بسم هللا الرمحن الرحمي the Committee of the Martyrs of 15 March
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Oral Update of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic
Distr.: General 18 March 2014 Original: English Human Rights Council Twenty-fifth session Agenda item 4 Human rights situations that require the Council’s attention Oral Update of the independent international commission of inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic 1 I. Introduction 1. The harrowing violence in the Syrian Arab Republic has entered its fourth year, with no signs of abating. The lives of over one hundred thousand people have been extinguished. Thousands have been the victims of torture. The indiscriminate and disproportionate shelling and aerial bombardment of civilian-inhabited areas has intensified in the last six months, as has the use of suicide and car bombs. Civilians in besieged areas have been reduced to scavenging. In this conflict’s most recent low, people, including young children, have starved to death. 2. Save for the efforts of humanitarian agencies operating inside Syria and along its borders, the international community has done little but bear witness to the plight of those caught in the maelstrom. Syrians feel abandoned and hopeless. The overwhelming imperative is for the parties, influential states and the international community to work to ensure the protection of civilians. In particular, as set out in Security Council resolution 2139, parties must lift the sieges and allow unimpeded and safe humanitarian access. 3. Compassion does not and should not suffice. A negotiated political solution, which the commission has consistently held to be the only solution to this conflict, must be pursued with renewed vigour both by the parties and by influential states. Among victims, the need for accountability is deeply-rooted in the desire for peace. -
The Potential for an Assad Statelet in Syria
THE POTENTIAL FOR AN ASSAD STATELET IN SYRIA Nicholas A. Heras THE POTENTIAL FOR AN ASSAD STATELET IN SYRIA Nicholas A. Heras policy focus 132 | december 2013 the washington institute for near east policy www.washingtoninstitute.org The opinions expressed in this Policy Focus are those of the author and not necessar- ily those of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. MAPS Fig. 1 based on map designed by W.D. Langeraar of Michael Moran & Associates that incorporates data from National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, UNEP- WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, and iPC. Figs. 2, 3, and 4: detail from The Tourist Atlas of Syria, Syria Ministry of Tourism, Directorate of Tourist Relations, Damascus. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publica- tion may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2013 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050 Washington, DC 20036 Cover: Digitally rendered montage incorporating an interior photo of the tomb of Hafez al-Assad and a partial view of the wheel tapestry found in the Sheikh Daher Shrine—a 500-year-old Alawite place of worship situated in an ancient grove of wild oak; both are situated in al-Qurdaha, Syria. Photographs by Andrew Tabler/TWI; design and montage by 1000colors. -
A Case Study on Demographic Engineering in Syria No Return to Homs a Case Study on Demographic Engineering in Syria
No Return to Homs A case study on demographic engineering in Syria No Return to Homs A case study on demographic engineering in Syria Colophon ISBN/EAN: 978-94-92487-09-4 NUR 689 PAX serial number: PAX/2017/01 Cover photo: Bab Hood, Homs, 21 December 2013 by Young Homsi Lens About PAX PAX works with committed citizens and partners to protect civilians against acts of war, to end armed violence, and to build just peace. PAX operates independently of political interests. www.paxforpeace.nl / P.O. Box 19318 / 3501 DH Utrecht, The Netherlands / [email protected] About TSI The Syria Institute (TSI) is an independent, non-profit, non-partisan research organization based in Washington, DC. TSI seeks to address the information and understanding gaps that to hinder effective policymaking and drive public reaction to the ongoing Syria crisis. We do this by producing timely, high quality, accessible, data-driven research, analysis, and policy options that empower decision-makers and advance the public’s understanding. To learn more visit www.syriainstitute.org or contact TSI at [email protected]. Executive Summary 8 Table of Contents Introduction 12 Methodology 13 Challenges 14 Homs 16 Country Context 16 Pre-War Homs 17 Protest & Violence 20 Displacement 24 Population Transfers 27 The Aftermath 30 The UN, Rehabilitation, and the Rights of the Displaced 32 Discussion 34 Legal and Bureaucratic Justifications 38 On Returning 39 International Law 47 Conclusion 48 Recommendations 49 Index of Maps & Graphics Map 1: Syria 17 Map 2: Homs city at the start of 2012 22 Map 3: Homs city depopulation patterns in mid-2012 25 Map 4: Stages of the siege of Homs city, 2012-2014 27 Map 5: Damage assessment showing targeted destruction of Homs city, 2014 31 Graphic 1: Key Events from 2011-2012 21 Graphic 2: Key Events from 2012-2014 26 This report was prepared by The Syria Institute with support from the PAX team. -
The Documentation of the Sectarian Massacre of Talkalakh City in Homs Governorate
SNHR is an independent, non-governmental, nonprofit, human rights organization that was founded in June 2011. SNHR is a Thursday 31 October 2013 certified source for the United Nation in all of its statistics. The Documentation of the Sectarian Massacre of Talkalakh City in Homs Governorate The documenting party: Syrian Network for Human Rights On Thursday 31 October 2013, about 11:00 pm, a group of “local committees” entered the house of an IDPs family in Al Zara village in Talkalakh city and slaugh- tered a woman and her two children with knives. The location on the map: Alaa Mameesh, the eldest son of the family, told SNHR about the slaughtering of his mother and two brothers at the hands of pro-regime forces Al Shabiha: “The family displaced from Al Zara village due to clashes between Free Army and the regime army which consists of 95% Alawites in that area. The family displaced to Talkalakh city which is controlled by the regime hoping the situation would be better there. When Al Shabiha knew that the building contains people from Al Zara village, they stormed the house and without any investigation they killed them all, my mother, my sister and my brother. My father, Fat-hi Mameesh is an officer in the regime army, he fought the Free Army in many battels. Al Shabiha haven’t asked my family about any information. They killed them only because they are IDPs from Al Zara village which is of a Sunni majority. We couldn’t identify anything about their corpses or whether they buried them or not because they banned anyone from Al Zara village to enter Talkalakh city” 1 www.sn4hr.org - [email protected] The victims’ names: The mother, Elham Jardi/ Homs/ Al Zara village/ (Um Alaa) Hanadi Fat-hi Mameesh, 19-year-old/ Homs/ Al Zara village Mohammad Fat-hi Mameesh, 17-year-old/ Al Zara village. -
Syrian 'Citizen Journalists' Use Social Media to Spread News
11 March 2012 | MP3 at voaspecialenglish.com Syrian 'Citizen Journalists' Use Social Media to Spread News AP A family escapes from fierce fighting between Free Syrian Army fighters and government troops in Idlib This is the VOA Special English Technology Report. Social media networks have come to play an important part in the political unrest in Syria. The Syrian government barred most media from the country after the unrest began almost one year ago. But that has not stopped Syrians from getting out information to the rest of the world. Many Syrians have turned to social media like YouTube, Facebook and Twitter to help spread reports about what is happening in the country. (SOUND) That is the sound of explosions from a video on YouTube. The video is said to show shells falling on the city of Homs. This is one of hundreds, possibly thousands of similar videos placed on social media websites in the past few weeks. With few foreign reporters in Syria, social media have become a major tool for telling the world what is happening. Many news organizations have had to depend on reports and videos from people they call citizen journalists. 2 Emanuelle Esposti has been studying the use of such videos by foreign media. She operates a blog and lives in Britain. EMANUELLE ESPOSTI: "It's very difficult to know where that video has actually come from, who's behind it, why are they behind it… Because there's nobody there on the ground, because there's no reporter there that can say 'oh yes, I've looked out of my window and I've seen this.'" Last week, Syria's deputy oil minister resigned his position to join the opposition. -
Operational Presence of Syrian Ngos in Sub-Districts (Turkey Hub) July 2015
Syrian Arab Republic: Operational Presence of Syrian NGOs in Sub-Districts (Turkey Hub) July 2015 Legend !^ Capital Al-Malikeyyeh !! Governorate Centre Jawadiyah TU R KE Y Amuda Quamishli Administrative boundaries Qahtaniyyeh Darbasiyah International Ain al Ya'robiyah Lower Arab Governorate Bulbul Shyookh Jarablus Ghandorah Be'r Al-Hulo Tal Hmis Raju Tell District Sharan Ras Al Al-Wardeyyeh Ar-Ra'ee Abiad Suran Ain Mediterranean Ma'btali A'zaz Tal Sub-District Tamer AL-HASAKEH ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Sheikh Menbij ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Aghtrin ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Sea El-Hadid ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Tall ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Al-Hasakeh ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! UNDOF zone Afrin Refaat A'rima Suluk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Abu Sarin Jandairis Mare' Ein Issa Al Bab Qalqal Hole Nabul # of organizations reported Haritan Tadaf Daret 1 - 2 Dana Azza Rasm Haram Harim !! El-Imam Qourqeena Eastern 3 - 5 Salqin Jebel Kwaires Dayr Ar-Raqqa Areesheh Kafr Atareb Saman Takharim Hafir Jurneyyeh IR AQ 6 - 10 Armanaz Maaret Zarbah Shadadah Tamsrin Teftnaz As-Safira AR-RAQQA Hadher Karama ! 11 - 25 Darkosh Bennsh Banan Maskana ! !! ALEPPO Janudiyeh Idleb ! Sarmin Kiseb Jisr-Ash-Shugur Hajeb Al-Thawrah Rabee'a Saraqab Qastal Mhambal Ariha Abul Al-Khafsa Kisreh Badama Tall Maadan Markada Maaf Thohur Ed-daman Ein Kansaba Ehsem Ziyara El-Bayda Ma'arrat Khanaser Mansura Bahlawaniyeh Salanfa IDLEB An Nu'man Sabka Notes: Lattakia Al-Haffa Kafr Sanjar Tabni This map shows operational presence as reported by LATTAKIA Nobol !! Hanadi Mzair'a Jobet Heish Syrian NGOs and Local Charities. The reported Madiq Sur Fakhura Berghal Khan Tamanaah Castle Al-Qardaha Shat-ha Shaykun organisations are delivering humanitarian assistance Harf As-Suqaylabiyah Hamra in one or more locations in the sub-district. -
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC United Nations Cross-Border Operations Under UNSC Resolutions As of 31 December 2020
SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC United Nations cross-border operations under UNSC resolutions As of 31 December 2020 UN Security Council Resolutions 2165/2191/2258/2332/2393/2449/2504/2533 930 14 Through the adoption of resolutions 2165 (2014),and its subsequent renewals 2191 (2014), 2258 (2015), 2332 Consignments Trucks (2016), 2393 (2017), 2449 (2018), 2504 (2020) and 2533 (2020) until 10 July 2021, the UN Security Council in December 2020 in December 2020 6 has authorized UN agencies and their partners to use routes across conflict lines and the border crossings at Agencies Bab al-Salam, Bab al-Hawa, Al-Ramtha and Al Yarubiyah, to deliver humanitarian assistance, including medical reported and surgical supplies, to people in need in Syria. As of 10 July 2020, based on resolution 2533, Bab al-Hawa is 43,348 1,318 the only crossing open at this point in time. The Government of Syria is notified in advance of each shipment Trucks Consignments in December and a UN monitoring mechanism was established to oversee loading in neighboring countries and confirm the since July 2014 since July 2014 2020 humanitarian nature of consignments. Number of trucks per crossing point by month since July 2014 Number of targeted sectors by district in December 2020 Bab al-Hawa 33,376 Since Jul 2014 Bab al-Salam 5,268 Since Jul 2014 TURKEY Al-Malikeyyeh Quamishli 1,200 930 1,200 800 800 Jarablus Ain Al Arab Ras Al Ain 400 0 Afrin 400 A'zaz Tell Abiad 0 0 Bab Al Bab Al-Hasakeh al-Hawa Jul 2014 Dec 2020 Jul 2014 Dec 2020 ] Al-Hasakeh Harim Jebel Jisr- Menbij Lattakia -
WEEKLY CONFLICT SUMMARY | 1 June - 7 June 2020
WEEKLY CONFLICT SUMMARY | 1 June - 7 June 2020 SYRIA SUMMARY • NORTHWEST| Turkish and Russian armed forces continued their joint patrols in Idlib Governorate. Clashes between armed opposition groups and Government of Syria (GoS) armed forces and GoS-backed militias increased during the reporting period. Turkish armed forces expanded their presence in southern Idlib Governorate. There were increased air strikes by Israeli, Russian, and GoS air forces in the region. • SOUTH & CENTRAL | Unidentified gunmen continued attacks against GoS soldiers and former opposition fighters across Dara’a Governorate. Attacks against civilians continued in Dara’a Governorate. Protests erupted in Dara’a and As-Swedia Governorates against GoS and deteriorating economic conditions. • NORTHEAST | Russian armed forces attempted to establish a new military base in Al-Hassakah Governorate. Attacks against Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) fighters continued during the reporting period. The SDF continued its anti-ISIS raids in the region. Turkish-backed armed opposition groups destroyed crops within Turkish-held Operation Peace Spring areas. Figure 1: Dominant actors’ area of control and influence in Syria as of 7 June 2020. NSOAG stands for Non-state Organized Armed Groups. Also, please see the footnote on page 2. Page 1 of 5 WEEKLY CONFLICT SUMMARY | 1 June – 7 June 2020 NORTHWEST SYRIA1 During the reporting period, clashes between armed opposition groups on the one side against GoS armed forces and GoS-backed militias on the other side increased.2 On 1 June, clashes erupted after the opposition armed group coalition Wa Harredh al Moa’mineen Operation Room fighters targeted GoS armed forces and GoS-backed militias on the Ruwaiha frontline in Idlib Governorate. -
The Syrian Civil War a New Stage, but Is It the Final One?
THE SYRIAN CIVIL WAR A NEW STAGE, BUT IS IT THE FINAL ONE? ROBERT S. FORD APRIL 2019 POLICY PAPER 2019-8 CONTENTS * SUMMARY * 1 INTRODUCTION * 3 BEGINNING OF THE CONFLICT, 2011-14 * 4 DYNAMICS OF THE WAR, 2015-18 * 11 FAILED NEGOTIATIONS * 14 BRINGING THE CONFLICT TO A CLOSE * 18 CONCLUSION © The Middle East Institute The Middle East Institute 1319 18th Street NW Washington, D.C. 20036 SUMMARY Eight years on, the Syrian civil war is finally winding down. The government of Bashar al-Assad has largely won, but the cost has been steep. The economy is shattered, there are more than 5 million Syrian refugees abroad, and the government lacks the resources to rebuild. Any chance that the Syrian opposition could compel the regime to negotiate a national unity government that limited or ended Assad’s role collapsed with the entry of the Russian military in mid- 2015 and the Obama administration’s decision not to counter-escalate. The country remains divided into three zones, each in the hands of a different group and supported by foreign forces. The first, under government control with backing from Iran and Russia, encompasses much of the country, and all of its major cities. The second, in the east, is in the hands of a Kurdish-Arab force backed by the U.S. The third, in the northwest, is under Turkish control, with a mix of opposition forces dominated by Islamic extremists. The Syrian government will not accept partition and is ultimately likely to reassert its control in the eastern and northwestern zones. -
Exhibition Checklist I. Creating Palmyra's Legacy
EXHIBITION CHECKLIST 1. Caravan en route to Palmyra, anonymous artist after Louis-François Cassas, ca. 1799. Proof-plate etching. 15.5 x 27.3 in. (29.2 x 39.5 cm). The Getty Research Institute, 840011 I. CREATING PALMYRA'S LEGACY Louis-François Cassas Artist and Architect 2. Colonnade Street with Temple of Bel in background, Georges Malbeste and Robert Daudet after Louis-François Cassas. Etching. Plate mark: 16.9 x 36.6 in. (43 x 93 cm). From Voyage pittoresque de la Syrie, de la Phoénicie, de la Palestine, et de la Basse Egypte (Paris, ca. 1799), vol. 1, pl. 58. The Getty Research Institute, 840011 1 3. Architectural ornament from Palmyra tomb, Jean-Baptiste Réville and M. A. Benoist after Louis-François Cassas. Etching. Plate mark: 18.3 x 11.8 in. (28.5 x 45 cm). From Voyage pittoresque de la Syrie, de la Phoénicie, de la Palestine, et de la Basse Egypte (Paris, ca. 1799), vol. 1, pl. 137. The Getty Research Institute, 840011 4. Louis-François Cassas sketching outside of Homs before his journey to Palmyra (detail), Simon-Charles Miger after Louis-François Cassas. Etching. Plate mark: 8.4 x 16.1 in. (21.5 x 41cm). From Voyage pittoresque de la Syrie, de la Phoénicie, de la Palestine, et de la Basse Egypte (Paris, ca. 1799), vol. 1, pl. 20. The Getty Research Institute, 840011 5. Louis-François Cassas presenting gifts to Bedouin sheikhs, Simon Charles-Miger after Louis-François Cassas. Etching. Plate mark: 8.4 x 16.1 in. (21.5 x 41 cm). -
The Qusayr Rules: the Syrian Regime's Changing Way of War by Jeffrey White
MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 2082 The Qusayr Rules: The Syrian Regime's Changing Way of War by Jeffrey White May 31, 2013 ABOUT THE AUTHORS Jeffrey White Jeffrey White is an adjunct defense fellow at The Washington Institute, specializing in the military and security affairs of the Levant and Iran. Brief Analysis Given the regime's renewed offensive capabilities, delaying foreign military assistance any further is a recipe for more rebel defeats. he ongoing battle in and around al-Qusayr city in Syria's Homs province is not just another clash. It is a full- T scale fight with major significance for the war, similar to the battle for Aleppo in summer 2012. Despite determined rebel resistance, this is a battle the regime must win. And given its current advantages, Damascus most likely will win. Al-Qusayr is already testing the regime's developing capabilities and those of its allies, especially Hezbollah. Perhaps more important, Bashar al-Assad's forces seem to be establishing a set of "Qusayr rules" that will shape how they conduct the war in the period ahead. SIGNIFICANCE T he battle for al-Qusayr is important for many reasons. The area dominates the southern route through Homs province to the coast, a stronghold of the regime's Shiite Alawite supporters. It also controls the southern approaches to Homs city, where regime forces continue to struggle. In addition to threatening Shiite villages in the area, rebel control of al-Qusayr hinders regime access to Lebanon's Beqa Valley while facilitating the cross-border movement of arms to rebels in west central Syria. -
The Battle for Al Qusayr, Syria
June 2013 The Battle for al Qusayr, Syria TRADOC G-2 Intelligence Support Activity (TRISA) Complex Operational Environment and Threat Integration Directorate (CTID) [Type the author name] United States Army 6/1/2012 Threats Integration Team Threat Report Purpose To inform the Army training community of real world example of Hybrid Threat capabilities in a dynamic operating environment To illustrate current tactics for Hybrid Threat insurgent operations To illustrate Hybrid Threat counterinsurgency operations using a current conflict To provide a short history of the conflict in the al Qusayr and the al Assi basin To describe the importance of the lines of communications from Lebanon to Syria Executive Summary The al Qusayr area of operations is a critical logistics hub for the rebel forces fighting against the Syrian government known as the Free Syrian Army (FSA). A number of external actors and international terror organizations have joined the fight in the al Assi basin on both sides of the conflict. The al Assi basin and the city of al Qusayr can be considered critical terrain and key to the future outcome of the conflict in Syria. Conventional and unconventional as well as irregular forces are all present in this area and are adapting tactics in order to achieve a decisive outcome for their cause. Cover photo: Pro Regime Leaflets Dropped on al Qusayr During the Second Offensive, 21 MAY 2013. 2 UNCLASSIFIED Threats Integration Team Threat Report Map Figure 1. The al Assi River Basin and city of al Qusayr Introduction Al Qusayr, a village in Syria’s Homs district, is a traditional transit point for personnel and goods traveling across the Lebanon/Syria border.