Index 50 Reasons Why Anwar Cannot be mega-projects 194, 313–14, Prime Minister 287–8, 298 320–1, 323 successor 126, 194, 307–9, 345 Abdul Aziz Shamsuddin 298 Proton 319–21 Abdul Aziz Taha 158 Abdullah Majid 35, 36 Abdul Daim Zainuddin see Daim Abdullah Mohamed Yusof 133 Zainuddin Abu Bakar Ba’asyir 228–9 Abdul Gani Patail see Gani Patail Abu Sahid Mohamed 176 Abdul Ghafar Baba see Ghafar Baba affirmative action programme (New Abdul Khalid Sahan 165 Economic Policy/NEP) 30–1, 86, Abdul Qadeer Khan 313 87, 88–9, 96, 98, 101, 103–4, Abdul Rahim Aki 151, 152 110–13, 142, 155, 200, 230, 328, Abdul Rahim Bakar 201 329, 348 Abdul Rahim Noor see Rahim Noor Afro-Asian People’s Solidarity Abdul Rahman Putra see Tunku Abdul Organization 23 Rahman agriculture 88–9, 104, 111 Abdul Rahman Aziz 227 Ahmad Zahid Hamidi see Zahid Hamidi Abdul Razak Hussein see Razak Ali Abul Hassan Sulaiman 301 Hussein Aliran (multiracial reform movement) Abdul Wahab Patail see Wahab Patail 66, 70, 324, 329 Abdullah Ahmad 4, 26, 27, 32, 35–6, Alliance 17 38, 128, 308, 319 government 18–19, 24–5, 53, 126, Abdullah Ahmad Badawi see Abdullah 218 Badawi see also National Front Abdullah Badawi 235–7, 268, 299 Alor Star 3, 4–5, 11, 14–15, 16, 130 2004 election 317–18 MAHA Clinic (“UMNO Clinic”) 13, anti-corruption agenda 310–12, 191 317–18, 319, 327–8, 330–1 Mahathir Mohamad’s relocation to Anwar Ibrahim case 316 Kuala Lumpur from 31 corruption and nepotism Alternative Front 232, 233 allegations 312–13, 323 Anti-Corruption Agency 90, 282, 301, economic policies 194, 313–14 311, 312, 314–15, 344 international relations 316–17 anti-corruption agendas investigation into police 314–15, Abdullah Badawi 310–12, 317–18, 323, 327–8 319, 327–8, 330–1 Islam Hadhari 235–6, 315–16 Mahathir Mohamad 310–12 leadership style 308, 309–10, see also corruption (including 327 cronyism and nepotism) and Mahathir Mohamad Anti-Corruption Bill (1997) 282 criticisms and attacks 319–32 anti-Semitism 244, 255–6 passim, 341, 345–6 anti-Western sentiments 242–4, deputy prime minister 79–81 246–7, 248, 255, 256–7, 258–9, family relationships 326 342 352 Index 353 Anwar Ibrahim Ascot Sports 319 arrest (1974) 220–1, 279 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation business associates 102, 110, 141, (APEC) 253, 262–4, 294 144 Asian economic crisis (1997–98) 86, court cases 293–301 90, 103, 105–10, 112, 144 Abdullah Badawi government Anwar–Mahathir relationship 79, 299, 316 283, 285 arrest (1998) 79, 231–2, 267, Bank Bumiputra impact 166 277–8, 291–2 building projects 187–8, 192–3 corruption allegations 293–4, currency trading 106, 107, 108, 109, 296, 300 167, 283 homosexuality allegations and George Soros 12, 107, 167, 267, 289–90, 291, 293–4, 295–6, 284 297, 298, 299–300 “Asian values” 243, 258–9, 261 police brutality 292–3 Asian Wall Street Journal see media political conspiracies 277, 282–3, Association of Southeast Asian Nations 287–93, 298, 344 (ASEAN) 97, 99, 245, 261–3, 264, post-trial career 300, 329, 344 265, 268, 317 public support for 290, 291–2 Free Trade Area (AFTA) 99, 262 currency trading (forex fiasco) 170, Regional Forum (ARF) 262 172 Australia 243, 252–4, 262, 263–4, education and early political 268, 316 career 278–9 Abdullah Badawi’s official visit expulsion from UMNO 277, 290 to 317 founding of ABIM 220–1, 278–9 Mahathir Mohamad’s official visit judiciary corruption allegations to 254 (videotape) 328, 330–1 authoritarianism 53, 54, 65–9, 77–8, and Mahathir Mohamad 278, 342 Acting Prime Minister 282 Azahar Mohamed 295 comparison between 280 Azizan Abu Bakar 293–4, 295, 297, conflicts and tensions between 79, 298, 299 108, 109, 193–4, 277, 280–1, 283–6, 345 Bakun dam project 106, 186–7, 193, differences over economic policy 283, 314 107, 109, 283–5 Bank Bumiputra 63, 152, 153, 154, early relationship with 278–80 177 government and party roles 61, Bumiputra Malaysia Finance Ltd. 78–9, 221, 222, 279 (BMF) affair 154–64 Islam 222, 232 Perwaja Trengganu Sdn. Bhd. 172–7 personal and family relationships Putra World Trade Centre 135, 137, 281 144 as successor 62, 280–1, 282–3 and Tengku Razaleigh 32, 128, 156, People’s Front 329, 330, 343–4 157–8 Perwaja Trengganu Sdn. Bhd. 174, Bank of Commerce (Bian Chiang) 128, 175–6 132 Reformasi agenda 232, 235, 267, Bank Negara 106, 108, 143 285, 290, 310, 347 BMF inquiry 157–8, 161–2 Seri Perdana project, Putrajaya currency trading (forex fiasco) 188–9 166–8, 169–72 and Tunku Abdul Rahman 279 and Daim Zainuddin 90, 91–2, 130 Ariffin Jaka 297, 298–9 tin caper 151–2 354 Index Banking Act (1973) 91–2 Chinese 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 17 Bernama (news agency) 160, 192, and Malays, relationship between 288, 308 13, 16, 18, 22–3, 24–5, 26, 28–30, Berry, Jr., William E. 251 61, 65, 67, 86, 88–9, 96 Berthelsen, John 70 Malaysian Chinese Association Bosnia-Herzegovina 257, 258 24–5, 35, 53, 63, 65, 67, 68, 126, Britain 243, 246, 247, 248–50 127, 162, 230 return of “Carcosa” 248–9, 279 and sultanates 202 British colonialism see also Democratic Action Party; and elitism 3 ethnic and immigrant and independence 17, 19, 22, 199, populations 246 civil service/bureaucracy 3, 9, 10, Mahathir Mohamad’s criticism of 18, 27 11, 13, 247–8 Mahathir Mohamad’s reforms 55, return following Japanese 56, 90, 92, 113 occupation 8, 9, 10, 198–9 Commonwealth Heads of Government Singapore 11 Meetings 249, 257 and sultans/royal family 9, 17, Commonwealth 19, 245, 246, 249, 198–9 257 and UMNO 4, 9 communism and anti-communist building programme and activities 35–7, 245, 257, 259, mega-projects 183–94 260–1 Abdullah Badawi government 194, Conference of Rulers/Council of Rulers 313–14, 320–1, 323 73, 198, 199–200, 202, 204, 205–6, Bumiputra Malaysia Finance Ltd. 208, 219, 234 (BMF) affair 154–63 Constitution see Malaysian Constitution bumiputras 87, 93, 99, 102, 129, corruption (including cronyism and 130, 348 nepotism) affirmative action programme Abdullah Badawi 313, 323 (New Economic Policy/NEP) Anwar Ibrahim 293–4, 295–6, 300 30–1, 86, 88–9, 96, 98, 101, judiciary 75–6, 328, 329–30, 330–1 103–4, 110–13, 142, 155, 200, Mahathir Mohamad 250, 285, 286 230, 328, 329, 348 Najib Razak 343 bureaucracy see civil UMNO and “money politics” 124–5, service/bureaucracy 142, 143, 287, 311, 319, 326, 327 Bush, George W. 267, 313, 317 see also anti-corruption agendas; financial scandals Cambodia 245, 260, 261 cronyism see corruption (including car industry (Proton) 95, 96–100, cronyism and nepotism) 319–21 Cumaraswamy, Param 299 Mitsubishi participation in 97, 99 currency trading 106, 107, 108, 109, promotions 184, 185, 186 166–8, 169–72, 283 Carrian group 155, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163 Daim Zainuddin 5 censorship 67–8, 69, 160, 323–5 Abdullah Badawi succession 307–8 The Challenge (Mahathir Mohamad) and Anwar Ibrahim 288 29, 221 British return of “Carcosa” 248–9 Chee Heng Leng 66 as finance minister and UMNO Chia, Eric 173–4, 175, 176, 312 treasurer 63, 90–2, 101, 102, China 34, 36, 245, 251, 260–1, 262, 107, 109–10, 124, 125, 126, 264, 317 139–40, 144–5, 168, 172, 266 Index 355 Bank Negara 90, 91–2, 130 ethnic and immigrant populations 4, Fleet companies 129–30, 131–2, 5–6, 9, 12 133–5 assessment of Mahathir Mohamad’s and Mahathir Mohamad 56, 57, leadership 349 279 equity measures 30–1 reappointment 287 and Malay supremacy 17, 197, in U.S. 129–30, 251 199, 328, 349 dakwah groups 219–20, 222 and national unity policy (Bangsa Darul Arqam movement 226 Malaysia) 103, 113 democracy and human rights, post-independence Western rhetoric of 259 inequalities 24–5 Democratic Action Party 65, 67, 77, racial stereotypes 255 150, 154, 163 scapegoats for economic Alternative Front 232, 233 recession 65 see also Lim Kit Siang violence 113 developing countries, relationships Hindu Rights Action Force-led with 243, 257, 258, 259–62 demonstration (2007) 328 May 13 riots 25–6, 30, 89, East Asia Economic Caucus (EAEC) 279 262–3, 264 Operation Lalang detainees 65–7, economy 85–113 69, 136, 254, 325 Abdullah Badawi government see also bumiputras; Chinese; Indians; 313–14 Malays affirmative action programme (New Economic Policy/NEP) Farish Noor 229–30, 231 30–1, 86, 87, 88–9, 96, 98, 101, Fernando, Christopher 296 103–4, 110–13, 142, 155, 200, financial scandals 230, 328, 329, 348 forex fiasco (currency trading) assessment of Mahathir Mohamad’s 166–72 leadership 348–9 Mahathir Mohamad’s responses criticisms of international system to 149–50, 151, 153, 154, 243, 256–7 158–9, 161–2, 163–4, 168–9, domestic financial sector 170, 171, 173, 177 liberalization 104–5 Perwaja Trengganu Sdn. Bhd. 172–7, Look East policy 86, 92–4, 246, 312 247 tin caper 150–4 Plaza Accord 104, 105, 168–9, UMNO corporate investments 173 and 67, 124–6, 127–9, 130–2, relations with developing 135–45, 149 countries 243, 257, 258, 259–62 see also Bank Bumiputra; corruption Vision 2020 103, 105, 106, 307, (including cronyism and 348, 349 nepotism); Daim Zainuddin, as see also Asian economic crisis finance minister and UMNO (1997–98) treasurer elections financial sector liberalization 104–5 of vice presidents, UMNO (1975) Five Power Defence Arrangements 32–3 244–5 see also general elections Fleet Holdings/Group 127, 128–35, elitism 3, 8 138, 139, 140 environmental issues 66, 186–7, 258, foreign investment 100, 103–5, 108, 260, 266 109 356 Index foreign media see media Hindu Rights Action Force-led foreign policy see Australia; Britain; demonstration (2007) 328 international relations; United homosexuality allegations and case States against Anwar Ibrahim 79, 231, Formula One motor racing 183–4, 277, 282–3, 289–90, 291, 293–4, 185–6 295–6, 297, 298, 299–300 free-trade agreements