 69, 136, 254, 325 Abdullah Badawi government see also bumiputras; Chinese; Indians; 313–14 Malays affirmative action programme (New Economic Policy/NEP) Farish Noor 229–30, 231 30–1, 86, 87, 88–9, 96, 98, 101, Fernando, Christopher 296 103–4, 110–13, 142, 155, 200, financial scandals 230, 328, 329, 348 forex fiasco (currency trading) assessment of Mahathir Mohamad’s 166–72 leadership 348–9 Mahathir Mohamad’s responses criticisms of international system to 149–50, 151, 153, 154, 243, 256–7 158–9, 161–2, 163–4, 168–9, domestic financial sector 170, 171, 173, 177 liberalization 104–5 Perwaja Trengganu Sdn. Bhd. 172–7, Look East policy 86, 92–4, 246, 312 247 tin caper 150–4 Plaza Accord 104, 105, 168–9, UMNO corporate investments 173 and 67, 124–6, 127–9, 130–2, relations with developing 135–45, 149 countries 243, 257, 258, 259–62 see also Bank Bumiputra; corruption Vision 2020 103, 105, 106, 307, (including cronyism and 348, 349 nepotism); Daim Zainuddin, as see also Asian economic crisis finance minister and UMNO (1997–98) treasurer elections financial sector liberalization 104–5 of vice presidents, UMNO (1975) Five Power Defence Arrangements 32–3 244–5 see also general elections Fleet Holdings/Group 127, 128–35, elitism 3, 8 138, 139, 140 environmental issues 66, 186–7, 258, foreign investment 100, 103–5, 108, 260, 266 109 356 Index foreign media see media Hindu Rights Action Force-led foreign policy see Australia; Britain; demonstration (2007) 328 international relations; United homosexuality allegations and case States against Anwar Ibrahim 79, 231, Formula One motor racing 183–4, 277, 282–3, 289–90, 291, 293–4, 185–6 295–6, 297, 298, 299–300 free-trade agreements 262, 264 Howard, John 253 Abdullah Badawi 317 human rights, Western rhetoric of 259 Funston, John 24–5, 78, 280–1, 293 4, 6, 32, 33–4 BMF affair 162, 164 gambling licence 319 government of 35–6, 38–40, 151, 311 Gani Patail 295, 344 and Mahathir Mohamad, comparison Gates, Bill 189, 255 between 55, 63, 72 gender inequality 8, 13 and “political activism” by sultans 201 general elections retirement 40, 59 1954 18–19 1959 19, 219 independence 17, 19, 22, 199, 218, 1964 19, 22 246 1969 25, 219, 254, 279 India 105 1974 31, 127, 279 Indians 9, 17, 24, 88–9, 110, 111, 113, 1982 60–1, 142 328, 346, 349 1986 62–3, 65 Hindu Rights Action Force-led 1990 77, 208 demonstration (2007) 328 1995 281 origin of Mahathir Mohamad 5–6, 1999 80, 218, 232, 346–7 7, 12, 18 2004 235, 309, 315, 317–18 see also ethnic and immigrant 2008 110, 328–9, 343, 347 populations Ghafar Baba 32, 34 22, 23, 33, 323, 348 as deputy prime minister 62, 63–4, Islamic terrorists 228–9 69, 76, 136, 209–10 relationship with 154, 263, 265, 267 and Anwar Ibrahim 78, 143, 280 tin caper 150 Ghazali Shafie 32, 33, 34, 35, 36–7, see also Suharto, President of 38, 244, 245, 253 Indonesia Gill, P.S. 298–9 industry 88–9, 93–6 Goh Chok Tong 266, 342 Heavy Industries Corporation of Gomez, Terence 131, 133 Malaysia (HICOM) 95, 96, 97, Guide for Small Businessmen 173 (Mahathir Mohamad) 28–9 see also car industry (Proton); steel industry Haja Nasrudeen Abdul Kareem 16 inequalities Halim Saad 102, 133, 135–6, 138, ethnicity-based 8–9, 11, 24–5, 86, 140, 141, 144 110–13 Hamid Omar 73, 74, 75, 76 gender-based 8, 13 32 Instant Café Theatre 185 32, 34–5, 38, 39–40, 220, Institute for Islamic Understanding 311 (IKIM) 223–4 Hawke, Bob 253, 254 Institute of Tun Dr. Mahathir health problems of Mahathir Mohamad Mohamad’s Thoughts 340, 341 57–8, 77, 206, 326–7 Internal Security Act (ISA) 38, 65, 66, Heavy Industries Corporation of 68–9, 71, 73, 77, 79, 225, 226, 231, Malaysia (HICOM) 95, 96, 97, 173 279, 287–8, 291, 292, 328 Index 357

International Islamic University 223 96, 126, 257 International Monetary Fund (IMF) Look East policy 86, 92–4, 246, 86, 106, 107, 108–9, 284–5 247 international relations Plaza Accord 104, 168–9, 173 developing countries 243, 257, 258, steel industry 95, 96, 173 259–62 wartime occupation of Malaya 8, Five Power Defence Arrangements 9–10, 247, 248 244–5 Jeshurun, Chandran 190, 192 see also Australia; Britain; United judicial immunity of royal States (U.S.) family/sultans 73, 209–11, Islam 85, 87, 217–19 212 Abdullah Badawi’s leadership 235–7 judiciary dakwah groups 219–20, 222 corruption allegations 75–6, 328, export of Malaysian model 226–7 329–30, 330–1 liberal responses to 229–30 Mahathir Mohamad’s undermining Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement of 64–5, 69–71, 293, 347–8 (ABIM) 61, 220–1, 278–9 case 72–3, 74–5 Malaysian National Council for UMNO 11 case 71, 72–3, 75 Islamic Affairs 219 and modernization 85, 221–2, Kamaluddin Abdullah (son of Abdullah 223–4, 226–7, 230 Badawi) 312, 313, 323 and non-Muslim 230, 312 234, 236 Keadilan party 79, 80, 329 Organization of the Islamic see also National Justice Party Conference (OIC) 245, 261, 267 Keating, Paul 253, 263–4 pragmatic interpretation of 223, (son-in-law of 224–5 Abdullah Badawi) 323, 332 responses to extremism 225–6, Khalid Abdullah 4 228–9, 233–4 Khalid Jafri 287 “September 11” attacks 234, 235, Khoo Boo Teik 28, 81, 109, 223, 310, 267–8 343 see also Parti Islam King Edward VII College of Medicine, Se-Malaysia/Persatuan Islam Singapore 10 Sa Tanah Melayu (PAS) King Mahmood Iskandar (Sultan of Islam Hadhari (Civilizational Islam) Johore) 72–4, 202–3, 206, 207–8, 235–6, 315–16, 328 209–10, 211 Islamic bank 222–3 King Ahmad Shah (Sultan of ) Islamic institutions 217, 222–3 203, 204, 205, 212 Islamic law see sharia courts; sharia law Kota Star South constituency 19, 28 Islamic revivalism 219–20, 222, 258 Krishnan, Ananda 260 Islamic state, Malaysia as 218, 234–5, Kuala Lumpur 236–7 development of 93, 112–13, 141, Islamic statesman, Mahathir Mohamad 183, 189–90, 191 as 227–8, 256 Mahathir Mohamad’s relocation 26, 31, 32, 127 to 31 Israel 255 Kuala Lumpur International Airport and Palestine 258 141, 185 Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange 105, Jaafar Ismail 16 106, 139, 153–4 Jaffar Hussein 169, 171–2 Kuala Lumpur Tower 190 Jalil Ibrahim 160–1, 162 Kubang Pasu constituency 31, 326 358 Index leadership of Mahathir Mohamad The Malay Dilemma (Mahathir authoritarian style 53, 54, 65–9, Mohamad) 28, 29–30, 100–1, 202, 77–8, 278, 342 221, 255, 279 legacy and assessment of 340–3, Malay nationalism 9–10, 28, 87, 88 344–50 Malay traits 29–30, 86–7 Lee Hwok Aun 85 and creation of “new Malay” 86–7 12, 22–3, 57, 105, 186, and Islamization policy 87, 221, 222 265–6, 307, 342 Malayan Socialist Front 22–3 see also Singapore 9, 18–19, 198–9, 206, Lim Kit Siang 67, 70, 71, 101, 124, 247 144, 328 Malays 4, 5, 6, 8, 9–10, 11–13, 17 and constitutional amendments and Chinese, relationship between 204, 205, 210 11–12, 13, 16, 22–3, 24–5, 26, responses to financial scandals 136, 28–30, 61, 65, 86, 88–9, 96, 150, 170, 171 110, 349 Lingam, V.K. 328, 330 identity, self-esteem and anti-Western Liow, Joseph 243, 244, 257 sentiments 243–4, 253 Look East policy 86, 92–4, 246, and Islam 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 247 230 role models 102 MAHA Clinic (“UMNO Clinic”), Alor Malaysia Star 13, 191 creation of 22 Mahaleel Ariff 320 independence (Malaya) 17, 19, 199, Mahathir Mohamad 246 birth and early influences 3–10 as model of economic transformation books 28–9, 340 349 business interests 15–16, 24, 326 Malaysia Book of Records 184, 194 as deputy prime minister 38–9, 151, “Malaysia can” (Malaysia boleh) 183, 201–2 184, 185, 192, 193, 194 early education and school career 7, Malaysia Inc. 94 8, 10 Malaysia Mining Corporation Bhd. early political interests and activities (MMC) 139, 151–2 4, 8–10, 12, 16, 17, 18–19 Malaysian Airlines 68, 167–8, 171 family life with natural and adopted Malaysian Chinese Association 24–5, children 14–15 35, 53, 63, 65, 67, 68, 126, 127, 162, hobbies 13–14, 55 164, 230, 343 journalism (C.H.E. Det) 10, 11, 12, Malaysian Constitution 30, 64, 68, 71, 13, 202 73, 347 as maverick 4, 28 amendments concerning power of medical career 13, 14, 27–8, 31 monarchy/sultans 73, 74, 197, medical education and life in 198, 199–200, 201, 202, 203–10, Singapore 10–13 212–13 My Way 7, 12, 149–50 Malaysia as Islamic state 218, 228, retirement 80–1, 307 233, 234, 236 tributes following 340–1 Malaysian Indian Congress 53, 127, UMNO roles following 81, 307, 318, 134, 343 322, 331, 331–2 Malaysian Islamic Youth Movement stubbornness of 6–7 (ABIM) 61, 220–1, 278–9 Major, John 250 Malaysian National Council for Islamic Makuwasa Securities Sdn. Bhd. 153–4 Affairs 219 Malay Chamber of Commerce 16 Malaysian Youth Council 278–9 Index 359

Maminco Sdn. Bhd. 151–2, 153–4 Mokhtar Abdullah 288, 289, 295 Mandela, Nelson 259–60 Mokhzani Mahathir (son of Mahathir Marc Rich & Company 150, 151, 152, Mohamad) 286, 323, 326, 331 153 monarchy see royal family; sultans Marina Mahathir (daughter of Mahathir “money politics” 125, 142, 143, 287, Mohamad) 14, 15, 55, 327 311, 319, 326, 327 Martinez, Patricia 224, 227, 230 Mugabe, Robert 260 May 13 riots 25, 30, 89, 279 Muhammad Ghazali Shafie see Means, Gordon 77 Ghazali Shafie media (son of Mahathir Anwar Ibrahim case 289, 291, 293, Mohamad) 13, 15, 27, 92, 192, 295 323, 331, 332 Asian Wall Street Journal 70, 130, Multimedia Super Corridor 187, 189, 151, 152, 154, 324 255, 325 constitutional amendments Munawar Ahmad Anees 291, 293, concerning power of 299 monarchy/sultans 204, 205–6, Murthy, Narayana N.R. 57 206, 208–9, 211 26, 27–8, 34, 36, 37, 38, foreign 70, 130, 156, 157, 157–8, 55, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68–9, 77, 160, 169, 322, 324–5 79, 344 freedom and censorship 62, 67–8, criticisms of Mahathir Mohamad 54, 69, 160, 323–5 57, 60, 62, 77–8, 322 325 Mahathir–Anwar fallout 283–4 Star 35, 67–8, 162, 295 and monarchy 207 Straits Times/ 10, resignation 62 12, 35, 38, 55–6, 68, 127, 128, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk 87, 341 131–2, 141 Muzaffar, Chandra 66, 70, 201, 213, succession of Abdullah Badawi 308 236 UMNO ownership of 127–8, 131, Myanmar 261, 262 138, 140, 141, 150, 323 mega-projects see building programme Najib Razak 65, 66, 81, 136, 236–7, and mega-projects 252, 307, 308, 318, 319, 329, 331, MICO Farmasi Sdn. Bhd. 16 332, 343, 345–6 Milne, R.S. and Mauzy, D.K. 150 national anthem (Negaraku) 19, 192 Mirzan Mahathir (son of Mahathir National Equity Corporation 89, 158, Mohamad) 107, 283, 323 163 Mitsubishi 97, 99 National Front 31, 53, 58, 61, 62, 63, Mohamad Iskandar (father of Mahathir 65, 76–7, 80, 127, 219, 221, 232, Mohamad) 3, 4–5 233, 234, 315, 317–18, 329, 343, influence of 6, 7, 8, 12, 14 346 Iskandar school 8 see also Abdullah Badawi later career and retirement 10 National Justice Party 231, 232 and Tunku Abdul Rahman 17 national unity policy (Bangsa Malaysia) Mohamad Said Awang 294, 300 103, 113 Mohamed Basir Ismail 164–5 Nawawi Mat Amin 156, 159, 160 Mohamed Desa Pachi 133 nepotism see corruption (including Mohamed Najib Razak see Najib Razak cronyism and nepotism) allegations Mohamed Razali Abdul Rahman 133, New Economic Policy (NEP/affirmative 135–6 action programme) 30–1, 86, 87, Mohamed Salleh Abas see Salleh Abas 88–9, 96, 98, 101, 103–4, 110–13, Mohamed Tawfik Ismail 77 142, 155, 200, 230, 328, 329, 348 360 Index newspapers see media poison-pen letters (surat layang) 26, 74 Nippon Steel 173 at Anwar Ibrahim 282–3, 287, 293–4 Nobel Prize attempts 192 police Non-Aligned Movement 245, 257, brutality 231, 289, 291, 292–3 258, 261, 267, 341 royal commission into 314, 323, Nor Azman Abdullah 298 327–8 171, 172 Special Branch 35, 36, 37, 67, 291, north-south highway project 67, 70, 293, 294 135, 136, 137–8, 183, 185 Police Act 69 population growth 96, 112 Official Secrets Act amendments 68, portfolio investment 104–5, 106, 108 69, 324 press see media Operation Lalang detainees 65–7, 69, Printing Presses and Publications 136, 254, 325 Act 69, 70–1, 324 Organization of the Islamic Conference privatization policy 86, 90, 100–3, (OIC) 245, 256, 258, 261, 267 112, 124, 134, 141, 192–3, 286 Abdullah Badawi 312, 313–14 Pakistan 5–6, 14, 55 property ownership, Islam 221 Palestine 15, 243, 258 Proton see car industry (Proton) Parti Islam Se-Malaysia/Persatuan Pura, Raphael 151, 152, 154 Islam Sa Tanah Melayu (PAS) 19, Putra World Trade Centre 135, 136, 28, 31, 61, 77, 79, 80, 219, 287 137, 144, 165, 190, 287 1999 election 232 Putrajaya 106, 187–8, 223–4, 319, 2004 election 235, 318 321, 348 Abdullah Badawi government 315–16, 318 race issues see bumiputras; Chinese; and extremism 225–6 ethnic and immigrant populations; and UMNO Islamization policy 87, Indians; Malays 218–35 passim Rahim Noor 292–3 and sultans 200, 201, 208 Rahim Tamby Chik 282 Paul, S. Augustine 294, 295, 296, Raman, Meenakshi 66 298–9 Razak Hussein 18, 25, 26, 27, 55 Pelli, Cesar 191 ancestry 4, 6 bridge 140–1, 183, 185 government of 30–4, 36, 126–7 People’s Action Party (PAP), Razaleigh Hamzah see Tengku Razaleigh Singapore 22–3 Hamzah People’s Front 329, 330, 343–4 record making and breaking 184, 185 Peremba Bhd. 102, 129, 133–4 Rehman Rashid 55, 309 personality cult 192 Renong Bhd. 102, 107, 138–9, 140–1, Perwaja Trengganu Sdn. Bhd. 96, 143, 144 172–7, 312 royal families Petroleum Development Act (1974) and British colonialism 9, 17, 198–9 155, 163 early leaders 3, 4 90, 107, 152, 154–5, 157, legal immunity 197, 209–11, 212 163, 164, 165, 188, 259, 260, 283, mother of Mahathir Mohamad 5 321, 322 see also sultans; named sultans Petronas Twin Towers 183, 191, royalists 206, 211 224 Philippines 22, 228–9, 251, 262, 267, Salehuddin Hashim 260 349 Salleh Abas 72–5, 77, 330 Plaza Accord 104, 105, 168–9, 173 Samad Ismail 35, 36, 38 Index 361

Saravanamuttu, Johan 242 Star newspaper see media Scomi Bhd./Scomi Precision steel industry 95, 96 Engineering Sdn. Bhd. 312, Japan 95, 173 313, 323 Perwaja Trengganu Sdn. Bhd. 96, Searle, Peter 134, 139 172–7, 312 Sedition Act 30, 199, 201, 209, 211 Straits Times/New Straits Times see media 32–3, 205 Suharto, President of Indonesia 228–9, Seri Perdana, Putrajaya 188–9 263, 264 Severino, Rodolfo C. 261 and Mahathir Mohamad, comparison Shafie Yahya 301 between 265, 285, 286, 311, Shamsul Amri Baharuddin 254, 323, 342 322 see also Indonesia sharia courts 218, 219, 228, 230, Sukma Darmawan Sasmitaat Madja 233–4 291, 297, 298, 299 and civil courts 219, 236 Sulaiman Palestin 39–40 sharia law 87, 218, 228, 229, 233–4 Sultan Abdul Hamid College 7, 8 Siddiq Mohamed Ghouse 37 Sultan of Johore (King Mahmood Singapore Iskandar) 72–4, 202–3, 206, Abdullah Badawi 316–17 207–8, 209–10, 211 in and out of Malaysia 22–3 Sultan of Pahang (King Ahmad Shah) Mahathir Mohamad’s medical 203, 204, 205, 212 education and life in 11–13 sultans Pan-Electric Industries Ltd. 164 constitutional amendments relationship with 265–6, 268 concerning power of 73, 74, tin caper 154 197, 198, 199–200, 201, 202, see also Lee Kuan Yew 203–10, 212–13 Singapore–Malaysia bridge 320–1, “political activism” of 201–2 323 wealth of 211–12 Singh, Karpal 67, 71, 73–4, 136, see also royal families 297–8, 322 Syed Husin Ali 37 (wife of 32, 35, 37 Mahathir Mohamad) 11, 12, 13, Syed Mokhtar Albukhary 112, 193, 14, 15, 331–2 313, 314 on husband’s stress 206 influence and support 23–4, 27, 55, Tajudin Ramli 102, 133, 140, 171 57, 58 Tan, George 155, 156, 160, 161, 163 relationship with family of Tan Ka Kheng 66 Abdullah Badawi 326 Tan, Vincent 319, 328, 330 Societies Act 68, 71, 76, 125, 136–7, 33, 34, 36, 221 38–9, 54, 343 Solaimalai, Nallakaruppan 287–8, Abdullah Badawi government 329 288–9, 290, 294, 295 and Bank Bumiputra 32, 157–8 Soros, George 12, 107, 166–7, 169, leadership ambitions and 267, 284 supporters 59–60, 61, 62, 64, South Africa 15, 85, 257, 259–60 65, 71, 72, 126, 307, 318 South Korea 92, 93, 95, 96, 104, 108, Spirit of ’46 party 76–7 109, 112, 185, 262–3, 264 and UMNO finances 127, 128, South-South Commission 257 130–2, 135 Special Branch see police 99, 104, 105–6, 108–9, 126, Spirit of ’46 party (Semangat ’46) 154, 262, 267, 317, 349 76–7, 171 Thatcher, Margaret 249, 250, 255, 340 362 Index tin caper 150–4 Mahathir Mohamad Ting Pek Khiing 184, 186, 187, 283 as Chairman 19 Trowell, Mark 299 expulsion from and Tunku Abdul Rahman 3, 4, 6, 17, 19, readmission 27, 31 72, 126, 199, 200–1, 243 legacy 346–7 and Anwar Ibrahim 279 post-retirement role 80, 81, 307, and constitutional amendments 318, 321 concerning power of resignation from 331, 346 monarchy/sultans 205–6 media ownership 127–8, 131, 138, and Mahathir Mohamad 63, 68, 73 140, 141, 150, 323 comparison and conflicts and monarchy/sultans 206, 208 between 6, 17–19, 24, 26–8, “money politics” 125, 142, 143, 31, 34, 58–9, 213 287, 311, 319, 326, 327 political demise and retirement 25, and police Special Branch 35, 36, 26, 28, 35 37 Putrajaya 188 Political Fund 125, 127, 132, 144 relationship with Britain 18, 25, Supreme Council 31–2, 33, 64, 78, 243, 244, 247, 248 79, 281–2, 319, 346, 347 Youth 35, 61, 65, 127, 279, 280, Ummi Hafilda Ali 293–4, 298 282, 286 United Engineers (Malaysia) Bhd. 71, see also named members 107, 135–6, 137–8, 139, 140–1, United Nations (U.N.) 257, 258, 259, 142–3 262, 265, 299, 300, 310 United Malays National Organization United States (U.S.) (UMNO) 4, 6, 17 Abdullah Badawi government 268, Abdullah Badawi government 315, 317 317, 318–19, 329, 331–2, 343–4, Bilateral Training and Consultation 346, 347 (BITAC) agreement 251–2 and Anwar Ibrahim 277, 285–6, Mahathir Mohamad’s opinion of 290, 298 242, 243 bank ownership see named banks relationship with 250–2, 258, 263, Chinese–Malay relations 17, 24–5, 267–8 26 “September 11” attacks 234, 235, corporate investments and financial 267–8 scandals 67, 124–6, 127–9, Vietnam war 245, 246 130–2, 134–45, 149 Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM), election of vice presidents Institute of Tun Dr. Mahathir (1975) 32–3 Mohamad’s Thoughts 340, factionalism 341 Hussein government 33–40 Mahathir government 53, 58, Vietnam 245, 246, 261 59–60, 61–5, 66, 76–80, 126, Vision 2020 103, 105, 106, 307, 348, 130–1, 142, 346–7 349 Razak government 31, 32–3, 34 Wahab Patail 289, 295 founding of 4, 9, 198–9 Wan Abdul Ghani Wan Ahmad 174 as illegal organization (UMNO 11) Wan Aziza Wan Ismail 79, 281, 291, 71–2, 75, 76 329 Islamization policy and PAS 87, Wan Azmi Wan Hamzah 102, 133 218–35 passim Wan Tempawan Wan Hanafi (mother leadership and cabinet posts 58 of Mahathir Mohamad) 5, 7, 15 Index 363 women’s rights 13 Zaidner, David 150, 151, 152, Wong Hee Ong 12 153 4, 143, 311 Yeang, Ken 190 Zainur Zakaria 294, 298 Zakaria Mat Deros 327 Zahid Hamidi 282, 285, 286, 287 Zia ul–Haq, President of Pakistan 14 329, 330 Zimbabwe 260