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ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL MONTHLY ECONOMIC DIGEST VOL. XLVI NO.: 09 July 2017 350 Pages `300 ISSN 2456 - 2457

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2 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Message from Honourable Minister of Water

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 3

MEDC Governing Board Straight From the Heart… MEDC President : Cdr. Dipak Naik - President & CEO have always had a very close Naik Environment Research Institute Iconnection with water. Firstly because Ltd. (NERIL) I was in the Navy for twenty four years starting in my teens. Then because as MEDC Vice Presidents a captain of Coast Guard Ship Vajra, • Cdr. Anil Save - Mg. Director I was the commander of the largest Atra Pharmaceuticals Pvt. Ltd. operation to control an oil slick in • Mrs. Meenal Mohadikar - CEO Bombay High North in May Anand Trade Development 1993, when over 80,000 tons Service of crude had spilled threatening the west coast and its • Mr. Ravi Boratkar -Jt. Mg. Director marine . The days in the Navy and coast guard taught me to MM Activ Sci-Tech be one with the nature and about the treasure of our coastal Coomunications and deep sea that needs to be protected. MEDC Immediate Past-Presidents : • Dr. Vithal V. Kamat - Chairman For the last twenty two years, I have been working as a The Kamat Group of Hotels coordinator for environmental impact assessments of large • Mr. Nandkishor Kagliwal - Chairman water resource projects, and planning for restoration of Nath Group and and onmany catchment area’s conservation plans of Special Invitee : mammoth rivers like Satluj and Beas. This interest and vocation • Mr. Chandrakant Sadadekar- led me to learn many aspects of water, nature and humans. Chairman Most notably among these learning experiences was the Sadadekar Global Group interaction with Dr. C . D. Thatte, the then Secretary General • Mr. Anil Gachke - Chairman of the International Commission on and Drainage MEDC Industries Committee (ICID), during the ‘India China, Policy Support Program’ for three consecutive years from 2003 to 2005. I was presenting Printed, published & edited by Ms. Ananya Prem Nath of behalf of my papers on “Reversing the Impacts of Urban Pollution for Maharashtra Economic Development Restoration of Rivers”. Council (MEDC), Printed Shree Ganesh Graphics, A2/51, Saha & Nahar Dr. Thatte talked about “Water for People,Water for and Industrial Estate, Lower Parel, . This coinage of expression and thought - 400 013. And published from Water for Nature” Maharashtra Economic Development has stayed with me and has provided a balanced solution to Council, Y. B. Chavan Centre, complex situations that arise while making Environmental 3rd Floor, Gen. J. Bhosale Marg, Management Plans. , Mumbai - 400 021. While bringing out this special publication, we were inspired tochoose these three heads to call for papers to make this special publication more focused and meaningful. Many knowledgeable writers sent their articles. We then added more sections “Water in MMR, Water and Technology, and .” Regrettably all the papers that we received cannot be published for lack of space. We have published 43 papers that will go on to make this special issue extremely informative. I am thankful to the

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 5 editorial committee for all the efforts that they took to read through and chose the papers that were received. I deeply appreciate the efforts of our staff – Sonali, Ananya, Sonam, Pooja, Swanandand our printers; who burnt the midnight oil to be able to publish this book on a time line that was advanced by seven days.

In the last two decades or so, the subject of water has attracted public attention for all the wrong reasons. Famine, suicides, water tribunal awards, building dams and being left with no money for the canals and distribution systems, scams, scandals, corruption, inquiries, inability to recover costs, and agitations Some have chosen the subject of water for judicial activism to jump the band wagon of fast track to fame. It is indeed heartening to note that the watershed management in Maharashtra received a shot in the arm in the form of ‘Jala Yukta Shivar’ midcourse corrections that may be necessary.

Much is talked about global warming, climate change and so on. These are large global subjects. We decided to start with the factors that are within our control. Some of them that are based on urban / human responsible action plan can be listed as: Reduction of consumptive use at individual and social level by metering usage; recycling at an affordable cost; saving good bodies from pollution so that they are available for use; ensuring ground water recharge by water harvesting. Minimizing urban run off caused by end to end concrete / asphalt roads and parking grounds in all the commercial / housing complexes and so on.

On a larger scale, we as a state and nation have to learn to do our watershed management to improving the moisture regime. other endemic thereafter with a provision for watch and do a special drive for the mapping and treatment of our natural drainage lines and water bodies. This will have to be based on engineering, bio-engineering, forestry and above all indigenous knowledge prevalent in of each agro-economic/ agro climatic zone. Forestry plans and designs; suitable for each location’s soil and climate and many more down to non chemical non plastic noninvasive methods used by us for centuries have

6 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest to be socially revived, documented, exerted, implemented and monitored using best of information technology tools.

What we do not need is Bureaucratic process thwarting every step, overseas expertise, and self-proclaimed saviors of the claiming to be experts and playing to the gallery,(many NGO’s have made this their source of more butter than bread). ‘Namami Ganga’ is a great thought and mission, but the success of this initiative depends on whole hearted participation by the Or else it is doomed to fail like many well intended schemes that never reached its fruition for lack of involved execution. We need this mission to be taken up by all and for every river in the states, cities, districts and villages. We need local level missionary zeal to undertake ‘Namami Godavari, Krishna, Tapi, Narmada, Bhima so on and on to Namami Mithi Namami Mula-Mutha i.e. every small and large waterbody in our surrounding.

We need a young, energetic, ready to learn team in every revenue division of the state and the nation. Capable of absorbing indigenous know how, of good command on GIS, who will be guided by a very few experienced heads and hands to plan the lay out and the action plan for each geographic expanse. We then need to exert these plans using schemes such as MNREGA. We need to monitor progress using IT, create mid-course corrections in real time (not by appointing high in our state; within a span of just five years by changing the micro and macro climatic conditions.

And yes! We as a nation need to complete our plan for inter-linking of rivers to share water between surplus and in the next twenty years or so.

We will then forever have ‘Water for people, Water for Nature and Water for Food for People and Nature!’

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 7 Straight From the Heart… 05

● SPECIAL FEATURE ● Israel’s Water Economy & Possibilities of Cooperation with Maharashtra 12 ● COVER STORY ● Water For People Development of Realtime Hydrological Information System for Department Government of Maharashtra, through National Project 18 - Mr. Ishwar Chaudhari - Mr. Sanjay Doiphode

Water Woes- Mitigation Challenges -

VOL. XLVI NO. : 09 July 2017 July 09 : NO. XLVI VOL. Way Forward 23 Economic Impact Of Aerobic Rice - Mr. M. J. Deb Technology In Karnataka 53 - Mr. S. Ghosh - Mr. Kiran Kumar R Patil - Mr. M G Chandrakanth Bioremediation - Nature’s Cure For - Mr. K J Pavan People’s Problem 29 - Mr. H E Shashidhar - Dr. Ganesh Kamath - Mr. B S Nandisha

Water Resource Planning for Economic Water Use Conflicts : Implications And Stability : Experiences & the Possible Solutions A Case Study Right Road Ahead 31 Practises Upper Avarasin 61 - Prof. Dr. Firdos T. Shroff - Mr. Ishwar S Chaudhari - Mr. Sanjay M Belsare Water For People – Conservation & Beyond In Industrial Sector 36 Water Resource Management : A Sustainability Perspective 69 - Mr. S. Satyakumar - Mr. V. K. Khilnani - Dr. Dhananjay Samant - Mr. C. Seshasai “Water Economics & Policies Water For Food in India” 75 - Ms. Sonam Gupta Increasing Water Productivity & Water - Mr. Swanand Mule Use Efficiency through Micro Irrigation in Canal Command Areas 40 Towards Water Positive - Murbad - Mr. Anil Jain Shahapur—Vasundhara Sanjivani Mandal (Vsm) Speeds Up Role Of Irrigation Management To Meet Mission Critical Journey 86 Food Requirement For Growing - Mr. Ashok R. Hingane Population Of India 45 - Mr. S. K. Mazumder Water For Nature Evolution Of Eia Process In River Valley Projects 99 - Dr. Apurva Srivastava - Mrs. Rekha Somayaji CONTENT 8 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Water Resource Management For Mumbai Inclusive And Sustainable Management Plan with Special Development 104 Reference to Heavy Metals 133 MAHARASHTRA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL MONTHLY ECONOMIC DIGEST - Mr. R. R. Sambharia - Mr. Asheesh Shrivastava VOL. XLVI NO.: 09 July 2017 350 Pages `300 ISSN 2456 - 2457 - Mr. Manas Hans Yadav - Mr. Rakesh Kumar - Mr. Nagaraj V. Special Publication Ecological Assessment Of Water on Assessment of the impact of land Quality At Creek, Mumbai, West WATER use change on hydrological Coast Of India 141 processes in a humid tropical - Ms. Swati S. Bopinwar river basin in Central India 109 - Dr. T. K. Ghosh - Dr. Sudhir Singh - Mr. Nirmal Kumar Lessons from Experiments - Mr. Vikram Gaurav Singh and Mumbai Experience of Flooding in - Prof. Avinash C. Pandey Storm Water Management 146 - Mr. P. M. Deshpande Water Quality Monitoring of River Godavari during Simhastha Kumbh Water Technology Mela 2015 115 - Mr. Rajendra Pawar Implementation of Decision Support - Mr. Sanjay Doiphode System-Planning for Upper Bhima Sub - Mr. S. K. Kshirsagar Basin of Maharashtra 153 MEDC Economic Digest Editorial Board - Mr. S. S. Heganna Water in MMR - Mr. C. N. Mali Interim Chairman Cdr. Dipak Naik -Lifeline of Mumbai 122 Enhancement through - Mr. Anant Kadam Artificial echarge: Eample from Editor - Mr. S. B. Uchgaonkar Palakkad, Kerala 164 Ms. Ananya Prem Nath - Mr. Suresh Babu DS Manager-Research & Training Service Delivery & Economics Of - Mr. John Mathai Mumbai Water Supply 126 Editorial Advisor : - Dr. S. N. Patankar Water Quality Mapping of Lakes in Dr. Prakash Hebalkar, Mumbai using Remote Sensing 172 Mr. Ravi Buddhiraja, IAS (Retd.) - Mr. Vaibhav Garg Dr. Minu Mehta, Prof. IES-MR Dr. B.N. Lad, Director (R&T), MEDC Development of Navigation in -Rajasthan-Sabarmati-(Kandla) MEDC Response : Link Canal 186 Ms. Sonali Jakatdar - Gen. Manager - Cdr. Dipak Naik Address : Why Construct New , When You Can Upgrade The Old. A Case Study Of Y.B. Chavan Centre, Nariman Point, Existing , Capacity 145 Mld, Mumbai - 400 021. O.C.W. (Nagpurmunicipal Corporation), Tel. : 2284 2206/09; Fax : 2284 6288; Pench II 198 Email : [email protected] - Mr. Shirish Kardile - Dr. A. G. Bhole www.medcindia.com

Case study for ‘The water Hub @ Emory University- Atlanta, Georgia, USA. 207 - Consulate General of Atlanta

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 9 Role of Technology in Managing WaterSupply and Consumption in India 210 - Ms. Amrita Chowdhury

Water Pollution Water pollution is going to be a major threat to life on the Earth 217 - Dr. S. B. Goilkar

Water Pollution in Hooghly () River Estuary: Causes, Effects and Possible Remedial Measures 223 - Ms. Soumita Mitra - Mr. Santosh Kumar Sarkar

Strategies for Water Quality Preventions of along City – A Review Article 230 - Mr. Prathmesh Chourey VOL. XLVI NO. : 09 July 2017 July 09 : NO. XLVI VOL. - Ms. Pranali Chavan

Water Resources Planning for Economic Stability 238 - Ms. Kiran Nanda

Gainful Reuse of Treated Sewages: The 21st Century Challenge Posed by Micro-pollutants and Pathogenes 250 - Dr. Shyam R. Asolekar - Mr. Rahul S. Sutar - Ms. B. Lekshmi

The Cleaning Godavari – The Carrier of Faith 267 - Ms. Rekha Somayaji Water Conservation Community Endeavours towards Water Resource Management : Resultant Social Entrepreneurship 276 - Dr. Radhika Lobo - Mr. Sanjeev Prakash

India’s Worsening Water Crisis Need to intensify water conservation & harvesting 280 - Dr. S. D. Naik CONTENT 10 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Water Management – The holistic Way 284 - Ms. Chitralekha Vaidya

Water For All And All For Water 290 - Dr. K. K. Banerjee

Paper on Working of Brahmaputra Board 296 - Mr. Iltaf Hussain

Rain Water Harvesting in Urban & Rural Area 302 - Mr. Ulhas Paranjpe ● SUCCESS STORY ●

Kagal a journey towards zero waste 306 - Mr. Saikiran S Prabhu

C-Tech Process for Treatment and Recycle of in – A Success Story 308 - Dr. Satya Narayana

Citizens demonstrate solutions the city can learn from:Rainbow Drive Layout and its water reforms over a decade 314 - Mr. Avinash Krishnamurthy

New Challenges And Innovations In Cooling & Chilled Water Management 328 - Mr. Charuchandra Dewasthale

The Story of Ezy Cooler 334 - Ms. Ritu Malhotra Mr. Prateek Malhotra Mr. Prateek Harde

● GLOBAL TREND ● Global Trade and Investment Trends 336 - Dr. Prakash Hebalkar ● MAHA FACTS FIGURES ●

Water Supply and 339

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 11 Special Feature Israel’s Water Economy & Possibilities of Cooperation with Maharashtra

srael is approximately twice almost half of the area of underground water tables Ithe size of Israel. The annual precipitation tapped in controlled district of Maharashtra. It’s rate in the Negev desert is quantities.V area is 21,671 sq. kmI and often less than 25 mm.IV Israel population is 8.64 million.II does not have any major river Israel adopted a model of Israel’s is divided basins. The total annual Integrated Water Resources into 4 partsIII. Coastal plains renewable water resources Management well before its in the west, mountain ranges amount to some 1.7 billion independence in 1948. Israel in the north, valley of Jordan cu.m., which consists of the is probably the only country river in the east and the Jordan river, lake Kinneret, in the world, where a water Negev desert in the South. and a few small river expert became prime minister. The Negev desert comprises systems, natural springs and Israel’s 4th prime minister Levy Eshkol (1963-69), played a central role in the establishment of Mekorot in 1937, which later became the National Water Company of Israel.VI The famous drip irrigation technology, which is used all over the world was invented in Israel. It resulted in establishment of NETAFIM, the world’s largest drip irrigation company on Kibbutz Hatzerim in 1965.VII Israel is a world leader in drip irrigation, fertigation, water recycling and reverse osmosis technologies. Today, almost entire agriculture in Israel is grown on micro-irrigation. Top micro irrigation companies in the world such Irrigation Ltd. are either started in Israel or have a strong Israeli connection.

12 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Special Feature Israel produces 500 million systems account for 50% population and the cubic meters of wastewater of the world’s low-pressure development of the country. every year, out of which, more irrigation systems. Israeli than 90% is recycled and goes companies have installed 2. Covers water sources such to agriculture or nature.VIII more than 350 as the springs, , rivers, plants in more than 40 lakes and other currents and Universities in Israel offer countries including India.XII water reservoirs - whether quality education and research above or below the ground, facilities covering various The genesis and growth of whether natural or whether aspects of water management. these companies could have regulated or installed, whether In the last few years, Israel has been possible because of a taken a lead in desalination strong R&D support system stands in them, at all times technologies. Today, about and close cooperation or intermittently, including 75% of Israel’s domestic between academia, industry drainage water and sewage water supply is obtained from and the government. water. 5 desalination plants.IX Israel has world’s largest and most However, this journey was not 3. Provides access to water advanced reverse osmosis easy. It took a national and as a right to the citizens but (RO) desalination at plant collective effort out of the does not confer them a right ‘Sorek’. It provides clean, need for survival. Israel faces over water resources in any potable water for over 1.5 severe droughts cyclically. land, or that pass through it million people, comprising Israel had a seven years of or in its borders.XIV 20% of the municipal water drought in the last decade.XIII demand in Israel.X Several provisions in the between the demand for National Water Law of Israel Over 600 companies operate water and supply from available were later adopted by various in the water sector including natural sources. To manage countries as guiding principles. approximately 100 start-up this situation, Israel built a companies. In 2010, the prudent water management The second pillar was to annual exports of the Israeli system with three important build a world class physical water companies were more pillars. infrastructure. It started with than 1.4 billion USD.XI They developing the National deal a variety of products and Three pillars of Israel’s Water Grid by Mekorot, the technologies; such as of Integrated Water national water company of metering, leakage detection Resource Management Israel. The National Water and prevention technologies, Carrier of Israel is considered , water National Water Law 1959 has as a marvel in hydraulic played a pivotal role. It was a engineering. It lifts water from treatment, water security, landmark in a sense that it - approximately 213 meters water management, desalination, below sea level and takes it to 1. Makes the water sources in 151 meters above sea level and recycling, command and Israel are the property of the brings it from the North Israel control, managing large public. They are controlled in the Central plains of Israel projects, consulting, engineering by the State and are intended and links most of the regional and planning. Israeli water projects throughout

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 13 Special Feature the country.XV Mekorot also administration, operation and diplomatic relations between operates the Shafdan water India-Israel. Agriculture and recycling plant and Kishón water economyXVI, including Water are at the core of these water treatment facilities. of natural water resources, situations in Israel and India desalination plants were added are not comparable as there to this infrastructure, which meet the major requirement of water consumers and in size, population, rainfall, for potable water in Israel. producers, so as to allow high quality water and sewage The third and probably the ability to charge or pay for most important pillar was while increasing the water, there is an immense to build the institutions that sustainable welfare of Israeli scope for replicating some of citizens. the Israel’s lessons. India has It started with the Water more than one sixth of the Commission, which was later 3.4 Possibilities of transformed into the Water Cooperation with it has only 4% of the water Authority of Israel. Today, Maharashtra resources in the world. Large the Water Authority of Israel This year is celebrated as parts of Maharashtra, Telangana, is responsible for the the 25th Karnataka and at least 7 other

Source - Water Authority of Israel

14 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Special Feature states are suffering from weak in the state as it used to On this backdrop, Israel’s monsoons for consecutive consume more than 90% model for integrated water years. Under the existing laws, of the available surface and resources management offers water is a state subject. Hence ground water. It was followed immense scope of collaboration making laws, policies and by water for domestic and for a state like Maharashtra. building institutions to govern industrial use. Water and It covers exchange of Institute knowledge and ideas in areas resources comes under the or WALMI was established like water laws and building state jurisdiction. The role as a centre of excellence in institutions to govern water of the central government is training, research and to water saving technologies limited to resolve the disputes consultancy services for such as drip irrigation, related to inter-state water improving Irrigation Water fertigation, drought resistant sharing. Management through capacity crops, crops growing on saline water, water metering, building and human resources pressure valves, water As per the 2012 data, there are development. It set a resources security to creating approximately 3200 dams in precedent for a number India. Out of them 1821 dams awareness about saving water. of drought prone states in The Chief Minister are in Maharashtra alone. Yet, India. However, in the age of less than 20% agricultural of Maharashtra, Shri economic liberalization, the Devendra Fadnavis visited land is under irrigation in situation on ground started the state. It is believed that Israel in April 2015 to changing rapidly. Large participate in Agri Tech the irrigation potential in the scale industrialization and state is not more than 30%. International Conference. He urbanization resulted into also visited SHAFDAN plants Maharashtra government migration of population from has launched the project which recycles sewage water villages to cities. Water for in the Dan (Tel-Aviv “Jalyukt Shivar Abhiyaan” in drinking and domestic use metropolitan region) and a bid to make Maharashtra a got a priority over irrigation. transports it to agriculture drought-free state by 2019. On the other hand, tendency in the Southern Israel. As a It involves deepening and of farmers to go for water follow-up of this visit, several widening of streams, guzzling crops, which offer delegations of government construction of cement and better returns on the farmers’ earthen stop dams, work on investment, has worsened have visited each other and nullahs and digging of farm the availability of water for deliberated on possibilities ponds and make 5000 villages agriculture. In rapidly growing of cooperation. The Israeli drought free every year. The cities, the full cost of experience in integrated Government of Maharashtra supplying water which water management could has given priority to complete includes the cost of treating be relevant in the projects the incomplete dams and sewage water to the level like Water Grid passed a resolution to suitable for agriculture is not which is high on the priority use pressure pipelines for charged from the consumers. list of the Government of Maharashtra. transportation of water As a result, in many cities instead of open canals. untreated sewage is drained - Mr. Anay Joglekar For decades, agriculture sector into rivers and streams Political Affairs & Special Projects got the primacy in the causing serious problems for Consulate General of Israel, Mumbai planning of water resources agriculture and environment. [email protected]

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 15 Special Feature I. Facts About Israel, by XI. Israel’s Water Eco- Ministry of Foreign Affairs, system - on the website of Israel 2010 100-101 Israel NewTech Programme, Ministry of Economy and II. Population at the end Industry of January 2017 as per the Central Bureau of Statistics, XII. Website of Israel. InvestinIsrael, Ministry of Economy & Industry, III. Facts About Israel - The Government of Israel Land: Geography and Climate by Ministry of Foreign XIII. How Israel survived Affairs, Israel 2010 seven years of drought: The Hindu, 13 April 2016 I V. Negev: land, water, and civilization in a desert XIV. Water Law, 5719-1959, environment by Daniel Hillel - Old UN Website the Hebrew Version Chapter One: Preface from the V. Facts about Israel, Page website of the Ministry of 105, published by the Ministry Environmental Protection, of Foreign Affairs, Israel. Government of Israel

VI. Facts About Israel, by X V. The National Water Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Carrier by By Shmuel Kantor, Israel 2010, Levi Eshkol Former Chief Engineer and Head of Planning Dep., VII. Website of the Israeli Mekorot Water Company, published by University of Haifa - http://research.haifa. VIII. Israeli Wastewater ac.il/~eshkol/kantorb.html Policy Continues to Pay Off by ZafrirRinat, Ha’aretz Daily XVI. Israel’s Water Economy 23 March 2015 by the Ministry of National Infrastructure, and IX. Israeli water recycling, Water Resources, Israel desalination tech needs work, studies show By David Shamah Times of Israel 28 April 2016

X. Website of IDE Technologies which built the Sorek Project - http:// www.ide-tech.com/blog/b_ case_study/sorek-project/

16 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest

Water For People

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 17 Co er Story Development of Realtime Hydrological Information System for Water Resources Department Government of Maharashtra, through National Hydrology Project

Mr. Ishwar Chaudhari Mr. Sanjay Doiphode Chief Engineer, Planning and Hydrology, Nashik Executive Engineer, Basin Simulation Division, Pune Water Resources Department, Govt.of Maharashtra Water Resources Department, Govt.of Maharashtra

1. Background : industry, domestic needs, Water Resources Department hydro power, transport, is and widely accessed Government of Maharashtra recreation, etc. , drought hydrological records covering is entrusted with survey, and water pollution are the all aspects of the hydrological investigation, planning, designing, main challenges in Maharashtra. cycle. The Hydrology project construction, maintenance and Domestic sewage, industrial is encouraged to modernize management of surface water waste water, fertilizer mixed existing hydro-meteorological resource projects including water; water discharged from monitoring systems, move projects. Major sugar, paper, plastic industries from manual to Real-Time river basins in the state are etc. pollutes river water. Data Acquisition Systems Krishna, Godavari, Tapi (RTDAS), and develop tools Hydrology Project, an for Integrated Water Resources Konkan strip. Rainfall initiative of Governement of Planning and Management distribution in Maharashtra with the objective to enhance is not uniform. In Western from World Bank, has been the productivity and cost Ghats rainfall is more than central to efforts in India effectiveness of water related 3000 mm, however in rain to improve the planning, investments. shadow region it is less than development, and management 450 mm. More than 80% of of water resources, as well as The project has led to a annual rainfall occurs during four months of monsoon. operations in real-time. The availability and reliability of Therefore there is a water project having completed two hydro - meteorological and scarcity situation in remaining phases (Phase–I between 1995 groundwater data in India. part of year. Water needs to - 2003 and Phase–II between Water resources development be stored and used carefully 2006 - 2014) has successfully projects (such as hydraulic during the year, so around established the backbone of a structures, irrigation development 1650 large multipurpose dams comprehensive Hydrological through surface water and/or have been built. Water is Information System (HIS) in groundwater) and other water primarily used for agriculture, and hydro-power infrastructure

18 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story developments can now developed. Also implementation irrigation, domestic and be based on accurate geo of computerised Hydrological industrial uses which are hydrological information data entry and validation located in this basin. These and be designed safely and System with required economically. Where real-time Hardware and software’s like data acquisition systems have SWDES and HYMOS is the been implemented, reservoir landmark achievement of peaks by proper reservoir operations can now be based Hydrology phase I for operations. Reservoirs are on real-time hydrological Maharashtra. operated with rigid schedules information and precipitation as single entities based on the forecasts, which will help 3. Hydrology Project historical hydro-meteorological to minimize the likelihood Phase II : ( April 2006 to 31 data and experience gained. May 2014) In addition, manual data availability of water for Thirteen states including observation and transmission various uses. Maharashtra Maharashtra and nine central results in a considerable time state actively participated in agencies have participated in lag, between data observed in both previous completed implementation of phase II. programs of HPI and HPII. To establish an effective and to decision making level sound hydrologic database which sometimes leaves little 2. Hydrology Project and Hydrological Information Phase I (1995-2003) : System (HIS), together with Nine states including the development of consistent Maharashtra and six central agencies have participated and design aids to assist in in year 2005 and 2006 which in implementation of phase the effective water resources caused heavy damages to the I. A wide network of water planning and management and properties in the monitoring equipment has within each to the implementing basins. Therefore, under been installed to collect data agencies based on sound World Bank Aided HP-II in a standardized way. With project, Government of this data, user-friendly and information and models, was Maharashtra developed Real easily accessible databases are the objective of Hydrology developed in the domains of phase II. ground water, surface water, Operation System (ROS) with rain fall and hydro-meteorology. The Basin, Real Time Data Acquisition In phase I using 63.52 crore of which Bhima is a major System. Also DSS (Planning) fund, Maharashtra has tributary, covers an area of tool is developed for upper established hydrological and 69967 sq km in Maharashtra Bhima sub basin and through meteorological observation state. This area experiences this issues viz. conjunctive use network in all the major highly variable rainfall both of surface water and ground basins. Six Level II Water in space and time ranging water, seasonal planning, quality laboratories with sub from 6000 mm in upper Hilly prediction of behaviour of divisional, divisional, State area to 400 mm in lower reservoirs knowing present Surface Water Data Processing plain areas. There are storage status etc are Centre and State Data Storage 46 multipurpose reservoirs addressed. Centre in Nashik have been including hydropower,

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 19 Co er Story In RTDAS Total 249 Real uploads the results on the in water resources planning time Hydro meteorological model website. The model and operational management data collection stations are takes the 3 days rainfall at the basin scale across installed which transmit real forecast available from IMD, India using the latest technology time data to data centers and using real time data and tools. Water Resourses established at Sinchan Bhavan available from RTDAS Department Government Pune. Stations include 127 carries out a continuous of Maharashtra, is also an Automated Rainfall Stations, implementating agency in the 39 Automated Full Climate proposed NHP. Budget outlay Stations, 37 Automated rivers and reservoirs of the of Rs 150 crores has been River /canal Water Level basin. The model describes approved by central (Stage) Discharge Station and government as 100 % grants 46 waves through the river and in Aid for Water resources reservoir system. The model department of Maharashtra. Automated Reservoir Water outputs the discharges and water levels in the reservoirs 5. National Hydrology Stations. For 26 Gated major and at forecasting points Project Components dam’s Rotary encoder type Implementation activities of Spillway gate sensors (175 found that this model is also NHP involve building and No’s) were installed. Rainfall useful for the various stake strengthening capabilities, and water level data is holders of the basin. infrastructure, and knowledge collected and transmitted in through 4 components: real time through VSAT/ 4. National Hydrology GSM telemetry to Data Project A. Water Resources center at every 15 minute Based on the successful Monitoring Systems interval. Meteorological outcome of both the phases This component will parameter data from full of hydrology project, the climate stations is collected Ministry of Water Resources, modernization of new and and transmitted to Data River development & Ganga existing hydromet monitoring center at one hour intervals. Rejuvenation, Government systems including meteorology, RTDAS data is available to all stakeholders on project assistance from World Bank is water quality and water website; http://www.rtsfros. now expanding the project as storage measurements, and com/mahakrishna at Real National Hydrology Project, construction of hydroinformatics time in data menu. to cover the entire country centers that capture both including the Ganga and water resources and uses. Mike 11 model based Real Brahmaputra Basin states This component will be as well as the north eastern implemented by states/UTs and Reservoir Operation states. The project will thus with the support of core System (RTSF & ROS) using strengthen information and central agencies. The major Real Time Data, is in use from its access, and will enable a activities will include (i) 2013 monsoon. In monsoon cultural change of open access establishment of hydromet season daily model runs to information. It will also observation networks; (ii) automatically at morning build up institutional capacity establishment of Supervisory 11.00Am and 17.00 Pm. And for informed decision making Control and Data Acquisition

20 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story (SCADA) systems for water C. Water Resources centers, (ii) professional infrastructure; and (iii) Operations and Planning development, (iii) project establishment of hydro- Systems management, and (iv) informatics centers. This component will support operational support. the development of interactive 6. Status of Implementation analytical tools and B. Water Resources of National Hydrology decision support platform Information Systems Project for Maharashtra. Component B will support that would integrate databases, According to GoI, MoWR the strengthening of national models and the scenario & Ganga Rejuvenation’s and subnational water manager for hydrological letter no. D.O. No. 21 / 97 / information centers with 2015 – NHP / 3895 – 3963 web enabled WRISs through reservoir operations, and dated 26th November 2015, standardization of databases water resources accounting the EFC clearance has been and products from various for improved coperation, obtained and EFC (Expenditure data sources / departments planning, and management Finance Committee) has and make comprehensive, of both surface water and recommended that NHP will timely, and integrated water ground water based on basin be taken up as 100% Central resources information available approach. The component Sector Scheme, without to decision makers for will provide interactive systems seeking any budgetary support effective planning, decision to analyse the impacts from the states. Hence all the making, and operations. The of alternative management states will receive the grant-in sources of data/information scenarios and generate -aid from MoWR, RD & GR will include the real-time data knowledge products using for implementation of NHP. acquisition networks and real-time data under Total cost of the NHP is centers under Component Component B. Component 3640.00 Crore. Out of that A, remote sensing data, and C has three subcomponents: Maharashtra state (SW) have topographical maps and (i) Development of analytical will an allocation of 150.00 knowledge products developed tools and decision-support Crore. under Component C. platform (river basin modeling, Emphasis will be on As per MoWR, RD & GR, improving quality of and reservoir operation systems, New Delhi’s letter no. F.No. access to water information and irrigation design and X-92021 / 1 /2016 – NHP and on expanding public access operations); (ii) Purpose / 1118-1258 dt.23/06/2016, beyond data to analytical driven support; and (iii) the cabinet approval for results (trends, water balance, Piloting innovative knowledge implementation of NHP has been obtained. The MOA and so on) as well as to products. contribute to evidence based regarding implementation D. Institutional Capacity operational and investment of NHP has been signed by Enhancement Principal Secretary, Water plans. The project will support Component D aims to build development or strengthening resourses department, capacity for knowledge-based Government of Maharashtra of centers for web-based water resources management. WRIS at the central, regional, and Joint Secretary, MoWR, It will support subcomponents New Delhi on 14/10/2016 river basin, and state/UT in the establishment of (i) levels. at New Delhi. The Chief water resources knowledge Engineer, Planning &

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 21 Co er Story Hydrology is the Nodal NHP. The Water Resourses 16/03/2017. were held at New Delhi Delhi’s letter No F.No. Delhi. Now the Hydrology Following are some important works proposed in PIP of NHP:-

22 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Water Woes- Mitigation Challenges - Way Forward

Mr. M. J. Deb Mr. S. Ghosh Consultant (Water Sector) Consultant (Infrastructure Sector)

Water, the Elixir of life, In India, the authorities in the Issues other than challenges probably is the priceless gift past decades are continuing pertaining to the irrigation of nature to mankind. Once with various mitigation sector are discussed in this abundantly available for measures to cope up with the paper. sustenance it is diminishing problem. Large reservoirs, at a fast pace threatening the dams, canal systems, water The water sector has to very survival of mankind. A supply schemes, millions of encounter numerous challenges scenario of scarcity of this tube wells & handpumps have at all stages, right from basic element is worsening been executed. Desalination resource management with passing time in many plants have been commissioned conceptualisation till service parts of the Globe. It is said (despite high cost). Large delivery including operation the World War III may be irrigation schemes have been maintenance and management. fought over water. In the executed and water harvesting Indian sub-continental region and recycling is instituted. issues are discussed below. Teesta water dispute, The situation, though Brahmaputra water dispute, improved vastly, still lag much Conceptualisation Sind water dispute, behind expectation. Challenges water dispute etc are a few During conceptualisation, the examples which involve living Water is needed for planner at the very outset beings directly. Summer season consumption by numerous of the year witnesses the uses, those are – irrigation area limits to be covered by most severe scarcity situation. and plantation, domestic, the system to be developed. industries and establishments, Various maps showing c running around in search of utility services, entertainment urrent boundary limits are industry etc. Of these, irrigation commonly available to start among them, frequent has the lion’s share, almost with. Some land use development movements of water tankers, 80% of the total consumption. plans are also available. The dried up wells and the like are Efforts have been made common sight, be it in urban to optimise water usage in locality though designated as or rural areas. Every year vast irrigation by adopting rural, may have all features track of land come under controlled irrigation systems, of the urban neighbourhood the furg of drought situation opting for high yield low and deserve same treatment. leading to chaos. water intensive crops. Now the issue arises as to the Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 23 Co er Story limit of this extended area. over the designated area. They water by exploiting the The planner has to make his generally grow indiscriminately. resources such as ground own reasonable assessment Industrial growth is the water and surface water, which, over a time gap and straining thereby the resource due to unforeseen reasons and is encouraged. Industrial for other uses. It is therefore may go haywire and the imperative to have a long developed system will suffer regulated, unplanned term, comprehensive development occurs. Industries industrial development plan malfunctioning. A long term, have and are growing in forms earmarking and allocating comprehensive, perspective of individual units – both areas as well as water demand plan if could be developed, small and large, cluster of and be strictly executed will industries in industrial estates, be enforced and followed render the desired needs SEZs etc.Industries have the strictly. Besides, industries of the entire process. The widest range of variations in should aim for the following:- parameters such asprocess # Processes upgradation to and delineate land use pattern deployed, capacity, output, minimise water requirement. changes over suitable blocks water requirement etc. There #Also adhere to the principle of years covering about 50 may be variation in parameters of Zero Discharge and recycle years period, to be a updated industry-wise within the same every drop of precious water every 5 years to accommodate cluster, an individual industry for regeneration and reuse. changing scenarios. may also undergo changes in parameters with passage Water Sources Industrial Demand of time. Assessment and With ever increasing demand (within the designated area) projection of water demand, by multiple uses causing Industries and establishments against such wide range of scarcity and naturally occurring are sectors which consumes water proving to be considerable quantity of within a reasonable range of inadequate, inadequacy of water. Numerous industries accuracy. Industries, more so, water resource is probably and establishments, small and the larger ones and clusters one of the most exacting large,operates scattered all often arrange their own challenge to mankind. Water is not manufactured and has to be drawn exclusively from nature - from , from rain water, from streams and rivers, from rainwater recharged ground water, and from lakes and reservoirs. Over- withdrawal of , however is causing alarm as is evident in occurrence of dried up rivers, streams and springs, largely reduced storage in lakes and reservoirs, and lowering of the ground water table.

24 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story bushes or grass. Setting up studies and in considerations Indeed demand – supply gap of silt traps at the outfalls of of changing scenarios is increasing. It is to be noted each small so that only specially the source availability. however that rain water is still silt free water reaches streams, Such exercises will assist in abundantly available in about thereby enhancing holding optimisation of water use 8 times the demand. It is capacity. pattern to a large extent. imperative that all out efforts # Industries and large # Comprehensive water be made to enhance establishments mandatorily resource mapping, updating availability of water resources reusing waste water. existing ones to highlight to the maximum extent # Save and store surplus quantities available areawise. and to save and preserve as The integrated development many drops of rain water as unutilised water received from nature to the extent feasible plan shall take into account possible. the availability pattern. in reservoirs and small tanks. Several major initiatives Efforts should be made to # Huge quantity of water is have already been taken. minimise evaporation losses. lost due to evaporation and it Glaciologists trying to revive Covered drains/canals can is unavoidable. To minimise glaciers, catchment treatment be considered subject to undesirable losses, Floating works are ongoing, national environmental and ecological weeds like water hyacinths river linking project is concerns. may be encouraged to cover contemplated, sea water/ # Entire quantity of waste water bodies against brackish water being exploited water generated from evaporation losses. Smaller as source, many research community as well as drains and streams may be works are in progress. establishments is to be arrested covered wherever feasible, Internationally, towing of for appropriate treatment and subject to environmental Antarctic to middle - disposal back into the source issues. Ground water recharge east is also under active for replenishment of water structures may be constructed consideration.Various actions used. at suitable locations at bed of are on to generate adequate small drains to arrest some water resource. # Water use pattern varies amount of surplus storm widely among individuals, water going waste. In regard to enhancement among groups, in seasons. of water resources following The pattern changes also with Water Management – actions are on: usage of modern appliances System Losses Water management sector # Rain water harvesting on a habits are also dictated by is severely dented by loss of large scale. water availability. Such clear water, which goes as # revival and wide variations can not be high as 40% of total water protection. accommodated by any service provider. Hence the service # Extensive catchment of this quantity is lost due to providers use sets of delivery pilferage, leaving the balance treatment works mainly at norms as recommended by higher slopes by vigorous as system losses due to industry practice. These leakage from various afforestation works and to norms have to be reviewed cover every inch of soil by components of the system through comprehensive mainly the pipelines. A small

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 25 Co er Story township of 100 sq. km may have 350 km length of pipeline with innumerous joints, control equipments and other complex structures. Such joints and equipments are prone to frequent leakage as these are not always executed and maintained properly. The pipes and equipments, since they are mostly buried components, detection of leakage itself takes time and repair some few more days. All this time stored water thrown as loss of the precious water waste etc. are common sites. maintained by supplying continues. Many pipelines and Free availability of water lesser than scheduled or equipment sexist with very encourages and aggravates stoppage of supply long active life of about 100 the situation. Awareness occasionally. This will assist in years. Repair or replacement initiatives are not effective. enhanced realisation towards of these are cumbersome Numerous initiatives and saving of water. and expensive and hence campaigns have been launched are shelved, adding to crisis. and are continuing through # Water must not be supplied Arrangement for constant past decades but desired free to any consumer as the vigilance of the components results are yet to be achieved. method acts as counter to Precious water is still lost water loss prevention by dedicated inspectors, will inhouse in a huge quantity. initiatives. Most aggressive actions, result.Total absence or backed by strong resolve must #Digitised water maps must limited access infrastructure be taken towards minimising be made available to all. maps make detection of losses of water. One of Existing pipes and the conferences organised equipments to be assessed as absence of such maps some by World Bank came up regards physical and functional lengths of pipelines even get with a slogan – Spend water status of those. Older permanently missing along like money – a reversal of pipes should be replaced with equipments. common saying ‘Don’t progressively and repair works spend money like water’. The to be undertaken in advance. Household Losses Following immediate steps Large quantity of water is also may be adopted towards Maintenance and lost inhouse due to lax water minimising household water Management use habits. Running taps loss. Water systems suffer severely when not in use, frequent use # Continuous vigilance and on their maintenance primarily reporting on physical and due to lack of maintenance use of wash basins, gardening functional status of water budget and laxity in attitude. water hoses left draining, supply components. Maintenance lacunae should

26 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story be eradicated with priority the region shall be developed include all information should so that existing systems Maintenance support has to be guaranteed before new map highlighting water provisions need be revamped availability in each area and its with budget allocation and though an essential commodity executed by dedicated is diminishing the the sector resource persons to ensure is severely distraught with appropriate functioning of treatment works by planned support from Policy makers afforestation and soil and overall laxity in attitude components should be taken of consumers are apparently responsible for current shall be executed only rain water into reservoirs with after adequate maintenance should be taken to avoid evaporation loss prevention measures including sub investment backed by resolved political will and be engaged in execution and dedicated work force to execute the measures is the from various uses in community must be recycled and reused for replenishment Summary Recommendations The immediate requirements to deal with the impounding provision norms towards disastrous scenario are summarised as below (this is with particular reference to an availability based and not only

Development Plan for a measures must be pursued period of 50 years to be developed for the region, realisation on water which shall earmark spacial conservation needs must be limits of various types of land uses including industries shall be based upon holding capacities and all development activities shall strictly follow system maps, digitised to Development Plan covering

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 27 28 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Bioremediation - Nature’s Cure For People’s Problem Dr. Ganesh Kamath Dr. Ganesh Kamath Managing Director, Organica Biotech Pvt. Ltd

Environmental Bioremediation technologies destroy the Application of is a natural low cost solution contaminants on the site bioremediation extends to: for conserving nature. situ bioremediation. These • In the new era of treatment technologies are treatment environmental protection, generally designed to reduce • bioremediation is emerging toxicity either by destruction processes or by transforming toxic • technology for treating organic compounds into less • broad spectra of pollutants. toxic compounds. Environmental Bioremediation The application can be done is becoming attractive The success of bioremediation in many different ways, alternatives to traditional depends on the right the description of typical methods of cleaning-up consortium of microbes solid phase bioremediation, environment. The main with the right environmental composting and bio reason is because it requires factors to support it. For more is provided here, besides the relatively low capital costs description of a few common and aesthetic nature of waste, enzymes may be added bioremediation technologies. bioremediation technologies. as a catalyst to speed up the microbial action. This means Industrial waste water: The most common types every bioremediation project A large number of industries of bioremediation are has to be custom-designed, including plastics, textiles, microbial bioremediation, operated and maintained. etc.; agrochemicals, phytoremediation and mining activities generate mycoremediation. In this The scope of environmental inorganic and organic wastes. bioremediation extends to microbial environmental two broad categories viz; grave danger to the marine life. bioremediation. Organics and Inorganics. Bioremediation technology Inorganics include mercury, helps in reducing these destroy organic wastes by biomass formation. pollutants and use the Organics include pesticides, by-product of degradation petroleum hydrocarbons, and process: for their own growth explosives, etc. and reproduction. Most bioremediation treatment ponds contaminated with

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 29 Co er Story micro pollutants such as When the process of pesticides and pharmaceuticals. composting commences, The technology used is called microbes rapidly consume bio augmentation, wherein and readily soluble components of raw organic degrading microorganisms or matter. Over the course, there microbial consortia is done is a rise in temperature due to exothermic microbial reactions. system. This abrupt rise in temperature prevents the Bio mining : growth of undesirable The bio-mining technique uses naturally occurring larva. microorganisms to extract Solid Phase ores. With this method it Bioremediation: becomes economical to access This treatment can be done in lined land treatment units or value ores. It also prevents the in composting piles. The lined use of toxic chemicals as used land treatment is equipped in traditional mining. with irrigation, aeration and nutrient delivery systems. The Oil Bioremediation : solid is placed on land lined One of the impending with an impervious layer, such problems of the present day as soil, clay, or a synthetic drainage system is excess liner. accumulation of fats, oils and grease, also in case of Limitations of oil spills. Oil bioremediation Bioremediation: is a completely natural and The problems of onsite environmentally safe technology bioremediation by microbes which results in reduction are often seen for two major of oil and grease levels, with reasons: Firstly, the survival minimal or no adverse effects of the introduced microbes on environment. They also in the harsh environmental reduce the need of using conditions over a period of harsh chemicals to clean time. Secondly, the way the the system, thus helping the microbes are delivered to environment protection. the site of pollution can be tedious. Composting: Composting is the aerobic decomposition of organic putrescible waste by microbes under controlled conditions.

30 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Water Resource Planning for Economic Stability : Experiences & the Road Ahead Prof. Dr. Firdos T. Shroff Prof. Dr. Firdos T. Shro (Ph.D.; MBA;MA;LL.B;CAIIB;PGDIRPM;PGDCM;PGDBT) Professor/Motivational Coach, Universities/B-Schools, SEBI certd. Trainer in Financial Education; Fellow, Indian Institute of Banking & Finance; Senate Member, Pune University; ex-Union Bank of India and Ph.D. Supervisor

Introduction : at a CAGR (Compounded and incremental; the key risks Freshwater shortage is one average growth rate) of would be mostly execution, of the biggest global crises 11.2% to reach Rs 300 Billion Merger and Acquisition of the 21st century. Growing in 2012. related, and regulatory population, rapid urbanization compliance. and industrialization has led We believe investors should to increased consumption of expect to see accelerated This project report highlights water with supply not keeping investment in the higher the key issues on the horizon match. Given the indispensable technology water sectors, in the water sector for nature of water and investors to monitor. These recognizing the gravity of the range from changes in the water situation, there is a huge desalination, ultraviolet (UV) supply/demand imbalances, thrust on water infrastructure disinfection systems, and to regulatory shifts and and increased spending by water test. As the supply and further market consolidation. government and private demand mismatches become It also contains trends/ players. more severe, these high-end developments that we see water treatment technologies emerging as the “Next Big Jawaharlal Nehru National are expected to see increased Things” in the water sector. Urban Renewal Mission focus and investment. (“JNNURM”) scheme is Global Scenario : deploying Rs 1,250 Billion to Hence, we expect to see improve urban infrastructure further consolidation in the Ancient cities taking root close from 2005 -2012 out of which to fresh water bodies was not approximately 44% is for to ten years that should result a coincidence; water nurtures water and wastewater sector. in a global water oligopoly, civilisations. As Albert Szent We can see that not only including a convergence of Gyorgyi (1937 Nobel Prize government sector but private water equipment and service for Medicine) said: “Water sector is also contributing business models. Water is life’s mater and matrix, increasingly. Indian market businesses are predominantly mother and medium. There is for water and wastewater less cyclical and product no life without water” services is expected to grow cycles are relatively modest

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 31 Co er Story Demand for water – the climate change. Given current of it is fresh water and even natural resource with no trends, by 2025, it is estimated lesser is accessible. substitute – continues to escalate that about one-third of the at unsustainable rates, driven global population will not North America has 15% of by population growth, have access to adequate the water supply for only 7% urbanization and industrial drinking water. of the population. Asia is expansion. Globally, water acutely strained with only 36 consumption is doubling WATER SUPPLY : % of the supply for 60% of every 20 years, more than While technically there is the global population. China twice the population growth. plenty of water around – has the worst ratio, with 7 % of it but only 2.5% of the supply and 21% of the population.

Global fresh water supply Global water supply At the same time, the world’s fresh water supply is shrinking due to pollution, draining of underground , and

WHERE IS WATER SCARCE?

The map above shows the water scarcity levels globally and as can be seen, India is already in the Stress situation. 32 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Global Water supply versus global population by region COMPOSITION OF THE GLOBAL WATER SECTOR The global water market addressing municipal and industrial water / wastewater equipment is estimated to be worth $425 billion. It is composed of several subsectors, including treatment, infrastructure, desalination, etc.

¾ Water and wastewater treatment : A $164 billion global market, including equipment and services for treating water pollutants at WATER DEMAND : Industrial : Industrial / The users of water can be commercial water is used the beginning and end of the broadly divided into three for fabricating, processing, cycle categories, viz., agricultural, washing, cooling, transporting, ¾ residential and industrial. and in production. Industrial water treatment: A $95 billion global market with applications Agricultural : 70% of all Residential : Water used water used globally is for for household purposes eg that prevent corrosion and agriculture and an estimated cooking, drinking, washing buildup of harmful deposits 55% of traditional irrigation etc . in industrial processes. water is wasted.

loal Water eand Profile

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 33 Co er Story ¾ Residential water Implications of Water world’s population. In treatment: A $22 billion Mismanagement contrast, India with 17% global market that enhances The importance of water of the world’s population water quality and minimizes can be understood from the only has 4% of the global the elements that damage following: freshwater resources plumbing and appliances. ¾ Water is an essential ¾ Lack of adequate water ¾ Desalination : A $5-$10 natural resource with no supplies in emerging billion dollar global market substitute Water is the natural markets could impair growth that eliminates from resource for which there is no Expanding industrialization in seawater and brackish water substitute. In many respects, developing countries is stressing for municipal and industrial water is a life sustaining already-limited water resources. uses. resource, a commodity, and, In many cases, access to as thought by some, a natural adequate water supplies will ¾ Infrastructure : A $44 right like air. be a limiting factor to the shift billion global market that of manufacturing resources ¾ Water is ultimately a to low-cost countries. hydrants, valves, meters, and local issue, with acute Developing markets today service and repair equipment shortages spread around only use 11% of water for across commercial, residential, the world industrial use versus 42% for and industrial markets. North America has developed countries. 15% of the global water ¾ Others supply for just 7% of the ¾ Potential source of etc eopolitial onits There are more than 240 GLOBAL WATER PROFILE water basins in the world that cross national borders, many of which could become example, Egypt has longstanding threats to take military action against any country making unauthorized withdrawals from the Nile. against exporting any water to the US, and India and Bangladesh have had many tense ongoing disputes over the Ganges.

34 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story ¾ Climate change is India’s population has only towards water and wastewater adding further stress to the 3% of the country’s water re- sector). water equation sources Climate change is adding further ¾ UIDSSMT : Urban tension to the water equation, ¾ High level of water infrastructure development triggering changes in pollution scheme for 5,098 small and hydrological systems in many medium towns, not covered of the world. The o Almost 70% of surface by the mission cities. effect varies by region, from water resources have a serious additional rainfall increasing pollution problem water runoff in tropical zones, Water is Scarce - to receding glaciers and snow ¾ Explosive demand growth SAVE IT……… packs reducing snowmelt and driven by increasing freshwater supplies. urbanization, population growth and industrialization Indian Scenario : India with 17% of the world’s o Water demand is forecast population only has 4% of the to double from 552 billion cu. global freshwater resources m. (“BCM”) to 1,050 BCM by There has been huge stress on 2025. the water resources in India, viz., Sector Outlook : As per S&P (CRISIL) ¾ Sharp expected decline in estimates, the government will fresh water availability in India: make investments of c. $21 Billion towards water supply, o From 5,000 cu. m. per sanitation and urban drainage capita per annum in 1947 to programs during the Eleventh 2,000 cu. m. per capita per Five Year Plan (2007-12). annum in 1997, forecast to The following two focused decline to 1,500 cu. m. per Central Government initiated year per capita by 2025. programmes underway from 2005 have provided a strong o Out of 20 water basins in impetus to water sector: India, 6 (forecast to increase to 11 by 2039) fall below ¾ JNNURM : Largest water scarcity threshold limit initiative by the Central of 1,000 cu. m. per capita per Government for urban sector annum. development. It is a reform -linked incentive scheme ¾ Regional imbalances and focusing on development existing shortages of water in of 63 largest cities (‘mission several in India cities’) with a budget of $20billion (44% of which is o Tamil Nadu with 7% of

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 35 Co er Story

WATER FOR PEOPLE – CONSERVATION & BEYOND IN INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

Mr. S. Satyakumar Mr. V. K. Khilnani Mr. C. Seshasai ACE(OS) Executive Director(O) of Additional Chief Executive of Board, Heavy Water Board, Department of Atomic Energy Department of Atomic Energy

Conservation of the water, a affordable cost will be the Various estimates and natural resource, is the need biggest challenge for the projections indicate an of the hour. The population municipalities and industries increasing trend in water of India is estimated to reach due to the huge demand and demand for agriculture, between 1.5 - 1.8 billion by pollution caused by discharge industrial and domestic uses year 2050. As per the Ministry of untreated or partially in the coming decades. India of Water Resources, to avoid treated used . is also projected to move into our country from becoming the category of water stressed a water scarce country, Facts about water usage in nation by 2020. The water availability of 3060 billion m3 India: demand for the industrial fresh water is required,. The average annual surface water estimated as 1869 billion m3 of which only 690 billion m3 can be utilized considering monsoon climate and topographical and geological reasons. The available groundwater resource due to various recharges is 432 billion m3. The country will be water stressed even if the total available water i.e. 2301 billion m3 is taken into account. Ensuring uninterrupted supply of water of adequate quality and quantity at

36 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story sector is on a rise and will to conserve, recover, and NH3-H2 based plants at Thal, account for 8.5 and 10.1 reuse, especially in industries Maharashtra and Hazira, percent of the total that consume large quantities Gujarat. Heavy Water is used freshwater abstraction in 2025 both in nuclear and non- and 2050 respectively. This Water Conservation and nuclear applications. The is a 4 per cent rise from the Management Program is plant located at Manuguru, current level of 6 per cent of comprehensive Water Audit Telengana, the largest the total freshwater abstraction to arrive at a realistic water operating Heavy Water Plant by the industries in 2010. balance for the entire industry. in the World, is indigenously Water audits at regular built. Natural Water contains Surface water is the major intervals help the management around 150 ppm (on mole source of water for the to take stock of the situation basis) of Heavy Water, industries (41%) followed and act before the problem which can be extracted to the by groundwater (35%) and escalates and threatens closure maximum extent of 19.6% municipal water (24%). The due to non availability of and hence to produce 1 liter use of municipal water is water. One of the objectives of Heavy Water, around limited to industries located in of carrying out a water audit 33,000 liters of normal urban/ peri-urban areas. is to identify areas of water is to be processed. As per the water survey excessive use (and its abuse) Thus, the process is highly conducted by FICCI across and analyzing the system as energy intensive and large wide spectrum of industries, whole for the application quantities of water are to be 60% of industries are facing of 3R philosophy, viz., processed. The source of water crisis impacting their Recycle, Reuse & Reduce the water for the plant at consumption of water. Manuguru is river Godavari. going to rise to 87% after 10 As per the design intent, Water Conservation in 3 years. around 5500 M /hour of Heavy Water Board : Heavy water used to be pumped Water can no longer be taken Water Board operates two nos. from river Godavari, which for granted as we used to. of H2S-H2O based plants at is 7.5 KM away from the It needs to be managed Kota, Rajasthan & Manuguru, judiciously through measures Telengana and two nos. of plant used to be discharged Water usage in Indian Industry Industrial Sector Annual Waste Water Annual Consumption Discharge (Million M3) (Million M3) Thermal Power Plants 27000.9 35157.4 Engineering 1551.3 2019.9 Pulp & Paper Industries 695.7 905.8 Textile Industry 637.3 829.8 Steel Industry 396.8 516.6 Sugar Industry 149.7 194.9 Fertilizer Industry 56.4 73.5 Heavy Water Plant, 0 15.786 Manuguru Heavy Water Plant, Kota 0 6.132

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 37 Co er Story implementation of these M3/Hr. to 700 M3/Hr. Heavy Treatment Plant (ETP) @ schemes, Heavy Water Plant, Water Board received many 3500 M3/hour. Water Audits awards & accolades in the & Energy Audits were started Heavy Water Plant with in a big way in Heavy Water “ZERO DISCHARGE”. energy conservation. Board in late 1990s. The above scheme resulted in conservation of energy to the In the initial design, waste tune of 670 KWe and water water from the production conservation to the tune of unit is cooled from 75oC to 3700 M3/Hr. Water intake to 3 the plant from river Godavari stream with the 2500 M /Hr of has been brought down from Godavari water before 5500 M3/Hr to 1800 M3/ going to the Cooling tower Hr. Similarly, at Heavy Water and further treatment in Plant located at Kota, “ZERO ETP. So, this water used for DISCHARGE” scheme brought diluting and temperature down water intake from 1300 is pumped all the way from the river Godavari. The Save Water To Secure Your Future. Sketch showing the ‘zero discharge’ scheme at HWP, 3 M /Hr.) is discharged meeting Manuguru : the stringent local Pollution Control Board norms. After brain storming session during water audit, it was decided to treatment for cooling & thereby avoiding pumping of fresh water @2500 M3/Hr. is demineralized water. This water can be sent to coal based Captive power Plant (CPP) to be used as Boiler feed water (after further treating it for silicates at DM plant of CPP) and also for handling ash. This service water at CPP, make up water for Cooling Tower (CT) beds at Raw Water Treatment Plant (RWTP). With the

38 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Water For Food

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 39 Co er Story

Increasing Water Productivity & Water se ffiieny throuh iro Irrigation in Canal Command Areas r nil ain Mr. Anil Jain Vice Chairman and MD, Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd.

Abstract of India focused on creating is saturated because of deep Water is a vital input for crop water bodies across the percolation. In this system, production. There are mainly country. The purpose was water losses in the form three methods of water for drinking water, industrial of evaporation, seepage, application to the crops, out applications and irrigation. conveyance and deep of which drip/micro irrigation Even today most of the percolation are substantial surface water (more than and the conveyance and water productive. Drip Irrigation provides advantages such irrigation in agriculture. low. It is observed that the as substantial yield increase, Mainly there are three huge water savings, Higher different types of methods of of systems are up to 34 % Water productivity and higher water application. ( Refer Fig 1 ), from higher fertilizer use 1. Flow Irrigation : In this 2. Sprinkler Irrigation: In method of water application, this type of method, water is terrain, maintenance of soil water is applied through applied to the crops in the health and reduced input furrows. Water front do not from of rainfall. Water is move forward unless the soil normally applied through of integrated micro Irrigation Project is very high as compared to any other combination. This results in to higher water productivity and higher Water Use further in this paper.

Introduction : Irrigation is considered to be the vital input for crop production. Therefore crop productivities in irrigated areas are normally higher than rain-fed areas. After independence, the government

40 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story fertigation possible, huge water savings, High Water weeds and input costs, use of undulating terrain, power savings, etc are some of the major advantages of this systems. This system is suitable for almost all types of crops including Rice, subject to economical viability.

Drawbacks of Existing network of pipes (generally 3. rip iro rriation Irrigation Projects : HDPE), risers and Sprinkler In this type of systems, water As stated earlier, since Nozzle through higher is applied through a network independence, we focused pressure (between 2.5 Kg/ of pipes (generally PVC, on creating water storages. cm2 to 6 kg/cm2 depending Therefore there remained a up on the type of sprinklers) devices near the root-zone of gap between irrigation potential In this method, even though the plants through very low created and irrigation the water is applied to the pressure upto 1.00 kg/cm². potential utilized. This gap is land, this is a controlled The losses including not only quantitative but also application. Depth of water evaporation, conveyance, qualitative. Meaning, in canal application is control according seepage and deep percolation command areas, since these to the time of application. are very low and the Overall are supply based systems and Water is applied by keeping the water supply is not reliable is very high up to 90% at all, the farmers tend to depending up on the type (Refer Fig 1). Higher Crop cultivate low value short of the soil. In this system, productivity because of duration crops such as wheat, evaporation losses are high but the other losses are substantially low. Hence the system of about 65-70% (Refer Fig 1). Water Saving, Lower initial investment, Use of undulating terrain, reduction in input costs are some of the advantages of this system. The system is suitable for all types of closely spaced row crops such as Wheat, Soybean, Jawar, Bajra, Maize, Pulses, Oilseeds etc

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 41 Co er Story Jawar, Bajra, Maize etc. Nobody dares to invest and water conveyance is through 34 % to 89%. The actual take crops like Grapes, Bananas, open channels and application Mango, Sugarcane etc. in up on the stage at which we canal command areas. Because are bringing the technological of low value short duration project works out to be 34%. intervention. crops, the income levels As we go on introducing the of the farmers are low and intervention of pipes for Water se ffiieny therefore recoveries towards conveyance and application This is measured in terms of water and electricity charges by Sprinkler/Drip, the Overall (if any) are poor. This leads ratio of water consumed by to poor maintenance of the up. Thus in the model which the plants to the water made projects and therefore results is on the left side of the available to the plants in the conveyance is through pipes Scope to improve Irrigation be confused with overall ffiieny application is through only Drip Irrigation, the Overall E = W out/W in project. IN the right hand 89%. Thus there is a scope for Fig 1

42 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Water Productivity under Fi enefits of esoure to oot Flow and Drip Irrigation : The concept is related to the biomass production and is the ratio between biomass produced in kg to the water consumed by the plants in m3, both under rain-fed and irrigated conditions. This can be achieved either by 1. Increasing the marketable yield of crops for each unit of water transpired, 2. Reducing effective use of rainfall. All the three ways lead to Good Agricultural Practices ( GAP) which includes reduced water consumption, better yields, better , better crop growth and ultimately better 2. The Water Use and better Water Productivity. It is Conclusion : Yields of the food grains is measured in terms of yield of Water Productivity and considered as average yield crops in kg per m3 of water of Groundnut, Pluses, Jawar, consumed. In the cash crops be the deciding criteria for the paddy, Wheat, Gram & Maize. like sugarcane and cotton, the success / sustainability of crop productivity should be 3. The average yields and MSP any irrigation project. The is taken from government of project should be said to irrigation because the water India websites. 10% and 30% be sustainable / economically consumption is just 50% and increase in yield has been viable when its Water yield increase is more than assumed in case of Sprinkler Productivity and Water Use 50% in these crops. Please Irrigation and Drip Irrigation refer to Figure no 2. In this respectively. Integrated micro Irrigation Projects Water Productivity for cash crops and food Value Creation : are very high and therefore irrigation and micro irrigation created in terms of monetary these projects are said to be Note : gains divided by water/power sustainable as compared to 1. The Water Use and consumed. Unit of Value the projects being undertaken Yields of the cash crops is Creation could be Rs/m³/ in isolation. considered as average yield of Unit of power consumed. Sugarcane, Banana, Cotton and Vegetables.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 43 44 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story ROLE OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT TO MEET FOOD REQUIREMENT FOR GROWING POPULATION Mr. S. K. Mazumder OF INDIA Mr. S. K. Mazumder Former AICTE Emeritus Professor Delhi College of Engineering/Delhi Technology University

Abstract 1.0 INTRODUCTION health, use of good seeds, At the time of independence, In 1947 when India woke to organic farming, and GM India had very limited freedom, the country was crops etc. are also included irrigation schemes to feed its facing stark realties of in the agenda. Inspite of all population. Over the years, the progressive measures and the country has been successful There were hardly any moisture investment of enormous in developing irrigation conservation or watershed potential by building large programs or any storage year plans, the country is still numbers of major medium facilities to meet the demands lagging behind China and and minor irrigation schemes. for domestic use, irrigation, some neighboring countries. But the productivity of our industries and hydro-power Table-1 gives a comparison of land lags behind many countries generation. Based on limited wheat and rice production/ in the world. Average experience and inadequate productivity in China, India technological strengths, the and some other countries in about 35% compared to 55% country embarked on its the world. in China and 75% in Japan. journey into water world of With limited land and water the future. Several multi- 2.0 Available Water resources of the country, purpose river valley projects Resources and Demand improved management of like DVC, Bhakra - Nagal, of Water in India irrigation, which consumes Nagarjunsagar etc. were India is blessed with large nearly 80% of available water completed. A national water numbers of rivers spread resources of the country, mission has now been set up throughout the country. is a must. The paper deals by the Government of India Table-2 shows the potential with different aspects of to explore pathways and and utilizable water resources water use and irrigation water future options to reduce (CWC-1993, Iyer-1989) of management. emerging water stress and different river basins-both to meet increased marketing surface and subsurface. The Key Words : Water availability, demands and chain table also gives the built up management of agricultural storages (Kumar et al, 2016) Irrigation Management, Water production of rice, wheat, available in the different transfer. edible oil, pulses etc. Soil basins. It may also be

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 45 Co er Story Table 1: Some Agricultural Statistics for Wheat and Rice (as in 2009) Crop and Area under Total Productivity % share in Country Cultivation Production (tonne per world (million hectare) (million tonne) hectare) production 1. PADDY World 158.30 685.24 4.2 100.0 1. China 29.88 196.68 6.5 28.7 2. India 41.85 133.70 3.1 19.5 3. Indonesia 12.88 64.40 4.9 9.4 4. Bangladesh 11.35 47.72 4.2 6.9 5. Vietnam 7.44 38.90 5.2 5.6 2. WHEAT World 225.62 685.61 3.0 100.0 1. China 24.29 115.11 4.7 16.7 2. India 27.75 80.68 2.9 11.7 3. Russia 26.63 61.74 2.3 9.0 4. U.S.A. 20.18 60.31 2.9 8.8 5. France 5.14 38.33 7.4 5.5 noticed that by the year 2050, utilizable water resources more or less matches with demand of water from different sectors. Unless our population is stabilized by 2050, there will to demand.

population of India in 2025 is now being projected as 1394 million, when average per capita availability of water will fall to just 1340 m3 in an average year to meet our requirements from different sectors (Table-3). Although above 1000 m3/year below which the area is water stressed, there are certain basins in India which are Fig.1 Interlinking Indian Rivers (NWDA)

46 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story water stressed (Table-4). Table-2 shows that our storage mountains, or in downstream Government of India capacity (304 BCM) is meager rocky terrains, for subsequent proposes to transfer water compared to utilizable water releases/abstractions during (IWRS-1996) from surplus resources (1121BCM) and off monsoon period, The to scarce areas by building 30 loss of 817 BCM of water current search is for innovative link canals (Fig.1). techniques to increase water of the basins. Most of the conservation, rain water The proposed interlinking available water comes from harvesting, and increased of rivers envisages irrigation monsoon lasting only 2 to of an additional area of 35 3 months in an average year water since construction of Mha besides hydro-power which means the surplus generation, navigation etc. and water of monsoon must be due to displacement of people generation of employment in stored/conserved to meet and becoming submergence rural India. However, there the requirements during the of forests and stiff resistance are several problems in its remaining 9 to 10 months a from environmental lobby. execution (Mazumder-2006, year. Earlier storages were Water savings, treatment and 2011). built in upper reaches in reuse techniques continue to be on priority lists in urban cities and process industries (Kumar and Mazumder, 2016 ). Table-2:Basin-wise Water Availability and Storage S. River Basin Catchment Average Utilizable Water No. area Water Resources (BCM) Storage (Sq.Km) Resources (BCM) Potential Surface Ground Total (BCM) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Indus 321289 73.3 46 26.49 72.49 16.3232 2 Ganga- Brahmaputra- Meghna (a) Ganga 861452 525 250 170.99 420.99 56.326 (b) Brahmaputra 194413 537.2 24 26.55 50.55 2.5131 (c) Barak & others 41723 48.4 ------9.891 3 Godavari 312812 110.5 76.3 40.65 116.95 43.4442 4 Krishna 258948 78.1 58 26.41 84.41 54.807 5 Cauvery 81155 21.4 19 18.22 18.22 9.098 6 Subernarekha 29196 12.4 6.8 ----- 6.8 2.459 7 Brahmani-Baitarni 51822 28.5 18.3 ------18.3 6.218 8 Mahanadi 141589 66.9 50 16.48 66.48 14.4673 9 Pennar 55213 6.3 6.9 ------6.9 5.079 10 Mahi 34842 11 3.1 ------3.1 5.167

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 47 Co er Story

11 Sabarmati 21674 3.8 1.9 ------1.9 1.686 12 Narmada 98796 45.6 34.5 10.83 45.33 24.4567 13 Tapi 65145 14.9 14.5 8.27 22.77 10.605 14 West Flowing 55940 87.4 11.9 17.69 29.56 17.098 Rivers from Tapi to Tadri 15 West Flowing 56177 113.5 24.3 18.84 43.14 12.4393 Rivers from Tadri to Kanyakumari 16 East Flowing 86643 22.5 13.1 ------13.1 3.857 Rivers between Mahanadi and Pennar 17 East Flowing 100139 16.5 16.5 ------16.5 1.456 Rivers between Pennar& Kanyakumari 18 West Flowing 321851 15.1 15 ------1.5 6.847 Rivers of Kutch and Saurashtra including Luni 19 Area of Inland — Negl. ------Drainage in Rajasthan 20 Minor Rivers 36302 31 ------draining into Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh Total 1,869.4 690 431.44 1121.44 304.348

Table-3: Water Demand for Different Uses Sl.No. Total Water Requirement for Different Uses (in BCM) Uses Year 2010 Year 2025 Year 2050 High Demand scenario High Demand scenario High Demand scenario 1. Irrigation 557 611 807 2. Municipal 43 62 111 3. Industries 37 67 81 4. Power (Energy) 19 33 70 5. Others 54 70 111 Total 710 843 1180

48 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Table4 : Surplus and Scarce Basins in India Surplus Basins Scarce Basins Per Capita Per Capita Basins Availability in Basins Availability in m3PerYear M3Per Year Brahmaputra Basin 18,417 919 between Mahanadi and Pennar Barak Basin 7,646 Cauvery 666 648 between Tadri and 3,538 Pennar Kanyakumari between 3,194 Tapi and Tadri Basin of Kutch and Saurashtra including 631 Narmada 2,855 Luni Brahmani-Baitarni 2,696 Mahanadi 2,546 Godavari 2,026 Basins between Pennar 383 Indus 1,757 and Kanyakurnari Ganga 1,473

3.0 GROWTH OF POP- Only way we can meet the available water resources. ULATION, FOOD RE- future challenges is to increase This means more crops per QUIREMENT, IRRIGAT- productivity of land and by drop of water i.e. improving ED AREA cultivating two and three Fig.2 illustrates growth of our crops in a year with the -1986, 2002). population, food requirement and irrigated area over the yearplan started) to 2050. Due to steady growth of our population, food requirement has also increased steadily from 90 M tons in 1951 to about 300 M tons today which will further rise to about 460 Mtons in 1950.Our irrigated area, however, remained constant at 113 Mha after 2001 as our land and water the river-inking project Fig.2 Growth of Population, Food Production and is successfully implemented. Irrigated Area (1951-2050)

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 49 Co er Story 3.1 Need and Means for 3.2 Improved Management by Government of India, Improving Water - Use of Irrigation Water recognized the three major ffiieny shortcomings responsible in three major river-valley for poor performance of irrigation (CWC-2010) which projects, determined by irrigation schemes in India, consumes about 80% of our the author, was found to namely, utilizable water resources vary from 18.6% to 38.8% (Table-1 and 2) must be (Mazumder, 1984). Most of • improved to ensure productivity the irrigation water was found • of agricultural land per unit to be lost in conveyance and improper leveling and sizing of area, unit of water and unit of irrigated land of time. At present, overall poor management of water (Mazumder-1986) at the farm • Poor on-farm management India is about 35% which is level. While emphasizing the of irrigation water beyond very low when compared with present day need of intensive outlets. irrigation for maximizing yield and 55% in China. Even a per unit of area, Bharat Singh Zimermann (1966) examined marginal increase in irrigation several drawbacks of protective major shortcomings of our type extensive irrigation savings of water which can be present irrigation schemes : practices being followed in India where available water is either diverted for other uses • or more agricultural land can spread over vast areas through of irrigation potential and its widely spaced unlined canal be brought under irrigation utilization with the same amount of networks. Most of the water available water. Usually, the in such a system is lost in • conveyance and most of head Enders try to use all the supply water leaving very little or no the remaining water is lost water for tail enders (Bharat • Singh, 1991). Often new irrigation management (IWRS, water between head and tail 2007). Several steps for projects are to be built for enders. meeting their irrigation demands. The existing project by reducing avoidable losses • have been outlined by may cater to the demand for authoritarian administration the entire command area Mazumder (2007).Author is of the view that PPP mode • of irrigation development, increasing malpractices can be improved by several management and maintenance means (Mazumder, 2007) but should be encouraged • (Mazumder,2010) by the the most effective method is systems and poor on farm to charge the consumers by Government for achieving management of irrigation volumetrically measuring the water. water consumed as in the case prevailing corruption in of domestic use by applying irrigation sector which is by Planning Commission (2007), and large under Government the principle - pay for water renamed as Niti Aayog and punish for wastage. control today.

50 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story 4. CONCLUSION Ganga Rejuvenation, Government Board of the Institution of Since independence India has of India, April, 2010 Engineers (India). irrigation development to INAE (2008) “Water Mazumder, S. K. (2011) meet the food requirement for Resources Management-Role “Interlinking Indian Rivers 125 crores of our population of Water Sector in India”, – Merits, Demerits and today. But the productivity of Publication. By Indian land is not up to expectation. National Academy of published in the Journal of With limited land and water Engineers, IIT (Delhi), Bharati Vidyapeeth resources, the only way to Feb.21-22 feed India’s growing millions Mazumder, S.K. (2010) is to grow more food per drop IWRS (2007), “ Role of “Public-Private –Partnership of water. It calls for improved Water Resources Development in Irrigation Management- Role management of irrigation & Management in Bharat of Consultants”- Paper sent which consumes nearly 80% Nirman”, theme paper for publication. In J. of IWRS, of available water resources presented on Water Resources IIT, Roorkee. of the country. Day observed by Indian Water Resources Society Mazumder (2007), “Irrigation REFERENCES (IWRS) at ICID, New Delhi, Engineering”, publication. May 9th. Galgotia Publications, 5, Bharat Singh (1991), Ansari Road, Daryaganj, “Management of Irrigation IWRS (1996), Inter-basin New-Delhi-110 002 in India – A perspective” transfer of water for national publication. In “Water development - problems Mazumder, S. K. ( 2006) Management” by Water and Prospects, theme paper “Priority of Inter - Linking Management Forum, the publication. On water Indian Rivers” Paper presented Institution of Engineers resources day by IWRS, New and published in the National (India), and Kolkata Delhi Conference on Hydraulics and Water Resources with Special CWC(1993) “Water Resources Iyer, S.S. (1989) “Water Emphasis on Inter- Linking Potential In The River Basins Resources of India – An Rivers, HYDRO - 2006, Of India” chapter-1 : Overview”, Journal of Indian organization. by Indian Publication by Central Water Water Resources Society, Vol. Society for Hydraulics and Commission, Ministry of 9, No. 2, April. Bharati Vidyapeeth, University Water Resources, River College of Engineering, Pune, Development and Ganga Kumar, L.V. and Mazumder, 8-9 Dec Rejuvenation, Government S.K. (2016) “Water Storage of India in Reservoirs and Aquifers- Mazumder, S. K. (2002), Recharging Ground Water”, Performance of surface CWC (2010) Water Use Paper submitted for irrigation schemes in India, consideration of publication keynote speech publication. Projects -`Publication By in the Annual Volume on In the proc. of all India central Water Commission, ‘Water Conservation and seminar on water and Ministry. of water Resource., Management’ by Civil environment - issues and River Development. And Engineering Division. challenges, org by IWRS and

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 51 Co er Story WRDTC, IIT (Roorkee), Oct. and Ownership” Report of 2002 the Expert Group on Ground Water, CGWB, and New Mazumder, S. K. (1986) Delhi, India: Government of India some River Valley Projects in India” Proc. of International World Bank (2000), ‘World Seminar on Water Bank and Swiss Agency for Management in Arid and International Co-operation, Semi-Arid Zones, held at Report#22 Hissar Agricultural University, Haryana, Nov. 25-27, 1986. In India-2016’ to be published by CE Division. Board of Mazumder, S.K. (1984) the Institution of Engineers (India) Zimmerman, Josef the Command Areas of DVC, D. (1966) “Irrigation”, John Mayurakshi and Kangsabati Wiley & Sons, Wiley projects in West Bengal”, International Edition. Proc. National Seminar on Water Resources Management for Rural Development, KNIT, Sultanpur, Oct. 18-19.

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NCIWRD (1999), Annual Report of National Commission for Integrated Water Resources Development, Min. of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Government

NWDA (2005),” Water for life”, 11th National Water Convention, organization. by National Water Development Agency, Government of India Delhi, May 11th

Planning Commission (2007), “Ground Water Management

52 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Economic Impact Of Aerobic Rice Technology In Karnataka Mr. Kiran Kumar R Patil Mr. H E Shashidhar Department of Agricultural Economics, Bangalore Prof., Dept of Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore and Mr. M G Chandrakanth Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065 Director, Institute for Social & Economic Change, Bangalore Mr. B S Nandisha Mr. K J Pavan Associate Prof., Department of Agronomy, University of Ph.d student of biotechnology, University of Agricultural Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Biotechnology Science, Bangalore Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 560065 Abstract and care), or as an upland at IRRI Bouman (2002). Economic performance of crop (usually direct seeded in Considering the looming the newly developed variety crisis in water and labour this of aerobic rice (BI 33 - inputs) and in a small area, as is expected to be of interest Anagha) is compared with the a submerged crop (in ponds to majority of rice farmers. conventional variety (JGL1798) Though there are several using partial budgeting most distinctive feature of varieties of rice in the public framework. The economic the conventional methods and private domain, not all are performance of aerobic rice is the extent of water that is by default adapted to aerobic under water scarce situation is available and applied for the cultivation. Aerobic adaptability par excellence. The estimated crop during growth. As, natural resource economic water and air cannot occupy impact of aerobic rice is a the same space at the same varieties need to be developed modest Rs. 18307 per hectare for this purpose, a few considering negative externality pockets. As water is impounded existing ones may also be cost of water logging and air is released and vice versa. adapted. It is in order to shifts up to Rs. 24109 per note that in conventional rice In this study, a modest irrigation areas, in the tail end reduced methane emission is attempt is made to assess the regions, where sloppy incorporated. exist with sandy loam , aerobic rice in comparison water scarcity is imminent. Preamble with the conventional method Here, as the canal water is Across the world majority of of rice cultivation for evaluation rice cultivation is done either of economic impact of the farmers continue to cultivate intensively (raising nursery, aerobic rice technology. The paddy / sugarcane, they adopt conjunctive irrigation by heavy fertilizer application used by Rice Agronomist supplementing canal water

1http://www.aerobicrice.in/team.html browsed on Jan 17 2014, 1.35 AM

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 53 Co er Story with groundwater. Inter alia, conventional rice cultivation, rate of depreciation of tech- in such circumstances, the nology. aerobic rice technology developed by the team of Quantifying economic The common methodology scientists at the University of impact of research used in economic contribution Agricultural Sciences Bangalore1 Quantifying the economic of research innovations is proposed as an alternative impact of agricultural or economic impact of technology compared with innovations in the National technologies is (1) economic the cultivation of rice under Agricultural Research System surplus approach of Alston, the conventional rice technology. has thus been a challenging Norton and Pardey and (2) task for economists and The total factor productivity aerobic rice vis-à-vis the generators of technology (TFP) approach. The conventional rice are amply especially when the policy ‘economic surplus’ approach highlighted2. makers seek information on widely used is not transparent macro level impacts. Most to scientists and is limited Differences between often a linear extrapolation of largely to new seed conventional and aerobic research output obtained on innovations, since it uses rice small experimental research the concept of elasticity of The aerobic rice cultivation is demand and supply. Also considered to be eco-friendly. the estimates of elasticities From an agricultural economics extrapolation of micro level are not available for the new point of view, the major experimental results realized technology devised. In difference is savings in labour per plot discounts the addition, elasticity of demand and other inputs. Costing in operation of the most crucial and supply are pertinent to natural resource economics law of economics - the law of crop innovations and not (NRE), considers cost of all diminishing marginal returns for improved method or the items as in agricultural to land. Such an extrapolation service, or an innovative economics including the institution policy technology or externality cost of water technology is fraught with innovation. logging. Costing in natural constraints as the impact resource and environmental depends factors inter alia, Objective economics considers all probability of performance This study is a modest attempt the costs of NRE plus the of innovation or technology to value the relative economic social cost of pollution, such as methane emission. In of the technology by farmers rice in relation to conventional aerobic rice technology (as farmers may not fully method of rice cultivation in methane emissions are reduced adopt the new technology and order to estimate the economic by100 percent compared with may make on farm adjustments), impact of the aerobic rice

2As in http://www.aerobicrice.in/advantages.html browsed on Jan 17 2014, 1.40 AM 3Alston, JM, Norton GW and Pardey PG, 1995, Science under scarcity: Principles and practice for agricultur- al research evaluation and priority setting, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, pp. 585. 4Hulten, CR.; Dean, ER.; Harper, MJ, 2001. New Developments in Productivity Analysis: Chapter: Total Factor Productivity: A Short Biography ; National Bureau of Economic Research. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–54.

54 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story technology. Towards this using a large sample on bodies), production of toxins endeavor, the aerobic rice statistical basis. such as ethanol and lactate in technology developed by the rhizosphere, lesser energy the team of scientists at the ronoi enefits University of Agricultural The aerobic rice cultivation humidity in microclimate, Sciences developed at the University higher incidence of pests, of Agricultural Sciences, diseases including mosquito Bangalore5 is compared with Bangalore is the variety BI menace, compared with the cultivation of rice under 33, with drought resistance, aerobic method of rice the conventional rice sustaining productivity under technology. This study conditions of limited water uses the partial budgeting availability. It is a deep health hazards associated with framework in order to value rooted variety capable of continued working in water the economic impact to value withstanding dry spells and that leads to highly sensitive it can access moisture from foot leading to fungal partial change in the method deeper layers of soil (Verulkar infections. of cultivation of rice adopted et al, 2010, Gowda et al, 2011 by farmers. The method of and Shashidar et al, 2012) Partial budgeting framework aerobic rice cultivation is still This variety can be cultivated to capture economic impact picking up due to modest akin to the maize crop, where, of the aerobic method of rice extension efforts and lack of upon direct seeding, irrigation cultivation appreciation by farmers of can be scheduled in intervals the scarcity value of water. Partial budgeting framework rainfall. The conventional in farm management Thus, obtaining an adequate method of rice cultivation economics provides a simple, sample of farmers cultivating involves land leveling, raising convenient, transparent, aerobic rice for this study is nursery, a higher seed rate of objective methodology where the constraint. Hence, the 25 kgs per acre, maintenance scientists who generated the study has used case study of a constant level of water in approach to highlight the economic impact of their economic impact of the innovation without the help aerobic rice technology in pan formation due to repeated of economists. The partial Karnataka6. This is an ex-ante plowing, decomposition changes in the farm, as analysis as a useful tool for of organic matter in the soil the researchers to project / (resulting in methanogenesis), variety and the associated indicate the likely economic absence of oxygenated technologies are considered. impact of their technology rhizosphere, lower nitrogen Aerobic rice technology even before the release. The connotes an unique method same method can be extended to anaerobic condition, lower of rice cultivation, with the use of the variety (BI 33, data from farmers who have of nitrogen oxide (contributing popularly known as Anagha). adopted the new technology Farm management decisions

5http://www.aerobicrice.in/team.html browsed on Jan 17 2014, 1.35 AM 6The farmers from whom the field data are based are highlighted in the above link. Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 55 Co er Story are incremental, like adding control). In this study the ‘returns side’ or the credit side land, enlarging or reducing an control or check variety of of the partial budget. The enterprise or changing how rice is JGL1798. The list of an enterprise is managed. The expenses also includes non- is the summary indicated by cash costs such as family the difference between the incremental changes over the labor and depreciation. credit and the debit. If the conventional rice technology Depreciation wherever difference between credit in cultivating rice variety necessary indicates the size and debit is positive, then the JGL1798 are valued. of return on the investment. new technology or change is The second component is the Partial budgeting includes reduced returns or reduced only the resources which are income due to new technology Application of partial changed or added and not the in relation to the budgeting to estimate the resources in farm which are counterfactual. This includes economic impact of aerobic left unchanged. The change reductions in yield due to rice effected due to the new new technology, reduction in practice is evaluated for its yield due to reduced planting, In the cultivation of aerobic economic ability to increase harvest timeliness, reduction rice using the specially or decrease the farm business in rental income, reduction developed variety (BI 33), income. New technologies in custom work income and the added costs include 50 often result in increase in so on. Both these add to the woman days of additional income and/or reduction or ‘costs side’ or debit side of the elimination of costs. The net partial budget. and manual weeding. In impact of these effects is the addition, this involves difference between the positive The third component is additional bullock labor, the reduced costs due to use of systemic insecticide new technology over the to control stem borer and resulting net effect indicates counterfactual which include additional labor towards decision making towards reductions or total elimination the plant protection. The adoption of new technology: of certain expenses such as opportunity cost of capital the positive net shows the seed, labor, repairs, veterinary is the interest forgone due increase in farm business expenses, interest expenditure. to cultivation of aerobic rice income due to the new Here too, including non-cash over the conventional. As the technology, while the negative costs such as family labor cultivation of aerobic rice net shows the reduction in and depreciation provides a involves additional management farm business income due to full economic analysis instead acumen over the conventional adoption of new technology. of mere changes in cash method, the management costs. The fourth component cost of 5 percent7 is added. There are four components is the added income due to In addition, as farmers bear in partial budgeting. First, the the new technology over the risk in the new technology, added costs due to the new counterfactual, due to they incur a risk premium technology are considered. increase in yield, fodder, considered at 5 percent of This includes list all increased the additional expenditure expenses due to new technology if any. The third and fourth (Table 1). over the counterfactual (or components add to the

56 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Research costs and ha. Thus, the research and condition. The savings in Extension costs extension cost per ha works labour amount to Rs.13500 In order to develop a new to Rs. 569 (Table 2). per ha. There is also saving in technology, the NARS / SAU use of fertilizers (Urea). system incurs costs on salaries Savings in scarce labour of researchers and staff in and negative externality The costing methodology of addition to other expenditure. of water logging due to NRE considers the value of These costs are compounded aerobic rice technology negative externality due to from the initial year of water logging that can be saved research to the terminal The challenge in using due to aerobic rice cultivation. year of research and then partial budgeting is to highlight Thus, the economic impact of amortized to obtain the each of the four components aerobic rice over conventional research cost per year (at a in general, and especially in rice in NRE is Rs. 18307 per modest rate of 2 percent highlighting the ‘reduced ha (obtained by deducting Rs. considering the public returns’ or ‘savings’ due to 19444 from debit side with investment expenditure). the new technology, the third Rs. 37751 from credit side) in Similarly the new technology component. Aerobic rice does aerobic rice cultivation. dissemination involves the not involve puddling and the cost of extension incurred associated leveling, and thus, In Environmental Economics, on demonstrations and the savings of machine labour is assessment of environmental personnel involved in the valued. Due to direct sowing economic impact of aerobic process. Akin to the research of aerobic rice, there is rice over conventional rice, cost, the demonstration savings in seeds, savings in considers NRE costs plus expenditure and salaries of labour in nursery preparation, social cost of pollution. Then, extension personnel are also savings in irrigation in nursery the resulting economic impact compounded and amortized. and transplanting operations. of aerobic rice considers The sum of the amortized Conventional rice uses 100 Rs 5802 as the value of cost is distributed across the ha cms per ha of irrigation savings in methane emission estimated area under the new water while aerobic rice needs * with a resulting impact of technology as envisioned by Rs.24109 per ha (Table 1). the researcher. Considering implies 50 ha cms per ha. the ex-ante analysis, the Hence, there is a saving of 50 researchers of aerobic rice per cent of irrigation water. (var BI33) anticipated the The cost of surface irrigation area under aerobic rice on water per acre is Rs.100 which a conservative basis at 200 remains same in both the

7The National Agricultural Insurance Company of India charge premium of 2 percent for crop inurance as reflective of risk. The use of 5 percent is due to the adoption of new technology. 8Methane emission is computed as under: 1 tonne of methane = 4.24 tonne of carbon. The social cost of carbon = ₤ 83. In Indian Rupees this works to = Rs. 6842 (at the exchange rate of Rs. 83.82 per ₤). Conventional paddy cultivation emits 0.24 gm of methane per M2 per day which works to seasonal emission is 20 gm of methane per season per M2. As 1 ha = 10000 M2 the emission per crop

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 57 Co er Story Table 1: Economic impact of aerobic rice technology (Var Anagha) (Rs per ha) A. Items of added expenditure due Cost C. Reduced costs (or savings) due to Cost to cultivation of aerobic rice (Rs) cultivation of aerobic rice variety BI (Rs) (BI 33) 33 (Anagha) 1. 50 woman days of added 5000 1.Savings of 3 hours of additional 5500 machine labour in puddling @ Rs. manual weeding @ Rs.100 per 1500 per hour = Rs. 4500 for woman day) for Anagha Aerobic rice puddling and 2.Saving of 0.66 hour over conventional rice of additional machine labor in (var: JGL 1798) leveling : Rs. 1000 2. Two additional bullock pair labor 3600 2.Saving of 37.5kgs of seeds due to 1500 for sowing using seed drill+ four aerobic rice (direct sowing) valued @ additional bullock pair labor for inter Rs. 40 per Kg cultivation @Rs. 600 per pair 3. Additional Cost of systemic 500 3.Savings of 10 man days for bund- 4000 insecticide to control stem borer nursery preparation plus 5 man days for irrigation valued @ Rs. 200 per man day 4. Additional two man days of labour 400 4.Savings of 25 woman days in 2500 for spraying systemic transplanting work @ Rs. 100 per insecticide woman day 5. Total additional expenditure due 9500 5.Savings of 50 kgs of urea in the 380 to cultivation of aerobic rice over basal dose conventional rice (JGL 1798) 6. Opportunity cost of capital : 238 6.Savings in 6.25 woman days in 625 Interest on total additional threshing, winnowing, packaging 6.25 quintals of reduced productivity of months aerobic rice compared with conventional rice 475 7. 100 per cent savings in negative 23246 additional expenditure externality cost due to water logging 475 Total savings due to cultivation of 37751 additional expenditure aerobic rice 9. Research cost per ha 290 10. Extension cost per ha 278 D. Added Returns from aerobic 0 rice Total additional cost due to 11256 cultivation of aerobic rice B. Reduced returns due to cultivation of aerobic rice

58 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Reduced yield of 6.25 q * Rs. 1310 8188 over conventional rice (Var: JGL1789) Total debit side (A + B) 19444 Total credit side (C +D) 37751 Economic impact of aerobic rice technology (BI 33 or Anagha) over conventional rice (JGL1798) (Rs. 37751 minus Rs. 19444 = ) Rs. 18307 per ha season is = 20*10000 M2 condition = 18.75@ 673 per performance of aerobic rice, = 200000 gm or 200 kgs of quintal =12618 per ha rate of adoption of aerobic methane per hectare. From c) Reclamation cost = Rs. rice and depreciation of the above, 4.24 kg of carbon 9160 per ha aerobic rice. The ultimate = 1 kg of methane and hence economic impact per 200 kg of methane = 200*4.24 d) Total externality cost = Rs. hectare works out to = 848 kg of carbon per ha. 23246 per ha 18307*0.5*0.6*0.8 = Rs. 4394. As aerobic rice emits zero Similarly, the economic methane, the cost of Upscaling the economic impact of aerobic rice according environmental pollution from impact to environmental economics 848 kg of carbon per hectare In order that the results of the costing works out to = 0.848*6842= Rs. 5802 is partial budgeting is applicable Rs.23389*0.5*0.6*0.8 = Rs. saved which becomes a social for wider area under aerobic 5613 per ha as it includes rice, linear extrapolation of from reduction of methane 9K Shankar, N Nagaraj and per ha is not tenable due to emission. MG Chandrakanth (2003), the operation of the law of Pricing of irrigation water diminishing marginal returns Summary and valuation of irrigation at an early stage in agriculture. This study used partial induced budgeting framework effects in Kabini command, operation of LDMR, three demonstrating the synergistic Karnataka Estimated externality parameters such as 1) involvement of economists cost due to water logging Probability of performance and technologists for over normal crop condition is of the technology, 2) Rate of because of adoption of the technology, from innovations. Using a 3) Depreciation in the simple, transparent and easy a) increase in the cost of technology are applied in to understand template, the cultivation to the tune of 7 per linear extrapolation. These study by comparing aerobic cent over normal condition implicitly capture the rice with conventional rice ie., (Rs. 23685/ha on water operation of the LDMR since cultivation, infers that aerobic logged soil – Rs. 22217 /ha rice Variety BI 33 is on normal crop condition = akin to the lab conditions economically worthwhile as Rs.1468 and the operator (farmer) is the economic impact of different from the researcher. technology is Rs. 18307 b) Loss in paddy yields by 34 Accordingly the economic per cent ie., 53.75 quintals/ha per ha. The environmental impact of aerobic rice economic impact considering on normal condition and 35 according to NRE is weighted quintals/ha on water logged savings in methane pollution by the probability of is Rs. 24109 per ha. The

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 59 Co er Story Table 2: Upscaling the economic impact covering the area of adoption Economic impact of Aerobic Rice Cost (Rs) 1. Probability of performance of aerobic rice (BI 33) technology* 0.5 2. Rate of adoption of aerobic rice technology** 0.6 3. Depreciation of technology (if 1, no depreciation)*** 0.8 4. Economic worthiness of aerobic rice per ha Rs. 18307 5. Economic Impact of Aerobic rice (18307*0.5*0.6*0.8) per ha 4394 6. Expected area adopted under aerobic rice = 200 ha 200 7. Total economic impact on 200 ha per year in Rs. = 4394 X 200 ha 878800 8. No. of years for developing variety for aerobic method of rice cultivation 5 years 10. Cost of salaries of researchers plus staff for 5 years (Rs) 521500 11. Amortized research cost of project per year (Rs) 58057 12. Cost of extension per demonstration (Rs) 40000 13.Total cost of demonstration (Rs) (10 demonstrations) 400000 14. Salaries of extension workers plus staff (Rs) for 5 years 100000 15. Research cost per ha (Rs) 290 16.Amortized extension cost of project per year (Rs.) 55663 17. Extension cost per ha (Rs) 278 18. Total research and extension cost per ha (Rs) 569

upscaled economic impact a new way of growing rice in Shashidhar H.E., Amelia Henry, is Rs. 878800 and that of water- short areas. IRRI, Manila, and Bill Hardy, 2012, PVC environmental economic Philippines. 175–81. tubes to characterize roots and impact is Rs.1122600. Chandrakanth, MG 2013, productivity studies. Methodologies * refers to probability of Economic contribution of for root drought studies in rice, performance of aerobic rice new technology generated in IRRI. NARS, working paper, Center of Excellence in Natural Resource VERULKAR, S. B., MANDAL, are no controlled conditions Economics, Department of as in the research station as Agricultural Economics, University B. N., SINHA, P. K., MAHATO, estimated by scientists of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. R. N., DONGRE, P., SINGH, ** refers to what percentage ROBIN, S., CHANDRABABU, of technology is adopted A., YAMAUCHI, A., R., SENTHIL, S., JAIN, SHASHIDHAR, H. E. AND A., SHASHIDHAR, H. E., estimated by scientists; SERRAJ, R., 2011, Root HITTALMANI, S., VERA and genetic improvement for CRUZ, C., PARIS, T., RAMAN, *** refers to depreciation drought avoidance in rice, Field A., HAEFELE, S., SERRAJ, R., of technology over time as Crops Res., 122: 1–13. ATLIN, G. AND KUMAR, J, estimated by scientists A., 2010, Breeding resilient and Shashidhar, H. E. 2008. Aerobic productive genotypes adapted to drought-prone rainfed References: management strategy for rice ecosystem of India. Field Crops BOUMAN, B. A. M., production. In: Food and Res., 117:197–208. U. (ed). Taylor and Francis / www.aerobic rice.in Balkema, 2300 AK Leiden, The 2002, Aerobic rice (Han Dao): Netherlands, pp. 131 – 139.

60 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story WATER USE CONFLICTS : IMPLICATIONS AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS A CASE STUDY RIGHT PRACTISES UPPER AVARASIN

Mr. Ishwar S Chaudhari Superintending Engineer, at Central Designs Organization, Nashik with Water Resources Department, Govt. of Maharashtra, is a Fellow member of Institution of Engineers (India). He is working since 1978, in design, construction and management of irrigation projects in Maharashtra.

Mr. Sanjay M Belsare Executive Engineer at Maharashtra Engineering Training Acadamy, Nashik, with Water Resources Department, Govt. of Maharashtra, is a Fellow member of Institution of Engineers (India). He is working since 1988, in construction and management of irrigation projects in Maharashtra.

SYNOPSIS This paper presents post well as shifting from Water is a prime natural project scenario and of conventional irrigation methods water resource for Gangapur and Darna to micro - irrigation systems livelihood on the planet. irrigation projects in Upper thereby improving application Water is required for basic Godawari basin near one of sewage needs in various sectors like of the fastest growing, city water after treatment for water supply for drinking and Nashik in Maharashtra, irrigation. domestic needs, irrigation wherein more than 80% of for agricultural production, the 25 TMC water available Regulatory policies regarding thermal and hydro power for irrigating about 1 lakh maximum limits for diversion generation, and otheri hectares has to be diverted of water for purposes other ndustries. for non- irrigation purposes than the original purpose of the project needs to be A popular myth which is water use and water regulation formulated in view of food often expressed is that the for irrigation in the basin. and energy security along with next Great War will be a water Upstream utilization and drinking water availability. war. This is expressed in pollution also add to the Stakeholder’s participation and response to growing pressure dimension of the problem. judicial distribution of water on water resources and Water regulation policy among irrigation and non- resource allocation are irrigation purpose. context of increasing demand required to be reviewed to and scarcity and uncertain INTRODUCTION and unreliable availability of Restoration of irrigation Water, besides the basic need water. Rapid growth in potential at the cost of for drinking and domestic population is also an non- irrigation users by water supply, is required as important cause of water use adopting the means to an input in various sectors Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 61 Co er Story like irrigation for agricultural increasing demands. National from drought prone areas of production, thermal and and State water policies Kopargaon and Rahata via hydro power generation and provide priority to non Nandur Madhmeshwar weir other industrial purpose. irrigation water use for on river Godavari through domestic and industrial water Godavari Right Bank and Left Present scenario of sector needs over irrigation. Bank Canals. wise water use at national as well as at state level, indicate However projects for Later on Gangapur irrigation that major portion i.e. 85% of drinking water and industries project was constructed in water available from surface are not planned separately 1954 on river Godavari at and ground water sources is and required quantum of a distance of 15 kms on utilized for irrigation purpose water for the domestic and upstream side of city Nasik. and remaining about 15% industrial purposes is diverted Gangapur irrigation project is used for non irrigation from existing irrigation envisaged of construction of purposes like domestic water projects. This affects overall an earthen dam impounding supply, industrial processing, national agricultural production storage of 210 M Cum of generation of hydro and and the food security of the water with Gangapur Left thermal power generation etc. region and also create an Bank and Gangapur Right imbalance in development. Bank Canals irrigating Though overall water about 30000 has culturable allocation for irrigation The paper presents post command area. Subsequently purpose is major one, there is project scenario of Gangapur some more irrigation projects regional imbalance in sectoral and Darna irrigation projects namely Kashyapi and Gautami distribution of water use complex in Upper Godawari on Godavari river and particularly at regions near basin near one of the fastest Mukane on a tributary came urban and industrial hubs. growing city Nashik in up to meet the increasing In regions near metropolitan Maharashtra. demands of the region for cities like Mumbai, Pune, irrigation. With these Dehli and other growing IRRIGATION additional storages water up cities like Nashik with DEVELOPMENT IN storage capacity of about increasing urbanization and THE REGION 664 MCum was created with industrialization, major part History of development of irrigation potential of 78132 of water for irrigation is irrigation in the region dates Hectares covering cultural required to be diverted for back to beginning of 20 th command area of around 1 non irrigation purposes. Century. Darna irrigation lakh Hectares. project was constructed at a There is growing pressure on distance 30 kms from Nasik Table 1 gives project wise water resources in context on Darna ,a tributary of the details regarding chronology of increasing demand and river Godavari in 1911, during of commissioning, live storage rcity, uncertain and unreliable British rule . Darna irrigation capacities, irrigation potential availability of water resulting project envisaged construction and sectoral allocation for of masonry dam impounding irrigation and other purposes. growth in population and storage of 202.43 MCum The progressive irrigation fast pace of industrialization of water irrigating around culture developed in the are the important causes for 30000 Ha. The cultivable area region has lead to foster

62 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Table 1 showing allocation of water as per Project Report Sr. Name of Year of Live Irrigation Domestic Industrial Irrigation No. Project Commis Storage Provision Provision Provision Potential sioning (M Cum) (M Cum) (M Cum) (M Cum) Hectares 1 Darana 1911 218.36 218.38 0 0 25870 2 Gangapur 1954 203.15 171.58 2.83 0 23260 3 Mukne 1989 203.95 144.40 0 69.74 13049 4 Kashyapi 1992 52.44 52.43 0 0 5817 5 Goutami 2002 52.32 52.90 0 0 6908 6 Waldevi 1998 32.08 24.72 0 12.17 3228 Total 762.30 664.41 2.83 81.91 78132 around 10 cooperative sugaer in 2001 to align with national authorities responsible for the factories in the region. policy considering irrigation as domestic and industrial water Availability of water and second priority. supply schemes seldom take climate suitability encouraged a planning and implementing farmers to grow grapes on As per policy, drinking waters projects separately and large le which lead to setting human beings and animals is required quantum of water up large number of wineries for these purposes are diverted which brought title to Nashik water, urbanization and from existing irrigation as Grape City as well as Wine Industrialization, the demand projects owing to priority of Capital of India. for water for non miners is use as per water policy. increasing. Though National PRIORITY OF WATER as well as state water policies CAUSES FOR USAGE considered domestic water DIVERSION OF As per National Water as top priority they do not IRRIGATION WATER Policy 2002, water allocation prescribe the limit or extent 1. Increase in domestic priorities in the planning to which deviation can be demands due to rapid growth and operation of systems allowed from the existing of population should be broadly as follows : irrigation. As a result more 1. Drinking water 2. Irrigation and more water is being The city of Nashik is the 3. Hydro power 4. Navigation diverted from existing administrative headquarters 5. Industrial and other uses. irrigation projects of both the Nashik District However these priorities might and Nashik Division. It is DIVERSION OF popularly known as the in particular regions with WATER FOR NON- “Grape City” and for its IRRIGATION twelve yearly ‘Sinhasta Kumbh considerations. PURPOSE Mela’. Population growth Though water policies rate of Nashik has been As per Maharashtra Policy provide priority to non- constantly more than that of 2003, water sly for domestic irrigation water use like Urban India, Maharashtra and pure and the industries have drinking and domestic water nearest metro city of Mumbai priority above irrigation. requirements as well industrial between 1981-2001. Growth water needs over irrigation, rate of Nasik (57%, 52.05%,

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 63 Co er Story 63.98 %) is highest among Considering all these Corporation drinking water top cities of Maharashtra reservations of water for non demand is constantly (Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur) irrigation purposes there is increasing. owing to urbanization, very little water available for migration and growth of irrigation .Over a period right 2. Increasing demand for industries, education, religious bank canal has fully stopped industrial purposes due to and tourism activities in the the irrigation. For restoring growing dependence on region. Table 2 shows the part irrigation, Kashyapi and industries rapid growth of population Gautami dams are taken up of Nasik city in the past and on upstream. Economic growth leads to future trend up to 2051. a shift in the structure of One more source for domestic production from agriculture Table 2 Population Growth water supply for Nasik is from to industry to services. of Nashik city Darna dam which is about 28 Industrial estate NICE (Nasik Sr. Year Population Decadal km from Nashilk city. This Industrial Co operative Estate) No Growth dam was constructed in the was formed in the co % year 1911 with storage capacity operative sector in 1962. In 1 1971 274482 of 7149 mcft. NMC is having the same year, Maharash- 2 1981 432044 57.40 reservation of 350 mcft. in tra, State Government also 3 1991 656925 52.05 this storage. Under JNNURM responded by declaring (Jwaharlal Neharu National (MIDC) (Maharashtra Industrial 4 2001 1077236 63.98 Urban Renewal Mission), Development Corporation) 5 2011 1750000 62.00 Nasik Municipal Corporation Industrial Estate at Satpur 6 2021 2600000 48.50 (NMC) has proposed to village, 7 km from Nashik. strengthen its water supply Hindustan Aeronautics Limited Nashik City. As far domestic infrastructure for next 40 years established unit for production water supply is concerned i.e. up to 2051 and worked out city is traditionally dependent city water demands as shown village 20 km from Nashik. on Godavari River. In 1954 in table 3. From the following In 1967 SICOM (State was tables it is revealed that Investment Corporation of constructed. It had a total storage of 7200 mcft out Table 3 NMC Water Supply Demands of which only 100 Mcft Sr.no. Year Population Daily civic Annual reservations for domestic in water civic water water supply for city Lakhs supply in supply in was considered adequate. mld MCum However the reservation of 1 2001 10.77 202 73.73 water in the dam increased 2 2006 13.00 253 92.35 to the extent of 2077 mcft by 2006. Water from Gangapur 3 2011 17.50 341 124.47 dam was further reserved to 4 2021 26.00 507 185.05 the extent of 2529 mcft for 5 2031 37.50 618 225.57 MIDC in Nasik and Ekla- 6 2041 52.50 997 363.30 hara thermal power station 7 2051 71.00 1350 492.75 situated in Nashik. 64 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Maharashtra) adapted Nashik 4. Excess Reservation for Cabinet Committee no limits. as its growth center. All these drinking water due to There is practically no limit to events brought Nashik on the uncertain rainy conditions maximum extent of diversion industrial map of India. MICO District administrations for non irrigation purposes. (German multinational) and responsible for reserving Table 4 shows sanction ABB (Swedish multinational) drinking water needs play safe of water at present and in established their production and reserve about 10 -20% units. The industry that more water to face delay in requirements under JNNURM ). came to Nashik was mostly staring of monsoon Increasing It shows that the 65 % engineering, electrical and demands in all sectors due portion of total available pharmaceutical. Crompton to effect of climate change water (714 MCum) for Greaves, MICO, VIP, CIAT, Increase in temperature irrigation in 2006, will be Mahindra & Mahindra etc are due to global warming reduced to only 14% in 2041, other important industries. phenomenon has increased due to diversion for non Thermal power plant at water demands by 10-20%. irrigation purposes and Eklahra (220 MW), near irrigation potential loss will be Nashik Road, has greatly Extent of diversion of around 61919 Has. contributed to meet the power Irrigation Water Proposal for demand of the industries. sanction of water demand Conditions for non Water from Gangapur and for non irrigation purpose is irrigation diversion Darna storages are reserved initiated by the user agency. Conditions for diversion for industrial areas at Satpur, Powers for sanction of include sharing capital cost Ambad and Sinnar. At present Water from irrigation projects and payment of restoration industrial reservation has for non irrigation purpose cost for affected irrigable increased to the extent of and limits thereon are Field area on per ha basis. However 5000 mcft. there are no procedures for 5%, Secretary to Govt15% direct utilization of these 3. Increasing demands particularly for power generation. Table 4 Diversion of water for non irrigation purposes in Nasik region Eklahare thermal power plant was established to meet power Sr Year Total Domestic Industrial Water Irrigable No Available c Water Available Area in demands in the eighties. It Live Water supply For Hectares consumes about 1400 mcft Storage Supply % Irrigation .Capacity extension and new in % % thermal power plants in M cum private sector in the region 1 2006 671.06 11 24 65 67976 will require more than double 2 2011 714.81 21 25 54 51940 of the existing one i.e.2800 3 2021 714.81 28 25 46 46553 mcft . 4 2031 714.81 40 28 32 32110 5 2041 714.81 56 30 14 14048 Figure 1.Chart showing sectoral allocation of water usage as per Project Provisions, Actual utilization and Future Projections for 2021 and 2041.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 65 Co er Story compensation or capital costs d oial onits over and distribution system is for restoration of irrigation use of water - Diversion of either underutilized or affected at present and irrigation water have created dysfunctional and part of hence actual restoration is not shortage of water for expenditure incurred on possible. Conditions for construction of projects diversion also include among individuals and groups becomes infructuous compulsion of minimizing los to get as much as possible and compulsory provision share of water as non RESOLUTION OF availability of water affects WATER USE However these conditions are agricultural yields to greater COFLICTS not followed strictly by the a) Integrated basin - wide non irrigation users. upstream versus downstream, water use planning – The rural versus urban groups. water resources shall be CONFLICTS DUE TO planned, developed, and DIVERSION OF e eal onits Farmers managed with river basin and IRRIGATION WATER demand compensation for sub-basin as unit, and adopting reduction in crop yield a) Effect on overall national multi -sectoral approach resulting from under irrigation agricultural production-Due and treating surface and to absence of irrigation at consumer protection forums. subsurface water with unitary as well as under irrigation, A group of farmers from approach, considering priorities productivity of agriculture is Kopargaon have been and requirements of different severely affected. successful in convincing to sectors like water supply for Supreme court to consider the domestic needs, industries, services rendered by Water b) Effect on food security- irrigation, and environmental. Effect on agriculture will Resources Deptt under Water resources shall be ultimately affect food security the preview of Consumer planned considering present of the region and nation as a Protection Act for claiming and future availability of whole. compensation due to reduction water for catering present and in crop produce due to future needs of all sectors. inadequate number of Physial and finanial rotations . imbalance in development- b) Independent source Diversion of irrigation water development - Civil Water for non- irrigation, indirectly f) Wastage and under - supply and industrial water diverts the resources allocated utilization of resources supply projects shall create in a sector without accounting Capital expenditure on dedicated sources for the construction of irrigation purpose, as the viability and investment in one sector (rural projects comprises of major returns from these sectors / agricultural) are diverted to part on conveyance and are attractive as compared to another (urban development distribution network required irrigation sector. Dedicated / industrial development) and for reaching water from sources will resolve the thereby creating physical as headwork to individual farm competition for water among heads. In most of the projects various sectors in case of this component is almost multipurpose projects. about 50% of project cost. Major part of the conveyance

66 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story c) Review of water by 20% and water saved can irrigation. While sanctioning regulatory policies - be used for restoring the civic water supply demands Existing regulatory policies do potential lost. for NMC under JNNURM, not provide any allocation for Water Resources Deptt has different purposes. Though e) Providing micro irrigation made it compulsory to make priority of usage is necessary, system - It is adapted that available for irrigation ,the scarcity of the resource shall micro irrigation methods 65% of domestic water used be shared to some extent by for after due treatment. NMC all the sectors. Policies also by 20%. If irrigable areas of has planned to upgrade the prescribe maximum limits for the command, where water existing sewage treatment extent of diversion from one is reserved for non irrigation, capacity phase wise as given sector to another, particularly are provided with micro in table 5 chronizing with from irrigation to non irrigation systems at the cost planned water use. Table also irrigation, to ensure judicious of non irrigation user as a shows that with the recycled quota of water for the measure of restoration, the water that will be available irrigation sector which is for irrigation, restoration of crucial to face the important resolved to certain extent. around 40000 ha irrigation problem of food security. potential (out of total lost f) Recycling of domestic 62000 ha) will be possible. d) Conditions for diversion and industrial waste water of water - While reserving non - It shall be made obligatory g) Stakeholder consultation irrigation demands of water for the civil water supply and participation for sharing from irrigation projects schemes and industrial water of distress among stakeholders sharing of capital cost as supply schemes to set up during the period of natural well as restoration cost, for distress like droughts and regaining the potential of make available the recycled judicious distribution among irrigation created is to be water for irrigation purpose. irrigation and non irrigation born by non- irrigation users. Around 65 -80 % of domestic users may smoothen the However at present there are water can be reused for no procedures for utilizing these amounts directly for Table 5 . Phase wise Availability of Recycled water from restoration purposes and NMC for irrigation hence actual restoration is not Sr Year Civic Recycled Recycled Irrigation effective. No water water Annual restoration supply in available water in in Hectares Use of restoration costs (mld) in (mld) M cum recovered from non irrigation 1 2006 253 193.85 70.56 8467 users can be used for restoring irrigation by means of 2 2011 341 243.62 88.92 10670 Adopting the means to 3 2021 507 263.26 132.59 15910 4 2026 618 441.5 161.15 19338 like lining of canals or 5 2031 717 517.86 189.02 22682 conveying water through 6 2041 997 716.52 261.53 31383 closed pipe lines. Conveyance 7 2051 1350 915.00 333.975 400077

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 67 Co er Story CONCLUSIONS consultations and participation may also help in resolving the There is a growing pressure on sources of irrigation water due to diversion for non- irrigation uses like domestic REFERENCE and industrial water supply 1) National Water Policy owing to higher priority of 1987, Ministry of Water usage for the later. Rapid Resources. growth in population, urbanization and fast pace 2) Maharashtra State Water of industrialization are the Poli2003, Govt. of important causes for Maharashtra. increasing demands. Numbers of Irrigation Projects near 3) CDP of Nashik Municipal urban centers constructed for Corporation under supplying water for irrigation JNNURM. purpose have to more than half of their share to 4) Jaldhara Annual Report domestic and industrial supply of Nasik Irrigation Division, Nasik. rural and urban sectors. In future (after 50 years) almost all water from these projects will have be required to be diverted for basic human need for domestic purpose which will affect the food security of the nation. The case study of the group of projects in the Upper Godavari basin near Nasik, present the post project scenario and discuss the possible solutions, mainly recycling of sewage water, recovering almost 65% of domestic water use, along with measures for improving irrigation water which will be used to restore the irrigation potential. Integrated river basin planning, regulatory policy changes and stakeholder

68 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Water Resource Management : A Sustainability Perspective Dr. Dhananjay Samant Author is an applied economist and social scientist specializing in quantitative analysis, forecasting, and macroeconomic policy formulation. Dr. Dhananjay Samant Introduction planning for today’s global thousands of Indians. As Ever since the dawn of economy. global warming and climate recorded history, the optimal change increasingly affect utilization of water available India uses over 80% of its our planet, water resource in any given geography was total surface water for planning assumes central assiduously practiced by all agriculture alone. Thus, if importance. civilizations, bearing in mind agricultural productivity is the local socioeconomic to be enhanced – or even Water, although adequate, is interest. For example, the maintained – there is no unequally distributed in our Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro alternative to strategic water country, which includes both excavations have yielded resource planning. We have Cherrapunji (the wettest place experienced a particularly in the world) as well as the utilization and disposal scorching summer this year, Thar Desert (one of the driest systems, most of which were and should the not regions on the planet). Many way ahead of their time. In arrive on time, an optimal Indians are now living in areas Europe, Roman engineers had water resource management that are habitable only due to built log water conveyance policy will make a world of the efforts of water engineers, systems, many of which are a difference to the lives of technocrats and farsighted still visible today. The earliest dams to retain large quantities of water were constructed in Jordan and Egypt almost Underground canals, which originated in Armenia around 1000 BC, were one of the most ingenious hydro-technical inventions of the ancient world. There is something – whether big or small – to learn from each of these remarkable systems in developing water resource 1El Nino and La Nina are natural phenomena of atmospheric changes associated with the warming and cooling of the worlds largest body of water the acific cean. hile l ino is associated with droughts in India a ina is associated with excess rainfall in India.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 69 Co er Story administrators. Managing scarce debates amongst scientists India, which leads to a water resources in ways that as well as amongst other constant mismatch of meet the diverse needs of a stakeholders. Given that an demand and supply. billion plus – and still growing Remedying the massive – population is a gigantic task. society often distrusts the Luckily, public stakeholder India will necessitate demand interest groups and many solution ultimately opted for -side reforms along with NGOs are now showing an usually has a strong political a strong political will. increasing desire to take part underpinning, and it may The subsidized agricultural in this endeavour. not necessarily be in the best electricity system that long-term interests of the incentivizes the wasteful use Water Management and nation. This has been of water needs to be urgently Environmental Sustainability repeatedly witnessed all rationalized. However, that According to UN projections, over India, and it has been remains a political hot potato India’s urban population is responsible for many of and is easier said than done. expected to rise to 50% of the ecological disasters that its total population by 2050. we have faced. A recent At least 12,000 farmer That would imply an addition example is the June 2013 suicides have taken place of hundreds of millions of multi-day cloudburst in the in India every year since people in parts of the country State of Uttarakhand, which 2013. The vast majority of prone to water scarcity claimed over 5,700 lives and them (well over a third) have … which is not a pleasing caused property damage occurred in Maharashtra. scenario. Inequity in water in around 4,200 villages. It Even though these suicides availability has attracted remains India’s worst natural may not be directly related to political attention and it has disaster since the 2004 the State’s water management become fertile ground for tsunami and serves as a grim policies, there is no doubt several inter-state and intra reminder of what could that better work in the -state disputes, which are happen if we try to challenge development of irrigation costing the nation dear, both Mother Nature. and related areas will help to economically and in terms of considerably alleviate agrarian its global image. Unless water El Nino and India’s distress, and thus, reduce the resource planning is given Agrarian Distress occurrence of these tragic topmost priority, and According to some experts, incidents. In this context, innovative options like local El Nino1 is likely to play a role agricultural production also water harvesting, protection again in this year’s monsoon needs to take into cognizance of local water systems, adequate performance in India, leading regional hydrological sewage treatment and to slightly below - average constraints. For example, recycling, participatory rainfall. Many potentially going in for extensive sugar governance etc. are urgently vulnerable states have been cultivation in a water-stressed resorted to, such avoidable asked to step-up their water state like Maharashtra, was issues will only escalate. conservation efforts. Even probably a mistake. though this is sound advice, In almost every environmental the real culprit of the story Climate change offers India project whose impact remains is the distorted political a unique chance to revisit its uncertain, there are prolonged economy of agriculture in water management policies

70 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story and the nation’s concomitant high value crops require compared to other irrigation development plans. This frequent water applications. systems could take the form of a Much of this applies to India’s more equitable, sustainable agricultural farmlands. It operates at low and transparent approach to pressures eliminating the need integrated water management Drip irrigation offers the for a booster pump … an approach based primarily on the application However, it also has the of reliable data and knowledge, It can be customized to which will enable the deliver the precise amount of undertaking of informed water required by individual It can be easily damaged by decisions, and the subsequent plants landscaping activities transformation of the lives of hundreds of millions of people. Evaporative losses are Rodents and other Sustainable development relatively low commonly found pests can necessitates that both public damage the plastic heads by and private institutions change In windy conditions, it is chewing on them over time in ways that are the best type of irrigation responsive to the needs of It can present a tripping individuals and society. It uses minimum water and hazard for children, the produces maximum result, visually handicapped, and Drip Irrigation and Water leading to more crop per drop senior citizens Conservation (of water) Drip irrigation involves dripping If not cleaned regularly, water into the soil at gradual As the area in between the emitters can get clogged, rates (around 2 to 20 liters/ plants does not get irrigated, thus shutting off water to hour) from a system of small it results in fewer weeds portions of the diameter plastic pipes. Water It reduces the incidence of It can limit the root growth is applied close to plants so foliar diseases of the plant to the wetted area. that only that portion of the soil in which the roots grow It enhances plant health by Much of India’s topography is wetted. This contrasts with delivering nutrients precisely is rugged and although large surface and sprinkler irrigation where they are needed, and rivers occasionally cause in which the entire soil gets by ensuring a uniform soil soaked and a lot of water moisture for farming often results due gets wasted. For obvious to inadequate infrastructure reasons, drip irrigation ought It is well adapted for a wide for water storage and to be the preferred mode of variety of soil conditions and irrigation. Rain-fed cultivation irrigation in areas of water geographic terrains scarcity, where water quality systems have served Indian is doubtful, land is steeply Large areas can be treated farms and farmers well in the sloping or undulating and of simultaneously past. However, in recent years, poor quality, where water or climate change, erratic rainfall, labour is expensive, or where Installation and maintenance and prolonged droughts have costs are relatively low forced farmers to consider

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 71 Co er Story alternative land uses and more competitiveness, and reduces wastewater. This will also help innovative irrigation systems, the adverse environmental to generate some sustainable as well as the adoption of impacts of production and employment in the economy. modern technology. Under consumption within the the circumstances, the myriad system. Groundwater comprises around 44% of the total volume of by drip irrigation vis-à-vis tra- Water management is an water used for irrigation but integral part of a circular contributes nearly 60% of not be overlooked. economy as it will be necessary India’s irrigated area. Thus, to counter climate change. As there are limits to the Water Management in the water scarcity and droughts amount of water that can be Circular Economy are likely to occur more withdrawn from groundwater A circular economy is today frequently in future, utilizing bodies without causing a viable alternative to a alternative freshwater supplies irreversible ecological traditional linear (make, via targeted water reuse imbalances. There are also use, dispose) economy. In a programmes remains a viable limits to the amounts of circular economy resources option. Setting minimum pollutants that can be are kept in use for as long as requirements for reuse of discharged into available water possible and maximum value water for agricultural resources without leading is extracted from them while irrigation and groundwater to some sort of permanent they are being employed. At recharge has the potential to environmental degradation. the end of their service life, boost water reuse, and thus, Once these limits are exceeded products and materials are contributing to making the (as has occurred at some recovered and regenerated to economy more circular. In places in India), the toxicity the extent possible. A circular this regard, India may want to of the water may reduce or economy helps reduce waste, seriously consider introducing drives greater resource a legislative proposal on such could be obtained from its productivity, enhances economic requirements for the reuse of utilization, thus exposing the local population to the risk of developing various cancers and other chronic ailments.

Solid waste management continues to remain a major problem in India. In this context, eco-sanitation leads to a sustainable way of life, which a more circular economy can help to effectively realize. Water management can play a vital role in it by enhancing the this scarce resource. On its part, a circular economy will

72 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story facilitate the returning of issues at the local level are water management. To this water and nutrients to the rarely purely technical in end, a fair amount has been agricultural system, thus nature and of concern only achieved both in India and enabling its rejuvenation. to those living within that globally, but a lot more is still Ultimately, it is a regenerative required to be done. agricultural system, innovatively are increasingly related to the combining technology and legitimate concerns of national tradition, which will be needed and international institutions, to meet India’s growing food global demands and universal demand. human objectives.

In the move to a circular Problems and opportunities economy, achieving the change over time. Just as desired objectives over time the goals of water resource and space will require large management alter both and sustained investments temporally and spatially, so do in storage infrastructure, the processes of planning and including surface or groundwater implementation to zero in on reservoirs, storage tanks, these moving targets. In any pipes, canals, bore wells, modern economy, policymaking pumps, sewage treatment evolves to meet not only plants, hydroelectric generating changing demands and systems etc. It may even aspirations of the citizenry, necessitate the removal of but also in response to some of them, to make the new perceptions of how to remaining more cost-effective. prepare more effectively for an increasingly uncertain Conclusion future. The concept of integrated water management has Seldom can issues in the area essentially resulted from of water resource management a growing concern about be seen in black and white, the long-run health of our and most viable solutions planet, and the fact that the will necessitate a complex true value of water is often integration of modern not recognized. There is technologies with the increasing evidence that our socioeconomic interests of current water usage, and the citizenry as well as the management activities and prevailing regulatory constraints. actions, even at a local level Insight into connections is often not sustainable and between processes and structures and their temporal wellbeing of those living and spatial dimensions, leads within much larger regions. to a more integrated and Water resource management interdisciplinary approach to

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 73 74 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story “Water Economics & Policies in India”

Ms. Sonam Gupta Mr. Swanand Mule MEDC Research Team MEDC Research Team

Introduction & Brief But in the last few decades the in areas where the population about Water Economics consequences of population cannot afford to use an Water is a very basic necessity growth, industrialization adequate source of water. for life, human survival and urbanisation, and the and development. Sustainable associated consumerist culture, Water Economics and and equitable use of water have interfered with the Management in India over millennia has been naturalhydrological cycle ensured bycultural adaptation of rainfall, soil moisture, 1) Large investment in to water availability groundwater, surface water Water Management India has a highly seasonal through water conservation and storage of allsizes. pattern of rainfall, with 50% technologies, agricultural Economic water scarcity is of precipitation falling in systems and cropping caused by a lack of investment just 15 days and over 90% of patterns adapted to different in water infrastructure or climatic zones, and four months. Throughout conservation -based lifestyles. satisfy the demand of water history people have adapted to this variability by either living along river banks or by careful management of water. Thousands of minor irrigation tanks were constructed in ancient India. Most of this management was at the community level and at a primary level having effective methods for harvesting rainwater in tanks and small underground storages. But even in ancient times, India had constructed some major water infrastructure before the Mauryan era. Some grand

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 75 Co er Story constructions were built up development of India. This a multipurpose dam provides near the Cauvery River and policy gives adequate supplies irrigation which results in the Mughals took initiatives for it of water suggesting that crop increased output of agricultural later. yields on irrigated land were commodities. Changes in the consistently much higher than output of these commodities The British came with the yields from drought affected require inputs from other idea of systematic and large- agriculture. Investments in sectors such as seeds, fertilizers, scale development of water infrastructure development pump sets, diesel engines, infrastructure in India. The creates a base for the national electric motors, tractors, fuels British understood that the food security and affordability and electricity. Furthermore, marginal returns to water of food. Many of the large increased output of some development were higher dams fuelled the Indian agricultural commodities in regions of relatively low industrial growth and encourages setting up of food rainfall than in the higher groundwater irrigation, with processing (sugar factories, oil rainfall areas and thus hydropower accounting for mills, rice mills, bakeries) and emphasized hydraulic works over half of India’s installed other industrial units. Similarly, which would “make the generation capacity in the hydropower produced from deserts bloom”. The results 1960s. a multipurpose dam provides were spectacular. The electricity for households Godavari Barrage, transformed Indirect effects are also equally in each part of the country the famine-wracked districts important taking consideration and for increased output of of the Godavari Delta into of major infrastructure. industrial products (including a granary, the Periyar Dam, Irrigation and hydropower are fertilizers, chemicals, and a major inter-basin transfer machinery). scheme which sustains generate both inter-industry agricultural productivity in the linkage impacts and Changes in the output of Vaigai Basin in Tamil Nadu, consumption -induced impacts these industrial commodities is also a similar example on the regional and national requires inputs from other of Britishers’ way of economy. Water released from sectors such as steel, energy, construction and infrastructure.

After Independence, the Government of India gave high priority to the construction of major water infrastructure. Today India has a capacity to store about 200 billion cubic meters of water, a gross irrigated area of about 90 million hectares, and an installed hydropower capacity of about 30,000 megawatts.

These investments transformed the economic and social

76 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story and chemicals. Thus, both ripples well beyond the demand for agricultural labor increased output of electricity region. is 50% to 100% higher on and irrigation from a dam irrigated lands. Irrigation In a classic study in the 1970s, has meant higher and much linkages, (i.e. demand for the eminent economist K.N. more stable employment, higher input supplies) and Raj examined the interaction with the poor being the major forward linkages (i.e. providing of infrastructural, human and inputs for further processing). There have been two major Punjabi and Gurkhas directly. Two recent, sophisticated studies in India which have Both groups had similar analyses have shown similar examined these indirect results. The study by the impacts. A study by the but returned to different International Food Policy International Food Policy results in terms of Research Institute of the Research Institute of the infrastructural capital. impact of the Green impact of the Green Whereas the Gurkha veterans Revolution in the North Revolution in the North invested in jewelry (with little Arcot region of Tamil Nadu Arcot region of Tamil Nadu effect on their society), the showed that the biggest showed that: The multiplier Punjabis invested in pumps winners from the Green was large -- each rupee and seeds, whichh provided Revolution were the landless increase in value added in the fuel for rapid economic whose incomes increased by agriculture stimulated an growth. Another well known 125 % as a result of the large additional rupee of value economist also suggested increase in demand for their added in the region’s nonfarm that there is high correlation labor. The major study by economy; About half of the between investments in Bhatia and colleagues of the indirect income gain was due water construction and effect of Bhakra, shows that to agriculture’s demands for primary education. Higherthe inputs and marketing and investments in the dams, hugely from the project. The processing services, and the same study, shows that it was rest due to increased consumer of education. Hence, this can the indirect effects which had demands as a consequence of be a way to reduce poverty. the major impact on urban higher incomes; The multipliers This view was criticized areas (and therefore on urban for basic productive heavily. poverty reduction). infrastructure were much higher than for social All of these effects show up spending and other sectors. that irrigation in India is not strongly at the national level. A major study by Ramesh dominated by big landlords. Results of an analysis of the Bhatia and Ravinder Malik’s Our land is divided into small association between poverty assessment of the impact and poor farmers. More and levels of irrigation in of the Bhakra Dam, found importantly, the central factor 54 national sample survey is not who gets the water, but regions shows that in irrigated higher than anticipated. For how that person is making use districts the presence of every 100 rupees of direct of that water to transform poverty is about one-third the demand for inputs, most of that in unirrigated rural strikingly labor. The districts. for the regional economy and fundamental driver is that the

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 77 Co er Story Overall global analyses shows and was a growing from canals. The fact is that a very close relationship problem,it was realized that groundwater now supplies between economic growth encouragement of groundwater water to about 70% of the and poverty reduction. In pumping provided an irrigated area and about 80% effective mechanism for of domestic water supplies. growth did not generate more lowering the groundwater This shows the unreliability inequality. And it is abundantly table and reducing the severity and inadequateness of the clear that major water of water logging and salinity. canal system as well as public infrastructure, designed Third, new well and pump water supply. to provide a platform for technologies became widely regional and national available. Fourth, farmers The poor quality of public economic growth, has been realized that groundwater infrastructure is a constant an important platform for was abundant, especially problem in India. Studies the remarkable reduction in in the large alluvial basins. throughout the world have poverty in India. Investments Fifth, farmers realized that shown that where industries in water infrastructure in groundwater is easily available have to self-provide, costs India have resulted in massive compared to the canal. The of production go up sharply, reduction in poverty, and it is result was an extraordinary competitiveness is reduced actually the poor and landless “quiet revolution”. Groundwater and economic growth is who have been the biggest irrigation developed at an dampened. This groundwater explosive rate, while tank revolution brought immense irrigation almost disappeared 2) Ground Water Irrigation and surface water irrigation major role in irrigation, rural The 1960s was a turning grew much more slowly. development and poverty point in India’s agricultural reduction achievements. it development. Some critical Over the last two decades is clear that the groundwater changes took place. First, 84% of the total addition to revolution has run its course electricity supply expanded irrigated area came from in the most productive in rural areas.Second, in groundwater and only 16% agricultural and urban areas areas where water logging of the economy. There are, sustainability challenges. First is the contentious issue of the energy subsides, and their inexorable increase (as the amount of electricity used in agriculture grew, as shown in Figure 19) to farmers for groundwater irrigation. According to the Planning Commission, while the agriculture sector accounts for nearly one-third of the sales of the State Electricity Boards, the revenues from

78 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story farmers account for only 3% farm practices these feasible of total revenue. The World ways should be adopted Bank estimates that subsidies wherever possible. to farmers account for about 10% of the total cost of 8) Financial and Physical supply, or about Rs 240 stability : Capital costs should billion a year. This is be covered with including equivalent to about 25% of maintenance and operation charges. and a half times the annual 3) Project Planning: Focus expenditure on canal 9) Participatory Approach : shifted from primary Irrigation, with large impacts Women, private sector consideration of availability participation along with of drinking water to all to level. government sector irrigation to farms & inclusion 10) Water Zoning : All Policy Reforms for Water participants right from the economic activities should as- Management starting of the project. National Water Policy was sociate with that. adopted in September 1987 4) Maintenance & and a revised policy hasbeen 11) Conservation of water: Management : In addition adopted by the National Conservation consciousness to the regular monitoring Water Resources Council should be promoted through and necessary rehabilitation, in 2002 and in 2012. In the education, regulation, incentives annual provisions made to past few years a number of and disincentives. Resources maintenance. problems / challenges have should be conserved emerged in the development through maximizing retention, 5) Ground water and management ofwater eliminating pollution, and development: Prevention of resources. minimizing losses. over – exploitation of ground water, It deteriorates the Changes in National Water 12) Flood Control & quality of water and Policy from 1987 to 2012: Management: Flood forecasting economic viability of the 1) Changes in Information activities to be modernized, discharge of water. State & System: Coding, upgradation value added and extended to Central government should in techniques while analyzing uncovered areas. take initiative to prevent this. useful data, exchange of free data, advances in capabilities 13) Land erosion by sea 6) Water Allocation Priorities : for storing available data. or river: To prepare a It shifted from Primary comprehensive plan, keeping planning and operations to 2) Changes in Water in view the economical & ecology, agro – Industries, Resource Planning: Using ecological impacts and regulate non agricultural business, and non-conventional methods developmental activities. navigation for water storage, linkages 7) Irrigation : Optimal of two or more rivers, Inter 14) Drought Development : productivity per unit of water, linkages of two or more river Water Harvesting, Soil basins, rain water harvesting. Moisture conservation, drip irrigation, sprinklers, and Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 79 Co er Story minimization of evaporation 2. People - centered and losses, provision of and the risk of social unrest managed watershed development employment to drought - hit in the country in futuredue to in India’s rain fed areas has regions. water scarcity. to beaccorded the highest priority in order to contribute 15) Science & Technology: Government is key to the vital national goals of Hydrometeorology, water elements for the policy employment generation, food resource assessment, remote 1. Centralised and distant production, and food security. sensing techniques in water decision - making, indifferent development and management, or poorly responsive to 3. Domestic and industrial and use of static ground theecological, socio-economic water needs have largely water resource as a crisis and cultural circumstances been concentrated in or near management measure. of different regions, has led theprincipal cities, at the cost toincreased incapacity to of the basic needs of rural society. The demand of water Planning commission plan deal with drought and water for thermalpower generation & action on water policy for scarcity. Dealing with and other industrial uses is 2020 drought andwater scarcity has The proper management of therefore become an urgent also increasing substantially. our inadequate water resources policy objective, to be guided Besides taking careof urban will be essential toensure food by the principlesof conservation, and rural needs, maintaining security for our mounting protection of water quality, the life of river systems and population and to eradicate sustainability and equitable other water bodiesshould be poverty, as also to keep away access. an important objective of planning.

80 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story 4. Water quality is a very a view to eventuallytransfer b. There are several land- important aspect of water the management of such based programmes being policy. The best way toensure facilities to the community serviced by different min- water quality is the prevention based organizations /local istries of thegovernment of pollution of water bodies bodies. of India. The important and introduction of the land-based programmes are: “polluter- pays principle”. b. Since all water resources Drought Prone Area Pro- The innovation of new have a common property gramme (DPAP) and Desert techniques resting on a strong character, private participation Development Programme science and technology base inplanning, development (DDP), National Watershed will be needed to eliminate and management of water Development Project for thepollution of surface and resource projects must be Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA), ground water resources, to subjected tocareful social Integrated Watershed improve water quality and scrutiny based on well- Development Programme to step upthe recycling and developed mechanisms of (IWDP), etc. re-use of water. accountability and regulation. Where local communities Legal Changes Action Programme and or public utilities are neither In the policy management Implementation Schedule able to invest nor able issue for water resource, of the Planning Commission necessary legislation should for water management delivery systems, corporate be passed by the Parliament sector participation can be and by state governments Partnership with invited. to enable the changes to be Communities in Water implemented in practice. Resources Management : c. Consultations with the The management of water gram - sabha should be held a. Setting up of river resources for diverse uses before projects are taken up boards, both within states and should be done by adopting inthe area of each gram - interstate, to plan in an a participatory approach: by sabha. integratedway for the involving the user communities, development of water through community based Implementation of resources within a river basin. organisations, in the various Watershed Projects aspects of planning, design, a. The Planning Commission b. Enabling full and effective development and management has drawn up a programme of participation of the farmers ofwater resources. covering 63 mha in the next and rural and urban communities 25 years. At present various in the task of managing water a. Water Users Associations departments and ministries resources. The state legislature and local bodies such as like rural development, forest municipalities and gram- andagriculture etc. are looking useful rights to local panchayats should particularly after this programme through communities and a pivotal be involved progressively special programmes imposed role inthe management of at appropriate levels in the by the Centre, which are water resources at the local operation, maintenance and not always suitable for local level. the management of water conditions. infrastructures/facilities with

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 81 Co er Story c. Regulation of groundwater government should tackle this Adequate emphasis needs to so as to prevent and stop by putting in place a suitable be given to the physical and the overuse and depletion of legal and administrative groundwater in many areas. environment. At present existing facilities. The water The groundwater management government investment is in charges for various usesshould major, medium, and minor the gram sabha and the irrigation projects, besides that they cover at least the RWA, with higher levels of domestic water supply, while operation and maintenance government providing the watershed development chargesof providing the necessary information, framing has been done both by the service and a part of the rules forregulation and government and the private capital cost. The subsidyon monitoring the situation. sector. Private investment water rates to the disadvantaged ismainly in groundwater and poorer sections of the d. Provision of accurate and development for irrigation society should be well up to date information on and industrial purposes, and targeted and transparent. water resources in the the investors also fully bear publicdomain in a user- the cost of operation and Since the overall thrust of the maintenance. new national water policy is Secrets Act and the attitudes towards people’sparticipation and practices relating to its Energy pricing should be at all stages, the highest interpretation should be done at market rates for priority should be accorded to electricity and diesel (used the training of those who are information on water resources forgroundwater exploitation) to manage the nation’s water in the country be freely and the surface water rates resources at all levels. available. should be comparable so that it inducesconservation of Current challenges Project Completion water and creates a sense 1. Changes in the need of There should be a system to of value of water. Recently society : monitor the performance of under the Uttar Pradesh It is broadly recognized that the project and socio-economic Water Sector Restructuring India is currently in the early impact of the project. A close Project the World Bank and stages of a demographic, monitoring of the projects the Government of Uttar social, and economic transition. to identify bottlenecks andto Pradeshhave entered into The proportion of the adopt timely measures to an agreement to set up an population which is urban has obviate time and cost autonomous regulatory body doubled over the last thirty overruns should form part of years; agriculture now project planning and execution. types of uses of water. The accounts for only about 15% water may be sold on volume of GDP; and the economy Financing Projects and basis to WUAs, RWAs and has been growing at around Water Service Charges other groups so that recovery 7% a year. points and administrative water projects is getting cost can be reduced. This will With increase in population reduced due to other priorities reduce chances of theft and and changes in lifestyle, the and this situation is likely to lead to better distribution by gap between water demand continue for a long time. The local groups and agencies. and supply is getting

82 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story aggravated, leading to Third, there are strong development of Hydro Power disputes among various possibilities that climate resources. stakeholders. change is likely to affect India in a number of ways. There is • As this transition takes place, little uncertainty about some -state Level : Tribunals have of these impacts. As global been constituted in the past urban water supply temperatures continue to for Narmada, Godavari andsanitation sector is major rise, this will affect the “water and Krishna. Tribunals for challenge India’s water and banks” (glaciers) which are an Cauvery, Ravi-Beas and sanitation sector is woefully integral part of the Himalayan Krishna (second Tribunal) & unequipped to meet this water systems. While there are presently engaged in growing challenge. The sector is clear evidence of de- adjudication. There are major has no identity, is bankrupt, is glaciations acrossthe whole economic consequences. not developing the required of the Himalayas the effect The lack of clear, permanent human resources, and focuses allocations means that states primarily on adding substantially different in often spend more time and infrastructure, and not differentareas. Implications resources over securing our improving services. Water is of this problem are as follows: future rights than they do to not a national issue, but an using what is theirs. Economic intensely local one. 1) A need for large waste in an upstream state investments in water storage. has encouraged states to There is a severe situation secure interstate claims to the in many localities, already headwaters of rivers by 15% aquifers are in critical and droughts. building large dams regardless condition, which is projected to increase to a frightening rowin onits environmental consequences. 60% by the year 2030. Second, in its deliberations growing day by day; It has • the National Commission been spread over from Communities and States : A of Water didn’t have any international level to local major phenomenon of the attention to environmental level. an realities and need. It therefore • explosion in community implicitly assumed that the International Level : India is -based projects for “rainwater quantum of available water dealing with issues on Indus harvesting” schemes, which would be constant, despite the water treaty with Pakistan involve rehabilitating and fact that ever-larger stretches from 1960 on the rivers of building small check dams and of rivers in India are becoming Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, tanks and household ground- so polluted that their water Beas, and Sutlej. Similarly, water recharge structures. can be employed for fewer Ganga water treaty has Here, Rain water harvesting and fewer uses, and the created some issues between schemes have two impacts on quality of water in an India and Bangladesh from communities’ life: they have increasing number of aquifers 1986. A somewhat different to increase storage of water is degraded by human use and case happened with the as well as use of water. While saline intrusion. Indo-Bhutan Treaty over the doing this, they are cutting some water resources for

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 83 Co er Story downstream users. Hence, almost $ 2000 billion for sustainability. It recognizes It becomes problematic for expenditure on its Water, that water resources communities and government Road, and Railways but we management is intensely to handle this situation. are able to generate only political, and that reforms two-thirds of it. require thearticulation of • prioritized, sequenced, practical and Environment: Farmers World Bank Approach on and patient interventions. are not ready to release water Water Management which is for irrigation purpose Considering World Bank’s • to bird sanctuaries or any engagement in water in India, Indian authorities have to other sanctuaries. deal with political issues World Bank has developed corresponding to it and have • a new Water Strategy, which to adopt practical approaches Project: Here the issue was approved by the Board towards it. lies with the lack of clarity of the Bank in 2003, and and certainty about the set new guidelines for Bank • entitlement between the engagement in water assist countries in developing people and the government. throughout the world. The and maintaining appropriate main messages of the 2003 stocks of well-performing Water Strategy are: hydraulic infrastructure and 3. Maintenance of existing in mobilizing public and Infrastructure: • India need atleast $4 billion management and development environmental and social per year to maintain irrigation is important and a highly standards. projects. The given estimation concentrated area for is almost double of Budgets sustainable growth and • poverty reduction, and re-engage with high- clear that we can not use more therefore of central reward / high-risk hydraulic funds for this infrastructure. importance to the mission of infrastructure, using a more Most of the money allocated the World Bank. effective business model. to the water board goes to payment of salaries adding to • • the lowering of revenue, and need to be active both in assistance must b e tailored to low recoveries are working management and development country circumstances and be against them. of water resources infrastructure. consistent with theoverarching 4. Constructions in under There is huge mismatch Country Assistance Strategies. served public area : between these two factors. India has substantial Conclusion hydropower potential but • Water economics is a very it has used only 25% of it. challenge is not a vision of important part of the The proportion itself is small integrated water resources economy to sustain the compared to other developed management but a pragmatic development in the country countries. India requires and principled approach as well as in the world for the that respects principles of growth of human beings. The government has facing the

84 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story more clear view to achieve the R & D, infrastructure and experts for project water management for human implementations. There is growth and development. need to encourage the private sector investment Bibliography in the water sector for the sustainable development in • Plan for India 2020: An is need to focus on Alternative, G N Kathpalia groundwater irrigation, Rakesh Kapoor, November hydropower projects, and 2002 management of water • achievement of economic concepts envisioned in Indian activity achievement. water policies, J. Harsha, Current Science, April 2012 The current water management paradigms like • Integrated Water Resources of water, W. M. Hanemann Management (IWRM) and Integrated River Basin • Management (IRBM), have Bracing for a Turbulent primarily been formed to Future, December 22, 2005, cope with growing challenges Document of the World of water sector as a result of Bank. economic growth, burgeoning population, and limited water • resources. Policy and Water Management, K.S. Murty, Water Resources The Planning Commission Systems–Hydrological Risk, of the India has drafted the Management and Development. plan and implementation of the National Water policy • Ministry of Water Resources, techniques to achieve better GOI, April 2002. supply of water, more electricity generation from • hydropower plantation, water Ministry of Water Resources, conservation, water recycling, GOI, 2012 water sewage and water sanitation and pollution etc. The World Bank’s expert view on economic concern over water scarcity will give a

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TOWARDS WATER POSITIVE - MURBAD SHAHAPUR—VASUNDHARA SANJIVANI MANDAL (VSM) SPEEDS UP MISSION CRITICAL JOURNEY Mr. Ashok R. Hingane Mr. Ashok R. Hingane Author is seasoned HR/IR Professional. Also, his baseline is culture building, change management, innovative long term settlements & supporting the cause of water conservation for Vasundhara Sanjeevani Mandal, Thane.

INTRODUCTION tion of water and effective and glaciers which is unstable Sustainable water future Management by all stakeholders, source of water and 30 % is in is universal and an urgent therefore, is the NEED OF the ground and surface which agenda for the Human THE HOUR. is stable source of water. Race today. United Nations, That means 0.007% of water member states and the WATER IS EARTH’S is readily accessible for human International community had WATER? consumption. 70 % of put a lot of efforts in or available water is consumed implementing sustainable goals Water Water everywhere but in agriculture. Good news is, 2015 for action for a decade, not a single drop to drink. unlike gold and other natural to win over climate change, Most of us feel that water resource; God has created but has failed for want of is freely available in plenty. wonderful and fool proof will and commitment of However the fact is this Mechanism and bestowed states. Paris Agreement on “more” is actually “less”. On on human race a boon in climate replaced this with fresh our Mother Earth, 97.5 % the form of rains to renew commitment upto 2030. water is in the form of salt depletion of water consumed Economic forum has indicated water and balance 2.5 % fresh every year. However, sad news that there exists a huge gap in to drink, out of that 2.5 %, is that only 15 % recharge of demand and supply of safe 70 % is frozen in caps water takes place every year drinking water to Human population. World population has doubled in last 100 years whereas demand for water has increased 4 times. By 2025 demand for water will shoot up by 40 % owing to increase in world population and uncontrolled use of water in the name of economic development. Adoption of Green Economy, and increasing recharge of ground water table through Conserva-

86 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story through conservation of runoff is consumed and thrown worst crises of water. India water and rain harvesting. out in the system as polluted [largest consumer of water] Stakeholders [includes each water which then is not and China are obviously at and everybody using water] potable. Besides consumption, fore front of this current needs to understand this huge quantity of water is water crisis, however, situation urgency and commit themselves required for treating polluted is not very different in other to ensure that water runoff water to reduce harmful countries. United States with given by nature in abundant effects of pollutants, rework three times the area of India quantity during monsoon is for recycling and rejected and 1/3 of India’s population recharged, stored and used material. We do not value this has three times the availability judiciously. precious natural resource and of water per capita per year use the same almost several and therefore will face water As per UN Reports, out of times of actual requirement stress much after us though 7 billion people, 1.2 billion thus resulting in waste. In some parts of America people all over the world live addition as per one of the have started facing this and without clean drinking water report by a Govt body, almost they have adopted a holistic and 2.6 billion people without 40-45% water loss is reported approach to face the crisis sanitation facilities due to through leakages and through various programmes lack of water. In our country, unauthorized usage and also includes dry farming 100 million people face acute while transporting water to grow certain crops and water shortage and our from source to place of fruits without water. programmes of water consumption. conservation need to focus MIGRATION OF on providing safe drinking Water today promises to COMMUNITIES water to the maximum of be to the 21st century what In some parts of the world such community. oil was to the 20th Century, people in drought prone areas a Commodity that will are migrating to water positive “WATER WILL BE THE determine wealth of the zones and this will bring NEXT GOLD”. nation and also will be the heavy pressures elsewhere. This is because water is not reason for next World War If available water is not used only life line of all living .Unfortunately this resource economically more and more beings but whatever is concentrated with few world population will starve seven billion people on countries and these would for water and large medium mother earth do for 24 hours emerge as powerful countries and small habitats presently a day involves use of fresh unless others make untiring in drought prone areas will water.This includes water efforts to ensure that their become barren land void for human consumption natural water sources are of human population. We [drinking and sanitation- protected through economy are aware that 70% of our about 10 %], agriculture in consumption, water population still resides in [growing foodgrains- almost harvesting , water conservation villages and small towns and 70%], industrial consumption and Management and ground unless they have adequate [making goods and services water tables are raised through water for consumption and for human comforts and green revolution. South East cultivation migration to city material happiness - about Asia and Africa are most will continue to increase. 20%].During this process water affected region and facing the Situation is still worse in our

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 87 Co er Story country due to very poor agricultural productivity and 70% land cultivation is dependant on rains in every monsoon. Recent study conducted indicates that with available water only 30 % land can be brought under irrigation and only 15 % of the water used is recharged every year, which means water crisis needs be handled urgently and innovatively for moving allowed to percolate in towards sustainable water affected people by train. ground for recharge and over future. India has 140 million hectors of cultivated area which has extraction continues during remained the same over last non - monsoon period. We WATER POSITIVE two decades and our agriculture had our water storage capacity INDIA ? must grow by 4 % every year of 258 cubic meter per India has second largest if we have to achieve planned person in 1997 against 2043 population in the world and growth of 8 %. Issue of cubic meter per person per it is expexted that it will water crisis is therefore real, year in United states in 2002. takeover China by 2028. vital and most urgent for each Bigger dams constructed County is considered water one of us to contribute. Every in the country for energy stressed if it has less than drop of water must be treated generation and irrigation 1700 cubic meter water like we treat every paisa and may have to be abandoned if available per person per year. commit ourselves to use it monsoon water runoff is not India has only 1000 cubic economically and particiate adequate for storing water in meter of water available per in every water conservation dam. person. India extracted 90 programme not only to billion cubic meter[bcm] postpone water crisis but to Our issues are over extraction water from ground in 1980 make India water positive of ground water, inadequate which has increased to 251 over time. water storage facility and billion cubic meter in 2010. lack of facilities for treating Over extraction of ground Monsoon patterns have polluted water. Solution water by farmers has resulted undergone change and heavy probably has been found in depletion of ground water rains in short period of in going back to traditional table which need to be monsoon has come to stay methods of water conservation, recharged on annually basis which is the effect of global which are relevant even today urgently. We are a water warming. Monsoon water and promote reuse and starved country already and recycle of water by providing marching towards water not only damages crops and adequate facilities of treatment. crisis very soon. We have infrastructure but it is washed This is demonstrated by experienced major draughts out to sea taking away fertile success stories by Anna last year and water had to Hazare from Maharashtra, be transported for draught

88 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Rajendra Singh from Rajasthan, reuse and recycle of water is recharged every year, which Shivkumar from Banglore, etc, adopting green economy, means water crisis needs Ayyappa from Karnataka promoting water saving to be handled urgently but and Amla Ruia from Mumbai methods in food production, innovatively for moving whose efforts have transformed conserving and storing water towards sustainable water lives of people in their areas runoff, prevention of carbon future. Smart city projects of work and duly recognized emission, massive afforestation have preconditions of 100% by Govt and international preventing exploitation of water for sanitation and bodies. Paani foundation mother earth resources, 24/7 safe drinking water has been able to motivate organic farming and dry supply. Such water supply farmers from drought farming, resurrection of dead will have to come from affected areas in Maharashtra rivers and interconnecting outside cities where storage to make their villages become water bodies, preparing to of water is adequate. PANNIDAR VILLAGES. deal with natural disasters Paani foundation is also and many such innovative There is no doubt about fast empowering villagers through approaches which will deterioration in waterbodies training on harvesting increase water productivity [surface or underground] and working with them to and contribute to WATER across the globe and unless build their future themselves CONSERVATION AND each stakeholder realizes his/ through SHRAMDAN. In WATER MANAGEMENT her role and acts towards this season 1300 villages in for taking country towards preservation of this mother 30 talukas of Maharashtra are water positive era. earth and protection of crafting their future and have environment around ; the created massive structures We in our country have water crisis is inevitable. We to harvest rain water this started experiencing migration can face this only through monsoon. NAAM Foundation trend from drought areas. change of habits of urban and many such voluntary Last year water was transported population who are seen to organisations have also to Marathwada region by use water much more than demonstrated power of train. We are aware that 70 what is necessary. Smart cities collective efforts and have % of our population still envisage rain water harvesting reside in villages and small in each housing society, among farmers in drought towns and unless they have however we see hardly any affected areas doing praise adequate water for consumption progress towards the same. worthy activities focused on and cultivation, migration to We can not leave everything self help, skill development city will continue to increase. to Govt. authorities but and power of Shramdan. Situation is still worse in our instead become a water country due to very poor movement steward. Should CHALLENGES AHEAD agricultural productivity we not be part of this and 70% land cultivation is movement? water usage, controlling dependant on rains in every over-extraction of ground monsoon. Recent study done LEARNINGS FROM water, maximum recharge indicated that with available ANCESTORS during monsoon, reducing water only 30% land can be Answers to many such wastages in transportation brought under irrigation and problems can be found in the and other usage in sanitation, only 15 % of the water used methods of our ancestors who

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 89 Co er Story worshipped natural resources, economic development and including water and used them myths of progress. Our issues produced by using water in with a sense of gratitude. are over extraction of ground every process of manufacturing Our ancestor knew the art water, inadequate water and almost 20 % of our water of water management with storage facility and lack of consumption is accounted the help of simple and cost facilities for treating pollution. for by industrial use. Almost effective techniques. They had 75 % of industries use huge invented conservation of water IT STARTS WITH YOU quantity of fresh water in runoff from swollen streams AND ME their processes and 15 % and rivers and storing water All living beings on this industries generate heavy in various forms of water earth use water but most of water pollution in Maharashtra. bodies such as Check dams, us do so in a way that it is It is said that even if we percolation tanks, Talabs, abundantly available on earth focus on Reuse and Recycle Community wells, farm ponds and we have right to use the of polluted water, after and small earthen dams and same in whatever way we proper treatment, we have used them judiciously to want. We need to get ourselves potential to save up to 20 % preserve India as“ SUJALAM educated and adopt changes of water. AND SUFALAM LAND”. in use of water economically. Over a time such bodies This will involve using Let us take example of 13 have dried and vanished, minimum required quantity Industrial areas in and around rivers no longer are seen as life of water, avoid wastages, Mumbai generating huge givers instead, they are dried say no to plastics, generate and now full of garbage an minimum wastes, and support shareholders, employment polluted material dangerous any such drives which will for public and revenue to to human life.Banks of river directly or indirectly promote states. Bigger cities including are barren pieces of land. water conservation. Can we commercial capital of India, pledge to be Water Stewards our MUMBAI, Thane, New Increase in population, high and at least do whatever is in Mumbai, and other rise buildings in cities, and our sphere of activity, educate civil settlement thrive on wa- uncontrolled consumption others through innovative ter supply 24/7 transported of water coupled with over approaches to drive the point from a distance of 150 km extraction of ground water home and get them along to where Water bodies created resulted in depletion of support our movement. in the form of dams [ Modak water table. Industrialisation Sagar, Tansa , Bhatsa, Vaitarna with excessive water foot Civil settlements like and Barvi etc. ] are situated in print in processes and without commercial cities and MURBAD – SHAHAPUR any concern for adverse effect Industrial towns are attracting Talukas of Thane District. on vegetation, destruction of migrants in big numbers to Building of these Dams was environment and availability stay or work in search of of fresh water converted comforts and job opportunities, Adivasi community in this waterbodies with water not reside in high rise buildings fit for huan onsuption and need huge water supplies. homes, lands and traditional This is continuing despite the Without 24/7 supply of ties with ancestor’s properties above stated facts by greedy fresh water, industries cannot and were displaced to other Industrialists in the name of survive and generate revenue places. They struggle everyday

90 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story for their living, women fetch Area through holistic mission Mission critical planning water from far of distance of “Integrated Rural evolved ”THREESUTRIES” and barely take one crop. Development through Water Youngsters who are barely Conservation and Water 1. LOK-SHIKAHAN, educated without any skills Management”. This is based 2. LOK-SAHABHAG and have to migrate to nearby on our belief that route of 3. LOK-EMPOWERMENT. towns to earn wages much rural progress goes through less than what is required to adequate water availability on LOK-SHIKSHAN–Educating support their families and sustainable basis. mass for creating awareness poverty from generations of water crisis and future to generation is the norm. When we met and deliberated possibilities coupled with Economic progress achieved on the mission, we were motivating them for crafting over decades by us is only unanimous on working for their own future through this area realizing the decades self-help was critical, and uninterrupted water supply. of sufferings of the rural infact, base for moving Adivasi population here, forward. Education on water Despite 2500 cm rain every perpetual poverty, routinely not only consists of making year, Monsoon runoff is experienced pain in seeking them aware of the existing washed to dams or through drinking water and rain status but what can be done mountain ranges without dependent crop pattern that to make the area water percolation as no water too despite having heavy surplus and role they will have storage bodies are created for rainfall of 2500 cm every year. to play with Govt agencies and the same. Don’t you think voluntary organisations. that it’s our turn to give back When group of credible to this helpless community individuals when work for envisioning future for them through active participation such noble cause there are overtime created will and in bringing up their standard always others waiting for of living through making this opportunity to contribute in This was an uphill task but area water positive for them? their own way. Very soon motivational workshops by Similar or probably worse we could get in to our team, Shri Anand Bhagwat made situation prevails in other retired and successful it easy. Several visits of places too. professionals in all walks of the group members to this life, experts in conservation, Murbad and Shahapur area With the above thought in our industrialists with passion helped in knowing community mind, a group of committed formexperts in water for and issues around. Meetings and passionate individuals social work, Human resource with local groups and lead by Shri Anand Bhagwat Management professionals, interaction with villagers , a teacher,social activist and Chartered accountants strengthened belief of wellknown trainer in Thane belonging to younger VASUNDHARA SANJEEVANI [82years of age] formed an generations, youngsters working MANDAL, that decision to NGO “VASUNDHARA for social cause and rotary work with this population was SANJEEVANI MANDAL” club members with passion to right and will be worth the in April 2016 and accorded make a difference in the world cause. Journey started with priority to work for Adivasis of water. meetings with individuals, in Murbad and Shahapur opinion makers, grampanchayat

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members, teacher community LOK-SAHABHAG-Central This will be basis of increasing and senior citizens in the theme of water conservation earning capacity building villages. Understanding issues and management goes and creating aspirations for through holistic approaches This will ease out drinking growth was then possible. Shri of building check dams, water problem and women Digamber Vishe, [Ex-MLA], Vanrai Bandharas and and children can concentrate expert in Agriculture, who is preserving and creating on education and other more a social reformer than traditional water bodies as household activities. Lokshikshan political leader ,promoter of appropriate coupled with of various opinion makers well run Adivashi Ashram such other activities which and their involvement in School at Talawali and a will arrest runoff water, decision making through passionate water steward has create surface storage capacity interaction and in execution been a torch bearer for us and recharge ground water increased local people’s in penetrating in the minds strorage. Surface storage participation and we could of locals and creating trust bodies on storage of runoff start and consolidate progress with Vasundhara Sanjeevani will facilitate requirement of work. Mandal, which encouraged us of water for day to day use, to move forward with speed. farmers adopt to multicropping LOK-EMPOWERMENT - and start organic farming and Besides sustaining initial Agrobased small businesses. motivation, it is necessary

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to build capacity, protect appropriate area of work, dams and also and helped in structures created, work opportunity to contribute to execution. We completed this in groups and villages to lives of Adivasis and with work in record time at very maintain water bodies and passionate team members reasonable cost. Today we ensure distribution of water with credibility ; our efforts are proud to see these dams and its economical use. started yielding results. Our full of water and the likely Building leadership quality is Mentor Shri Anand Bhagwat critical. Seeing is believing. with his passion and skill in happy. Quick success therefore builds kept on adding likeminded These checkdams have a we could succed in building passionate and experienced storage capacity of about three check dams in the professionals to the cause 60000 cum of water on which with whose efforts very soon with water in this monsoon. we could identify three sites, their land, adopt multi- Our challenge is to create support and comittment from cropping and think of future plans of economic agrobased ventures like farming, second cropping of to construct three check dams. dairy farming and poultry appropriate nature and Rotarian Shri Hemant Jagtap, farming and population of sustainable farming methods who spends two days of like organic farming, improving holidays only to guide and promote construction of checkdams, This storage will help in agrobased businesses. with experience of design bringing up ground water and construction of more table in and around these INITIAL SUCCESS than 200 checkdams in STORY Maharashtra, came forward are happy and willing to take Having selected needy and and designed the check

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 93 Co er Story

with improved methods of to villagers last monsoon. area net work under cultivation. Plantation activity was joined plantation and VANRAI by voluntary groups from Bandharas during 2017 Availability of water upto Thane and Dombivli and monsoon and winter February/March will ease urbanities also participated respectively. out issues on drinking water in this activity. Acemicians, and will help in bringing Professors and youngsters are Deforestation in this area up ground water level up arcitects of building awareness needs to be controlled and overtime. Women and and will among generations we take every oppurtiunity to children will now spend more and therefore we thought of educate villagers in this area time going to school . getting NSS Groups associated but we probably need to use with our activities through various methods of changing AFORESTATION AND Professor Mahesh Bhagwat habit of cutting trees for VANRAI BANDARAS from Mithibai College, who Stopping deforestation not only motivated several through burning of farms such groups but helped us in in summer and promoting generating funds for buying ORGANIC FARMING - Aforestaion of right kind is fruit saplings. We could build Efforts to educate farmers another aspect for preventing 15 VANRAI BANDHARAS in adopting organic farming soil erosion and increasing in this area during last year. and increase fertility of land is green coverage. Keeping our We are sure of motivating being done through focus on fruit bearing trees villagers in these places for workshops from 5 days to and growing local varities of taking up water conservation group meetings on farms for trees we donated 1000 fruit drive in their areas. We now 3 hours by volunteers. This is bearing 3 years old samplings decided to promote this activity gaining support not only from on mass scale to cover wider rural areas also frombut urban 94 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story population who have small methods of farming, ago. Over a period of time all farms in various parts of cropping patterns needing these are now full of debris Maharashtra. ERADICATION less water, and modern and silt and became useless. OF VISHYUKTA ANNA and cost effective farming Rejuvenation work was a (Poisonous ) AND practices. Shri. Digambar massive work requiring large ORGANIC FARMING is Vishe by himslf and with funds. A small voluntary our punch line for this. support of various Govt. organizations like us was and public experts as well unable to undertake this work DAIRY AND POULTRY as staff from Agrobased for want of funds. On the FARMING – Village youth Educational Institutes bank of this river,a number of and women came forward to are driving this agenda villages are situated which become enterprenuers starting successfully. agrobased small businesses of availability of water, and a couple of villagers Vasudhara Sanjivani Mandal increased underground water have started milk production volunteeres have decided table, possibility of multi- activities and the produce is to collect and donate 200 cropping etc. Promotion being collected by Amul. This bicycles to students who of agrobased ventures and will spread overtime to other attend schools from a distance creating sustainable plantation places. This is one of the on the banks of river is being cornerstones of our mission programme of distribution undertaken. An exciting but we will need time to see is arranged on 25th of June moment for us was support fruits. 2017. This and such other extended by Collector, Thane issues are handled on priority Forest department and State TEACHER TRAINING as educating children and Govt. which came through -Motivational workshops youths of this area is a priority only on presentations and helped building active support for integrated development. visits of experts to this area from teacher community who time and again to endorse still are respected in villages. REJUVENATION OF DEAD feasibility of the project. SKILL BUILDING is on RIVER- KANAKVIRA - A our priority list which will dream Project Vaundhara Sanjivani Mandal generate revenues for local Search for innovative has moved forward fast in employment and overall approaches to achieve mission this direction immediately, on empowerment. Knowledge of Rural growth appropriate getting positive response from and skill in Water Conservation to culture and environmental Govt authorities and gathered and Management for sustaining factors in the area is a must for support from villagers water bodies not only will achieving results. Vasundhara and within a months time ensure appropriate use of Sanjivani Mandal decided to could complete excavation of water but new structures can study and promote rejuvenation 25000 cubic feet of soil and be created. and resurrection of a dead silt from Kanakvira river bed. river called KANAVIRA Due to this massive work,The SHETKARI MELAS AND river Kanakvira is in spate on KNOWLEDGE BUILDING in Murbad Taluka. On this WORKSHOPS - Shetkari river Govt. had constructed a melas is effective method check dams and a number of companies like Technocraft, of dissemination of better small bandharas many years Reymonds, IRB, Powergrid

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 95 Co er Story and Patil & Patil, through trenching etc will be adopted CHECK DAMS their CSR funds. in various villages around Our focus is to recharge based on technical feasibility. ground water and build Planning for planting storage capacity by constructing sustainable varieties of trees WAY FORWARD check dams. This method is such as Jambul, Bamboo, cost effective and typically a RIVER KANAVEERA Umbar,Karanja,Kanchan, Dream project of River check dam costs Rs. 5 to 10 Banian (Vad) etc. on the bank rejuvenation for Vasundhara lakhs, depending on site and of this river ,over a length of foundation conditions as one kilometer is underway has potential to help alarge well as length and height of and with the help of voluntary population. Work done so far the check dam. A check dam groups of Vasundhara has already started showing can be completed in a short members, college NSS results and we are sure on duration of time and has an students and local villagers completion, large population effective life of 20 years. it will be achieved in this We are convinced about monsoon which will be to convince corporate utility of constructing Check sustained for growth for three stakeholders to support us in dams, structures effective in years. We have been encouraged this journey. arresting monsoon run-off with leadership of Collector and promoting water of Thane Shri Kalyankar, Very soon we plan to organize conservation. We will go for Kanakveera Festival on the constructon of maximum Limaye and active support banks of this river and attract number of check dams so given by them and their team visitors and monsoon that our efforts start showing without any hesitation in this travelers to create awareness quick results. We plan to initial work of such massive and test possibility of construct at least 25 Check project and good beginning tourism. dams in next two years time has been made. Vasundhara and another 75 check dams hopes to receive similar co- in next 5 years. We have PARK— operation from respective This is also another ambitious completed technical feasibility agencies till completion of project of Vasundhara. survey on a number of sites this project. We are sure, when However, this is a long term and estimates for these check we will complete the project, it project and we expect to dams are ready with us. We will be one of it’s kind and can establish this within 3 years be replicated elsewhere. Work time. On completion we of Shri Rajendra Singh is on expect to start research investing their CSR funds. these lines and we are inspired wing for promting work on Vanrai bandharas will be con- by his work in Rajasthan. Biodiversity, species extincted structed based on demand from this area and promoting and needs it. We will work with various preservation. We also plan to agencies to turn this dream have a bamboo park and a POST –PROJECT AUDITS- project into a reality. Innovative park for medicinal plants to Another corner stone of our methods of water harvesting create educational value. work. such as CCT, Compartment bunding, farm ponds, Gabian Bandharas, nalla bunds, deep projects completed after two

96 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story years of completion will be VANRAI BANDHARAS/ now high time to give back a compulsory. Post construction SOAK PITS little to this community. audit by third party to evaluate Whosoever wants to con- impact of check dams will be struct this, we will facilitate You and me –Yes. Let us be put in place.This will be done and provide support. This is water stewards. Be a model by an independant agency and very cost effective and can be and demonstrate water saving learnings will be useful for built with local resources and habits. Educate community future. Those who have Shramadaan. around to cultivate water sponsored construction of saving habits. Get agitated dams will get opportunity get SKILL BULIDING when we see wastage of feedback on this. WORKSHOP public water and try to Mullticropping, organic prevent it. Be a champion of Innovative approaches based farming, agrobased change at your work place on traditional methods of enterprises, effiient use water conservation, Aforstation of water, marketing and NGO and Govt agencies in of large land with objective business skills, promoting their efforts in some way and to avoid soil erosion and land fertility and building generate support of others. recharge monsoon runoff attitude to win over obstacles Be creative and innovate on village to village basis will in this journey of progress new methods of water come forward to support needs continuous exposure conservation and solutions to this activity through sharing through workshops and local problems. Create a small of their CSR Budget to the mentoring. community of water stewards community who have in area wherever you work supported them for many Many Water stalverts are or stay and contribute to the decades. Well to do individuals, joining us in this massive task cause. Last but not the least traders and small business and I am sure many will get encourage us through your connected through water support. do some social work through education, cultivating water meaningful contribution to saving habits among others, LET US BE WATER Vasundhara which will be well promoting sanitation drives, STEWARD–CONTRIBUTE spent for the cause. participation in digging TO MAKE INDIA WATER Soak pits in villages and also POSITIVE AFORESTATION supporting us through taking Deforestation in this area by our work to likeminded WE MAKE A LIVING BY farmers in summer is known people to create support to WHAT WE GET. BUT to everybody and we need to our activities. WE MAKE A LIFE BY educate farmers to stop it. WHAT WE GIVE. Aforestation on selective basis YOU AND ME – CAN will be done on priority. MAKE A DIFFERENCE Plantation of One km area It is our attitude of takers that on the banks of rejuvenated limit us from giving away for Kanakvira river is our next just and social cause. All of priority. us have taken unlimited water from dams in Murbad and Shahapur area and it is

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 97 Water For Nature

98 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

EVOLUTION OF EIA PROCESS IN RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS

Dr. Apurva Srivastava Mrs. Rekha Somayaji Director Naik Environment Research Institute Naik Environment Research Institute

1. INTRODUCTION : the balance of nature. Major provides optimum support dams blocked all the water for various natural processes River is the mother of human and starved the downstream while allowing sustainable civilization and our culture. riparian region of this, much development. Over the last Since the time nomadic needed resource not only for four decades or so there is humans started living in small nature but also for food. At growing awareness about groups along the river banks long last we became aware of environmental education, the humans started exerting the need of conservation in protection and sustainable pressures on the ecosystem to the late 1980s and enacted the development. EIA,, was meet their lively hood needs. “Environment Protection initiated for the appraisal of Till the end of 18th century Act 1986”. This made the River Valley Projects., EIA the socio-religious practices process of Environmental was made mandatory since controlled the impacts by Impact Assessment 27th January, 1994 for giving following certain restraints. As (EIA) and Environment legislative status to the the population pressure grew, Management Plan (EMP) procedure of impact the balance of the ecosystem compulsory for the project assessment.For the appraisal kept zgetting disturbed. proponents. of projects received for Large cities and civilizations environment clearance, growing on the river banks EIA is one of the most expert committees for status slowly became less aware of effective management tools of appraisal of projects under how their own existence was for addressing environmental the provisions of EIA linked to maintaining the concerns during the resilience of the ecosystem. development process and 1994 have been constituted The traditional wisdom was helps in improved decision for different sectors. lost with the onslaught of making for environmental consumptive greed, resulting management. Thus In Simple words, EIA in causing irreversible changes contributing to Sustainable Studies are focused on damaging the nature and Development. The purpose assessing long term the ecosystem further more. of EIA is to identify potential changes in the Construction of Dams environmental impacts of environmental quality, not without assessing and project and to propose means only as result of a single ameliorating its impacts on action or development, but nature downstream as well impacts. The EIA study also the combined effect of as upstream is one such assesses additive impacts of many actions over a period irreversible major damage to the planned activities and of time. The EIA document

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 99 Co er Story is a technical tool that system in 1986 with the EP Act. • To provide information Then in 1994 Environment on the actual nature and extent impacts on the physical Impact Assessment (EIA) of key impacts and the environment, as well as social, effectiveness of mitigation cultural, and health impacts. If existence. Ever since, there and enhancement measures the EIA process is successful, it have been 12 amendments used on the project in order to improve the planning and mitigation measures to reduce of 1994. The new EIA execution of similar projects the environmental impact of in future. a proposed project. Project/ by the Ministry of Environment and Forests • To ensure that the Impact Assessment has its (MoEF) on September 14, environmental problems/ own limitations when it comes 2006. The major difference attention are absolutely to evaluating and assessing the addressed and incorporated potential cumulative impacts 2006 from the earlier version into the development and on environmental resources. of 1994, is its attempt to decision-making process. Each individual development, decentralize power to the when assessed for its potential State Government. As per the • To avoid or minimize impacts, may cause an impact the adverse important that is ecologically and socially number of projects will go biophysical, social and other acceptable, however, when to the state govt. for getting relevant effects of any the effects of the numerous clearance, depending on its development proposals. individual developments size/capacity/area. For this, are combined, impacts may • To protect the productivity become larger, additive, provision to form an expert and capacity of natural or new and are therefore panel, namely the State systems and the ecological Environment Appraisal processes which maintain projects are planned for Committees at the State level their functions and meeting requirements like (SEAC) headed by a chair person. • To promote development control etc. Projects like that is sustainable and dams; reservoirs can cause 4. OBJECTIVES OF EIA: optimizes resource use as well as management opportunities. physical-chemical, biological, • To identify the potential cultural, bio-diversity, impacts on various 5. THE COMPLETE sustainable development environmental components PROCESS OF EIA: and socio-economic due to activities envisaged components of the during pre-construction, The environment impact environment. construction, and operation- assessment involves eight al phases of the proposed steps wherein each step Notifiations of Hydroelectric Project/ 1994 & 2006: As stated earlier, Irrigation project/ Dam proj- the environmental impact ect etc. performance of the project. assessment process originally Characteristically, the EIA came into the Indian legal progression commences

100 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story with screening to certify that Review of EIA: It 6.ENVIRONMENT the time and reserves are MANAGEMENT PLAN concentrated at the proposals (EMP) FOR RIVER which matter environmentally and the information essential VALLEY PROJECTS: and concludes with some kind for decision-making is made of follow up on the execution available. Environmental Management of the verdicts and actions to Plan (EMP) is a detailed plan be taken as an outcome of an Decision - Making : It and a schedule of measures EIA report. The eight steps in decides whether the project is necessary to minimize EIA process are: rejected, approved or requires and mitigate any potential further change. environmental impacts Screening: stage determines that the Post Monitoring: This Bank 1999). An EMP should proposed project requires consist of a set of mitigation, an EIA, if yes, then the into play once the project is monitoring to be taken during assessment is required. commissioned. It tries to make the implementation and certain that the impacts of the operation of the proposed Scoping: This stage project do not go beyond the project to eliminate adverse environmental impacts, offset and execution of the them or reduce them to the boundary and time limit mitigation measures and are acceptable levels. It of the study. done in the manner as stated proposes the institutional in the EIA report. responsibilities for the Impact Analysis: This predicts environmental and socio economic impact of the project and evaluates its

Mitigation: Mitigation includes the possible adverse environmental upshots of development activities and to avoid the potential adverse environmental consequences of development activities.

Reporting: This stage presents the result of EIA analysis in a form of a report to the decision-making body and other interested parties.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 101 Co er Story implementation of the It should consider CONCLUSIONS AND mitigation measures and the compensatory measures, if RECOMMENDATIONS implementation indicators. mitigation measures are not Additionally, the EMP should feasible or cost effective. EMP India is one of the major include an estimate of the must be operative throughout developing countries which costs of the measures and the whole Project Cycle. has a very well established legal activities recommended. framework for EIA process 7. APPROVAL PROCESS OF CAT A/CAT B guidelines. It is seen that EIA PROJECTS OF RIVER VALLEY AS PER EIA in India is a regularly evolving NOTIFICATION 2006: - process. An overall CAT A CATB interpretation of the EIA River Valley power not only in the institutional projects framework, but also in generation; hydroelectric operation, implementation power generation; and actual practice. The Culturable command area Culturable making is weak, due to command area numerous reasons pertaining to inadequate technical and in screening and scoping, weak coordination, subjective review, ineffective public participation, lack of standard monitoring. EIA and above all a very week political commitment. Nevertheless it as administrative tool, which legally ensures that any new project getting launched, installed or setup, causes least damage to the environment. It is recommended that the following measures can help in enhancing the effectiveness of the EIA system in India.

• The legislative provisions for EIA in the country are strong enough to provide back up for taking stern Fig 2: Approval Process for EIA of Category –A Projects action against violators of 102 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story by the directly affected public

9. REFERENCES:

1) Dutta Bijon Amitand SenguptaIpshita, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Construction, Int. Res. J. Environment Sci; Vol. 3(1), 58-61, January (2014).

2) Jitendra K. Panigrahi, Susruta Amirapu, Environmental Impact Assessment Review Envi- ronmental Impact Assessment Re- view 35 23–36 (2012).

3) M. P.Sharma, Environmental Impacts of Small Hydro Power Projects; International Conference on Small Hydropower - Hydro Sri EIA requirements, however, Lanka, 22-24 October( 2007). it needs a strong political and equipment, particularly will and institutional capacity required for inspection and 4) Standard terms of to enforce the EPA, 1986. enforcement are some of reference [tor] for eia / emp the essential requirement. report for projects / activities • In case of river valleys requiring environment there is a need to shift • In India, the present EIA clearance under EIA from project based impact is restricted to project level assessment to a policy only. It required screening in based impact assessment consultation with concerned with the long term departments like EIA experts, sustainability of development Planners and developers etc. plans for the entire basin. • • The MoEF, CPCB, SPCB should be given to ToR review and regional pollution control by MoEF, so that the project boards should be strengthened proponent incorporates their by giving more administrative concerns into the overall powers related to EIA EIA process. This will help in requirements. In this regards, early consideration of areas

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 103 Co er Story

WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Mr. R. R. Sambharia Director, Central Water Commission, MoWR, RD & GR

Mr. Manas Hans Yadav Deputy Director, Central Water Commission, MoWR, RD &GR

Mr. Nagaraj V. Assistant Director, Central Water Commission, MoWR, and RD & GR

Water is nature’s blessing to The paper analyses the water with the current technology mankind. It is a very important availability scenario in India, available. element for existence of life on earth. Availability of fresh planning and management Hydrologists typically assess water is indispensable for of water resources, and the water scarcity by looking at human health and well-being. key areas which needs to be the population-water equation Agriculture, on which about stressed upon for development i. e. average annual per capita two-third of Indians are of water resources in India availability of water in a dependent for livelihood, is for inclusive and sustainable region. According to UN not possible without water. socio-economic development. Thus their water is a critical as “water stressed” when an- asset for alleviation of hunger Water Resources scenario nual water availability falls and poverty, and for economic in India : below 1,700 m3 per person. prosperity. Dream of ‘Swachcha Although India occupies When the annual water Bharat’ cannot be realized about 17% of the world’s availabilityfalls below 1,000 without adequate provision population it has only about m3 per person, the region is of water. Water plays an 4% of world’s water resources. important role in various On an average, India receives and when the annual water ecological and environmental annual precipitation (including availability further falls below processes and therefore, in snowfall) of about 4000 BCM. 500 m3 per person, the region maintaining ecological balance. It is estimated that out of the is said to be facing “absolute In short, water is 4000 BCM water, 1869 BCM scarcity” of water. critical for human existence, is average annual potential environmental integrity, s ndia havin suffiient sustainable development and water resource. Out of this Water Resources? the alleviation of poverty total available water resource, As per the 2001 census, the and hunger. only 1123 BCM is utilizable average annual per capita

104 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story availability of water in the India receive more than 500 Project etc. While large storage country was 1816 m3 which cm of annual rainfall, while capacity was being created, decreased to 1545 m3 as per many parts in the Thar Desert infrastructure was not being the 2011 census. receive less than 10 cm of developed to utilize this annual rainfall. potential created as can be Thus India is already facing inferred from the Fig: 3. water stress situation at Thus it is observed that Therefore, during Fifth Five national level and it is likely to different regions of the Year Plan (FYP), Command face water scarcity situation country face drought and Area Development (CAD) after 2050 as can be seen program was launched to from the Fig: 1. This warrants same time. Further, same bridge this gap between immediate drastic steps to region of the country may irrigation potential created reverse the decreasing trend and irrigation potential in per capita availability of different seasons. The need utilized. Ninth FYP laid water. of the hour is to store the sur- emphasis on improving water In addition to the shortage and equally distribute stored farmers in irrigation water of water resources of the water across the country. management through country as a whole, there exist institutional reforms and considerable spatial and Historical background Participatory Irrigation temporal variations in of Water Resource Management (PIM) program. availability of water resources Management in India : across the country. Over Immediately after independence, Of late, a slowdown in new 80% of the annual rainfall Indian makers policy large storage projects has been is received in just four emphasized on creating big observed owing to the rising rainy months from June to storage projects like Bhakra environmental and ecological September. During these Nagal Project, Nagarjuna concerns. This has shifted four months also, many areas sagar Project, Hirakund focus on micro-irrigation of the north-eastern part of Project, Damoidar Valley projects.

Challenges in Water Resources Management : Even though India has made commendable progress in creation of water resources infrastructure, the existing water storage infrastructure is not adequate to meet the growing water need of the country. There exist many issues which prevent India from realizing its full potential in this sector. These issues Fig: 1 per capita availability of water in India (Source: vary in nature from geographical, Central Water Commission) politico - administrative, Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 105 Co er Story administrative boundaries, has and ecological concerns. ecological to engineering. Presently, the emphasis is various states as most of the shifting towards ensuring at Brahmaputra basin in North major rivers in the country least minimum ecological -eastern region has largest are shared by several states. water resources potential Hence, there is a need to plan disturbance to aquatic ecology. among all the basins in India. and manage water resources Run-of-the-river projects are However, utilizable portion by taking river-basin as a coming in vogue. of its potential is the least. single unit. Brahmaputra in India is While doing water resource characterized by river course Water resources infrastructure planning, projects are shifting, meandering, breaded projects require huge conceived on the basis of long channels, formation of investments and the term hydrological data which riverine islands and huge gestational period of these are adequate, accurate and sediment load, which makes investments is long. Thus the relevant. Availability of such water resource infrastructure long term hydrological data water resource potential of sector is not very lucrative is a major challenge. Efforts this mighty river. for the private players who need to be taken at national generally focus on quick level to increase the number In India, most of the water returns on their investments. of data observation stations resources planning and In last several years, Indian and to install satellite-based development has been done government is trying to Real Time Data Acquision on the basis on administrative engage private player in System (RTDAS). boundaries. For the optimum this sector through various utilization and sound Public - Private - Partnership Wastage or conservation of management of water (PPP) models. water partly depends upon the resources, the basic unit of attitude of end-users towards planning must be a hydrological It is observed that many water water. General attitude of unit i. e. river-basin and resources projects have been Indian public towards water as sub-basins.Water resources delayed or abandoned to a valueless commodity needs planning on the basis of address the rising environmental to be changed through mass awareness programs. They must be educated regarding the necessity of conservation utilization.

Way Forward Owing to the large spatial variation in availability of water among the different river - basins of the country, the idea of Inter/Intra basin transfer of water is gaining Fig 2: Basin-wise Potential and Utilizable Water currency. Such inter / intra Resource (Source: Central Water Commission) 106 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story linking of basins is expected to mitigate the problem of country. However, such river interlinking projects are likely implications and many environmental and ecological concerns need to be addressed before taking up such projects. Hence more studies need to be carried out in this Fig: 3 Plan-wise Irrigation Potential Created & regard before taking up these Utilized (Source: MoWR, RD&GR) projects. Already, there are many Agricultural sector is the irrigation land, maintenance inter-basin transfer schemes largest user water. Therefore, cost etc. Piped network should existing both in Himalayan agricultural practice of be encouraged in developing basin (e.g., Ghagra-Sarayu, farmers should match with the command areas. Ghagra-Sharada, Indus sub the agro-climatic zone and -basin links etc.) as well as water availability to ensure Water resources are renewable in peninsular basin (e.g., optimum utilization of water. though limited. The per capita Kurnool-Cudappa, Periyar Therefore, farmers should water availability is decreasing -Vaigai, Koyna-Vashisti, Mahi be encouraged to grow water mainly because of rising -Sabarmati, etc.,) and they intensive crops in water population in the country. have proved their worthiness rich regions and less water Timely and adequate in terms of alleviating consuming crops in water investments are needed to droughts, improving ecology scarce regions and accordingly, and social and economic incentives may be given. infrastructure and human development by inter-basin Community management resource capacity to deal with water transfer. of water resources needs the impending water crisis. Even though after making encouragement. huge investments in creation *Disclaimer : The views and of Irrigation potential (Fig: Recently, piped irrigation opinions expressed in this paper 3), its effective utilization network has become a new are those of the authors and do not takes place after prolonged focus area considering its necessarily reflect the official policy or gap of time due to various advantages over canal irrigation opinion of the organization. reasons like lack of integrated network. Laying underground approach, repeated extension pipes instead of open canal of completion schedule etc. network solves the problems Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai associated with the open Yojna (PMKSY) is aimed at canal network like water bridging this gap between logging and weed growth, the created and the utilized seepage losses, evaporation irrigation potential. loss, land acquision, loss of

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 107 108 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Assessment of the impact of land use change on hydrological processes in a Dr. Sudhir Singh humid tropical river basin in Central India Dr. Sudhir Singh Assistant Professor at K. Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric and Studies, University of Allahabad.He has published more than 85 research articles in peer Mr. Nirmal Kumar reviewed international Journals and also edited two books (Springer). Mr. Nirmal Kumar Pursuing D.Phil under the guidance of Dr. Sudhir Kumar Singh at K Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric & Ocean Studies (KBCAOS), University of Allahabad

Mr. Vikram Gaurav Singh Pursuing D.Phil under the guidance of Dr. Sudhir Kumar Singh at K Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric & Ocean Studies, University of Allahabad Mr. Vikram Gaurav Singh Prof. Avinash C. Pandey former Vice Chancellor, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi holds four masters degrees namely M.Sc. (Physics, 1984), MBA (Marketing, 1993) and M.Sc. (Mathematics, 1996) from University of Allahabad. Presently he is Professor & Head of K. Banerjee Centre of Atmospheric & Ocean Studies (KBCAOS) and also Co-ordinator of Nanotechnology Application Centre at University of Allahabad.

Prof. Avinash C. Pandey

Abstract : The dominant land use/ magnitude of erosion, reduced River basins of the arid and land cover class is crop land. agricultural productivity, semiarid regions in developing The results shows that the problem of drought, distance countries, where water is a from major roads, distance scarce resource, are facing during the study period. from a built-up area, and drastic land use land cover Keywords : Land use/land population density. The impact (LULC) changes prompt by cover; SWAT; humid; tropical of LULC change on the rapidly increasing human river basin; India hydrological processes such population and socio- as , soil economic developments. In Introduction : moisture, water temperature, the present study the calibrated According to Lin et al., (2009), SWAT model was used. The the factors that drive LULC and magnitude of runoff, objective of the study was to change in any basin includes and frequency and severity of altitude, slope, distance from different years (2005-2015). the river, type of soil and a prominent topic of research Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 109 Co er Story around the world (Wang et of future LULC change on Description of study al., 2014). Different LULC hydrology and water resources area changes such as conversion of a basin using various The Tons River Basin of cropland to urban area due hydrological models (Maetens to urbanization, building of et al., 2012). Nowadays Tamsa River Basin and it lies bunds, terraces, check dams physically-based and distributed between the states of Madhya and tree planting for soil and /semi-distributed hydrology Pradesh (MP) and Uttar water conservation as well as model, such as Soil and Pradesh (UP) in Central changes within classes such Water Assessment Tool India. It is a sub-basin of as a change of crops or crop (SWAT) is being used because Ganges River and originates rotations result in noticeable of its capability to simulate from a tank “Tamakund” changes in hydrologic spatial-temporal variations in of the Kaimur hills at an processes in a basin hydrological processes and elevation of 610 m in Satna (Haregeweyn et al., 2012). provide valuable frameworks district of Madhya Pradesh LULC changes whether it is for investigating the changes (Darshana et al., 2013-56). It natural or anthropogenic they among various hydrological have positive and negative elements caused by the effects on hydrological anthropogenic activities processes and therefore (Wang et al.,2014; Patel et the hilly ranges of Vindhyan different LULC changes al.,2014). The main objective and Kaimur hills to the fertile in different basins of this study is to assess the plans of Satna and Rewa expected changes in stream districts in MP and Allahabad hydrologic output. LULC changes, which are generally changing land use-cover for 264 km it joins the holy river induced by anthropogenic seven decades using SWAT Ganga at Sirsa which is about activities and followed by model. natural processes, affect rate and magnitude of various hydrological processes such as evapotranspiration (ET), resulting in alterations of et al., 2015). Hydrologic models that consider spatio -temporal watershed characteristics help in accurate prediction of dynamic water balance of a watershed (He & Hogue, 2012). Relations of hydrological processes and LULC changes have been studied to predict the impacts

110 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story SWAT model Structure on complex watersheds with and Yamuna in Allahabad, The SWAT model is a robust, varying land use, soils, and UP. It has a total catchment interdisciplinary, deterministic management conditions over semi-distributed, river basin long spans of time. The water or watershed-scale model balance equation is the base MP and the remaining area of developed by the Agricultural of the hydrologic cycle 5,643 sq. km lies in U P. Research Service of the simulation in SWAT United States Department … (1) Materials and Methods of Agriculture (USDA-ARS) The list of data used and their to predict the impact of land source is given in table 1. management practices on water content (mm H2O), sediment, water, and SW0 is initial soil water agricultural chemical yields content on day i (mm H2O),

Table 1: Description of spatial datasets used for Tons River Basin (TRB)

S. No. Spatial Data Description Source 1 Digital Elevation Model 90 m×90 m grid DEM Shuttle Radar (DEM) for delineation of the Topography Mission watershed and analyze (SRTM) of USGS. the drainage patterns of ( http://srtm.csi.cgiar. the terrain. org/) 2 Land use and land cover The landsat8 land use Landsat 8 & US ( LULC) data contains 11 bands Geological Survey and so most suitable for (http://earthexplorer. use in Geographic usgs.gov/) Information System (GIS) 3 Soil data The soil data has been Food And Organization obtained from FAO (FAO) Digital Soil Map (http://gisserver.civil.iitd. ac.in/grbmp/) 4 Weather data Weather data Weather data (Temperature, (http://gisserver.civil.iitd. precipitation, relative ac.in/grbmp/) humidity, solar radiation, wind speed) 5 Hydrological data Hydrological Data Gauge data at Meja (Discharge) gauge Station from Central Water Commission (CWC) Ministry of Water Resources, GOI

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 111 Co er Story maximum elevation occurs in the central and southern most part of TRB. The land use and land cover (LULC) data was prepared using landsat5 (TM) and Landsat8 (OLI) data-sets. used for the LULC is the method and ISODATA technique. The LULC map was prepared for year 2005 and 2015. The LULC types in the TRB are forest mixed (FRST), forest deciduous (FRSD), barren land (BARN), shrubland (HAY), Crop land (AGRL), residential (URBN), residential low density (LD) and water body (WATR). The land use/land cover statistics Fig.2 The adopted methodology of study given in table 2. Land use change t is the time (days), Rday is in the TRB ranges from 698 analysis and its impact the amount of precipitation m to 36m (amsl). Soil map on strea ow on day i (mm H2O), Qsr is was collected from the Food To effectively simulate the the amount of surface runoff and Agriculture Organization land use change dynamic on day i (mm H2O), Ea is the (FAO) of The United Nations in the TRB, two hypothesis amount of evapotranspiration are introduced. First, the on day i (mm H2O), Wseep is main soil types with SWAT prediction of land use/ the amount of water entering code as (Be80-2a-3681), cover change in the Basin is an the vadose zone from the soil extrapolation of an evolving historical trend. The impact and Qgw is the amount of (Vc21-3a-3859). The most of land use/cover change dominant soil class is (mm H2O). The adopted was analyzed before the methodology of the study is classes were manually added baseline scenario by two presented in Fig 2. with attributes into the SWAT decades viz., 2005 - 2015 user soil database. Slope map (Table 2). Results and discussions was prepared from DEM DEM data was collected from (90m) using slope tool in Shuttle radar topographic ArcGIS. The slope map for the mission (SRTM) with 90 study area has been grouped meters resolution. The elevation

112 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Table 2 Land use change analysis 2005 2015 (Real) Sr. no LULC classes 2005 (%) 2015 (%) (area in Km2) (area in Km2) 1 Deciduous forest (FRSD) 15.24 2524 13.82 2 Mixed forest (FRST) 1.04 9.49 3 Crop land (AGRL) 13252.49 11309 61.93 4 Barren land (BARN) 481.10 2.63 343 1.88 5 Shrub land (HAY) 6.45 1453.94 6 Built-up land (URBN) 99.85 0.54 454 2.48 Water body (WATR) 1.49 445 2.44 Total 18260.94 100 18260.94 100

Calibration and decades. These sensitive validation of SWAT algorithm in SWAT-CUP parameters affected - more under land use change software for the 19 selected dynamics calibration parameters (CN2, al. (2015) recommend the Firstly, SWAT model was set ALPHA_BF, GWQMN, general performance of up to simulate the stream ESCO, CH_K2, CH_N2, objective functions on REVAPMN, SOL_AWC, monthly time step calibration using land use 2015. The HRU_SLP, SOL_K, SOL_ are satisfactory if R2 > 0.60, BD, LSUBBSN, GW_ NSE > 0.50, and PBIAS for 29 sub-basins and 134 REVAP, EPCO, GW_ hydrological response unit DELAY, SFTMP, ALPHA_ models. The value of R2, (HRU) with a threshold value BNK, SURLAG and OV_N). NSE and PBIAS (Table 3) of of 1500 hectares, following all decades were always under the discharge data at Mega The calibration results showed satisfactory condition as gauge station. The model that among the 19 parameters recommended by Moriasi et was calibrated for baseline the most sensitive parameters al. 2015. are ALPHA_BF, SOL_K, ESCO, GW_DELAY, CH_ initially taken as warm up K2 and SLSUBBSN.hru period). An automatic but their sensitivity order calibration and validation has changed during various

Table 4 presents the balance water ratio of scenario in TRB watershed

ale showed statistial paraeters values of strea ow results at Meja gauge station. Year p- factor r- factor R2 NSE RSR PBIAS 2005 0.21 0.13 0.54 5.2 2015 0.60 0.53 6.9

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 113 Co er Story Meshesha DT (2012) Integrated watershed management as an effective approach to curb land degradation: a case study of the Enabered watershed in northern Ethiopia. Environ Manag 50(6) : 1219–1233. 9952-0 Table 4 The balance water ratio of scenario in Li, Y.K., Wang, C.Z., 2009. TRB watershed “Impacts of urbanization Flow Type Year 2005 Year2015 on surface runoff of the Value Value Dardenne Creek Watershed, (mm) (mm) St. Charles County, Missouri”. Surface 485.23 62.55 61.96 30, Lateral 2.39 0.3081 0.3482 Maetens, W., Vanmaercke, Ground 288.31 292.40 M., Poesen, J., Jankauskas, B., Jankauskien, G., Ionita, I., Total 100.00 100.00 2012. Effects of landuse on Water Yld annual runoff and soil loss in Europe and the Conclusion : gauge Station is showing an Mediterranean: a meta- decreasing trend based on analysis of plot data. Prog. the land use of 2005-2015. structure and function of The average annual runoff, rivers, and hence, riverine Wei, X., Liu, W., Zhou, P., ecosystems. From a basic 2013. Quantifying the relative ecological perspective, extreme future in TRB under the three contributions of forest different land use scenarios. change and climatic variability These results predict that to hydrology in large pressure on populations to future changes in land use/ watersheds: a critical review dictate the relative success of cover change may have of research methods. Water 5 different species. Alterations balance. The contribution of Wang R, Kalin L, Kuang generally impacts on the land use change to stream W, Tian H. Individual and physical habitat characteristics, combined effects of land use/ water quality, biotic by the model performance cover and climate change interactions, and energy of simulation with LULC on Wolf Bay watershed inputs in a lotic system and dynamics. thus causes serious threat to Alabama. Hydrol Process. the riverine biodiversity. The Reference : 2014; 28(22):5530– 46. doi: simulated annual average Haregeweyn N, Berhe A, runoff in TRB at Meja Tsunekawa A, Tsubo M,

114 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Water Quality Monitoring of River Godavari during Simhastha Kumbh Mela 2015

Mr. Rajendra Pawar Mr. Sanjay Doiphode Mr. S. K. Kshirsagar Chief Engineer, Planning & Hydrology, Executive Engineer Water Resources Sectional Engineer, Water Resources Water Resources Department, Department, Govt.of Maharashtra, India Department, Govt.of Maharashtra, India Govt.of Maharashtra, India

Keywords : water quality, huge mass-bathing during worldwide for its unity in Godavari River, surface water, parvani days on 29/08/2015, diversity. Being world’s water pollution, mass bathing 13/09/2015 and 18/09/2015 biggest democratic nation, at Ramkund, a holy place. India is also known for variety ABSTRACT of festivals, some of them The present study was carried In order to improve water have global fame, too. Kumbh out to assess the changes quality on Ghats water has Mela is such a mega event with in water quality of river been released in the river global reputation. Millions of Godavari during mass bathing before mass bathing. However devotes across the country which takes place during in spite of releasing limited throng at Prayag, Ujjain, Simhastha Kumbh Mela held quantity of water it is found Haridwar and Nasik to in Nashik and Trimbakeshwar that the activity was only of Maharashtra state from partially successful to control festival. They take a holy bath 26/08/2015 To 25/09/2015. the above parameter (except in the river which is said to The 16 physio-chemical and total Coliforms) within the bestow salvation to the microbiological parameters permissible limit or slightly devotees and absolve them were observed at 12 selected above. of sins and sufferings. Such locations along Godavari river covering the reach at 40 km Though the parameters of of Kumbh Mela that tourists length. Godavari River are always from different parts of the Nearly 10 to 15 Lakhs pilgrim crossing the limits throughout world come to witness this the year, due to releasing grand festivity of India. and nearly 20 lakh pilgrims discharge during parwani take a holy dip in the river period is found fruitful to Godavari River originates at during parvani period. This control the parameters except Trimbakeshwar near Nashik paper cover the study of the total Coliforms. trend in water quality changes through Telengana and during the study period and 1. INTRODUCTION : Andhra Pradesh. It also cover the study of maintaining known as South Ganga. The the pollution level for such country which is known Godavari River is the most

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 115 Co er Story celebrated river not only of the Gangapur dam. Photo Dasak, Upstream of Nashik Maharashtra, but below shows devotees taking Eklahare, Downstream of the whole peninsular India. bath during parvani day at Eklahare, and Saikheda. Hence, millions of people Ramkund Nashik. Out of these 6 locations ie take holy dips in river, Kushawartha at Trimbakeshwar, especially on some auspicious 2. STUDY AREA AND and Upstream of Ramkund, occasions. Simhastha Kumbh METHODOLOGY Downstream of Ramkund, Mela was held in Nashik and The study was undertaken to Tapovan, Takali & Dasak at Trimbakeshwar in year 2015. assess the changes in water Nashik are ghat locations and quality at the mass bathing others are non-ghat locations. During this Simhastha Kumbh locations of Kushawartha at Fig no 2 shows the locations Mela, Shahi snans were Trimbakeshwar and Ramkund of sampling stations. held on parvani days at two at nashik. Kushawartha at places - Kushawartha in Trimbakeshwar is located The samples were collected Trimbakeshwar and Ramkund near the origin of Godavari from 25/08/2015 to in Nashik. At Kushawartha river. There are two dams on 28/09/2015. The frequency in Trimbakeshwar shahi Godavari river in between of sampling was daily snans were scheduled on Nashik and Trimbakeshwar. (morning) for each location 29/08/2015,13/09/2015 and Hence samples were also on non-parvani days and twice 25/09/2015. At Ramkund collected from other ghats daily (morning and evening) in Nashik shahi snans were and important non-ghat on parvani days. Intermediate scheduled on 29/08/2015, locations in order to evaluate samples at afternoon were 13/09/2015 and 18/09/2015. overall water quality along the also collected at some selected The mass bathing took place river. The sampling locations six ghat locations on parvani at Ramkund in Nashik and at are Kushawartha at days. The samples were tested Kushawartha in Trimbakesh- Trimbakeshwar, Upstream of at Government Water Quality war on these three parvani Gangapur dam, Downstream Lab(Level-II+) Nashik for days. In order to maintain of Gangapur dam, 16 physio-chemical and water quality on the days of Someshwar, Upstream of microbiological parameters. mass bathing at Ramkund Ramkund, Downstream of The parameters tested are pH, in Nashik, water has been Ramkund, Tapovan, Takali, Electrical Conductivity (EC), released in to the river from Dissolved Oxygen (DO),

Fig. No. Mass Bathing At Ramkund Nashik 116 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Carbonates, Bicarbonates, Fluoride, Chloride, Phosphate, Ammonical Nitrogen, Total Coliform, Faecal Coliform. The parameters were analysed as per standard procedures. Important critical parameters 3.1 The variation of above from Mass bathing point of critical parameters at mass 3. RESULTS AND view are Ph value, Dissolved bathing location is as DISCUSSIONS : oxygen DO, below:- The sample location-wise a) pH value minimum and maximum Biochemical oxygen Demand values observed during course BOD, Chemical oxygen pH determines the of study are as shown in table Demand COD and Total Coli appropriateness of water for no 1. forms. a range of purposes. The

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 117 Co er Story pH value varies between values are slightly above at Kushwartha and 1400 6.8 to 7.60 at Kushwaratha. the permissible limit for MPN/100 ml to 1700000 Maximum and minimum designated best use for MPN/100 ml at d/s of value noted at downstream of Outdoor Bathing (organized) Ramkund. It is found that Ramkund is 6.8 and 8.0. It is Quality class B. these values are not up to found that pH values are up the mark for designated best to the mark for designated d) Chemical oxygen use for Outdoor Bathing best use as per the guide lines Demand (COD ) (organized) Quality class B. for water quality monitoring The variation found in COD Moreover those are more than of Central pollution control value is 16.0 mg/l to 58.0 the limit making the water Board New Delhi for Out- mg/l at Kushwaratha. COD totally unsafe for drinking door Bathing (organized) ranged between 16.0mg/l to purpose. This is a matter of Quality class B. 62.00 mg/l at Downstream serious concern. of Ramkund. COD values are b) Dissolved Oxygen slightly above the permissible 3.3 Parameter’s ( DO ) limit for designated best Observations DO is an important use for Outdoor Bathing In order to improve water parameter in water quality (organized) Quality class B. quality at Ramkund Nashik analysis. Its presence is water has been released from essential to maintain a variety e) Total Coliforms Gangapur Dam located of forms of life in the water Total Coliforms ranged on upstream side of Nashik. and the effect of waste between 1700 MPN/100 Mass bathing was held on discharge in a water body ml to 140000 MPN/100 ml 29/08/15, 13/09/15 and are largely determined by the oxygen balance of the system. 3.2 The Geographical Presentation of various critical The variation found in DO parameters observed during the study period along with value is 1.0 mg/l to 7.0 mg/l the released discharges through river is as shown below. at Kushwaratha. The DO value varies between 2.0 mg/ (Parwani Days - 29/08/2015,13/09/2015 and 18/09/2015) to 6.00 at ds of Ramkund. It is found that DO values are slightly above the permissible limit for designated best use for Outdoor Bathing (organized) Quality class B.

c) Biochemical oxygen Demand (BOD) Fig No. 3 : Variation of pH value at D/s of RAMKUND BOD ranged between 5.0 (Limit – 6.5 to 8.5) mg/l to 17.00 mg/l. at Kushwarth. At downstream of Ramkund variation in BOD was observed between 5.0 mg/l to 20.00 mg/l. BOD

118 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story 18/09/15 at Ramkund. Water has been released on stopped on 31/08/15. For second and third parvani it is again released from10/09/15 to 19/09/15. Fig no 3 to 7 shows the variations of Fig No. 4: Variation of DO value at D/s of RAMKUND various critical parameters (Limit – Up to 5 mg/Lit) and water releases.

Following trends has been observed for various parameters according to water releases. 1) To control DO, BOD, COD and pH, released water through river is more helpful to reduce the effect of these parameters in accordance Fig No. 5: Variation of BOD value at D/s of with pollution. RAMKUND (Limit – Up to 10 mg/Lit) 2) From the graph it is seen that as per quantity of water releases these parameters also vary accordingly. Hence is required to have better control over the parameters. 3) Acceptable Limit of Total Coliforms for bathing is 500 MPN/100ml and for drinking Fig No. 6: Variation of COD value at D/s of purpose it is found that RAMKUND (Limit – Up to 30 mg/Lit) actual level found is much higher reaching to alarming limit to the tune of 12 Lakh MPN/100ml. This is a matter of serious concern which directly affects the health of pilgrims.

4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:- Fig No. 7: Variation of Total Coliforms value at D/s of 1. It is found that except RAMKUND (Limit – 500 MPN/100ml) pH value all other critical Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 119 Co er Story parameters are slightly above useful to increase dissolved can then be released as and the permissible limit for oxygen in the river water by when required to maintain designated best use as per the aeration. guide lines. to control the quality. This 5. Regular Ghat cleaning arrangement shall also help 2. It is seen that the water activity performed by forced in reducing the transit losses released from the Ganagapur water is also useful to control from Gangapur Dam to dam in the Godavari River the pollution in the river. Ramkund. The minimum during Parvani days helped to maintain the water quality Curd, Panchamrut and throughout the year by to some extent but it was releasing water through the is to be avoided to control above two Bandharas. water parameters up to the pollution. Immediately 5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: the mark. To control The authors are greatly DO,BOD,COD & Total indebted to the Water Coliforms activity of releasing by persons employed by Resources Department, water through river is found Municipal Corporation was Government of more helpful to reduce the found useful to reduce the effects of these parameters in pollution. Maharashtra, for according accordance with pollution. permission to undertake 7. All sewage water & the study and preparing this 3. The water quality underground drainage lines paper. Thanks to various parameters on downstream should be diverted without known and unknown side of river such as Takali allowing them to meet with personalities for generating & Dasak Ghat locations and the river water at any place. Non-Ghat Locations such as data for this paper. Eklahare show higher values 8. Though the parameters as compared to the other are crossing the limits for the 6. REFERENCES 1) Water Quality Data generated in locations. These locations rest of the year, releasing the Water Quality Lab Level-II+,Nashik discharge during parwani Godavari & Nasardi river. The period in the river is found 2) Following Published Papers successful in controlling 1. Analysis of water quality industrial area of Nashik and the parameters except Total parameters of river Ganga during Mahakumbh, Haridwar, India. From some slum areas which affect Coliforms. Journal of Environmental Biology the quality of water. In order -July 2013 9. It is suggested that to 2. Assessment of water quality to maintain the water quality maintain the water quality parameters of river Ganga during at these locations suitable of the Ghat locations during Kumbhmela 2010. From Journal of measures should be taken for Environmental Conservation-Jan 2012 Kumbhmela instead of releasing 3. The International Journal of Sci- treatment of water of Nasradi water directly from Gangapur ence & Technology.- Monitoring & river before releasing it in the Analysis of Qualitative Characteristics dam, the water released from of Holy Kshipra River at city Ujjain main Godavari river. Gangapur dam can be stored (M.P.) at enroute two Bandharas - 4. Water quality analysis of river 4. Removing garbage and Ganga and Yamuna during mass Jalparni in the river by special One at Someshwar and other bathing, Allahabad, India. From machines reduces the effect at the Upstream of Ramkund Universal Journal of Environmental of pollution and by using this by providing gates to the Research and Technology. machine this activity is also existing structures. This water 120 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Water in MMR

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 121 Co er Story Water Supply-Lifeline of Mumbai Mr. Anant Kadam Chief Engineer, Water Supply Projects, Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM), He is also the Member of the District Rehabilitation & Resettlement Committee for Mumbai Suburban District. Mr. Anant Kadam Mr. S. B. Uchgaonkar Dy., Chief Engineer, Water Supply Projects, Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). istorical Developments Thereafter, the Govt of HMumbai’s water supply Maharashtra took lead and dates back to 1860 when developed Upper Vaitarna the Vehar water supply Project in 1973 and started scheme was developed by the releasing 635 Mld water Britishers to feed South through the same on daily Mumbai, prior to which the basis. However, further studies residents used to depend on Modaksagar Dam to augment Mumbai’s Water the well water for their daily supply were under way by needs. Later on they also the Govt of Maharashtra and developed Tulsi scheme and after detailed deliberations increased the supply by 18 Bhatsa multipurpose Project Mld. However, the planning was developed by the GoM. for further augmentation was This Project was taken up being worked upon by the in phases by the GoM and British engineers and Tansa Middle Vaitarna Dam agreement for release of 1365 scheme, in the form of Mld water in 3 stages of 455 longest masonry dam attained Developments after Mld each was signed with the shape between 1892 and 1948, Independence MCGM. The water released in phases, so as to increase It is certainly noteworthy from the is Mumbai’s water supply by 500 that taking cue from the abstracted at Pise weir( 48 earlier experience the Municipal km downstream of dam ) by two riveted water mains of Corporation, under the able the MCGM and pumped to 1800mm dia each were laid leadership of Mr. Modak, Panjrapur ( 9km from Pise) from the Tansa dam to the developed the Vaitarna for treatment and conveyed to City. All these developments scheme in 1957, entirely on Mumbai through the Master with regard to Mumbai’s its own. Many technological Balancing Reservoir at Yewai water supply took place prior break throughs were achieved hills. to independence and Britishers in Vaitarna Project viz; use need to be given due credit of precooled aggregates in therefor. dam concrete, installation of all welded large sized (2450mm) ring girder supported pipeline upto City etc. The completion of this Project added 455 Mld to Mumbai’s Water supply. Pise Weir Vehar Lake

122 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Vaitarna waters whose quality Bhatsa dam. On completion was so good that it did not of Middle Vaitarna Project need any treatment at all. the water supply to Mumbai Another noteworthy feature stands at 3750Mld. ( In of Mumbai’s water supply addition, MCGM supplies till then was that the entire about 150 Mld to Thane and supply was under gravity. Bhivandi areas ).Thus, it may Middle Vaitarna Pipelines However, the development of be seen that MCGM has been Bhatsa introduced pumping making concerted efforts to for Mumbai’s water supply. At meet the evergrowing water this stage, by 1997, Mumbai’s demand of Mumbai since water supply reached the independence by meticulous planning and hunting for Mld. MCGM, simultaneously new sources. A glance at the was working on the planning table/graph below will give Pumping Station for the development of the reader reasons why Middle Vaitarna Project. MCGM has been involved in the planning and development The process of seeking various of water sources on continuous clearances for the Middle basis ever since independence. Vaitarna Project took long As a matter of fact, MCGM time and the Project was has been planning for the launched in 2006. Taking due development of Gargai (440 Water Treatment Plant note of the long clearance mld), Pinjal (865 Mld) and process for the Middle Damanganga-Pinjal link Vaitarna Project, the GoM Project (1586 Mld) so as allocated additional 650 Mld to meet the projected water water from Bhatsa, temporarily demand of Mumbai for the from the available storage of year 2041.

Population, Water Demand and Supply Water Treatment Plant Year Population in Water Water Supply It was during this Millions Demand in Mld in Mld developmental phase that 1951 3.082 1200 1093 MCGM constructed Bhandup 1961 4.153 1610 1093 treatment plant, the then 1971 5.872 2275 1728 biggest in Asia for treating 1981 8.242 2800 2183 Tansa and Vaitarna waters 1991 9.897 3306 2638 2001 11.978 3856 3200 raw water was being injected 2011 12.440 4336 3350 into Vaitarna mains and the 2021 14.080 4777 4190 turbidity values of Bhatsa 2031 15.660 5196 5055 water were very high 2041 17.240 5940 5991 compared to Tansa and

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 123 Co er Story he fiures in rey are projeted fiures and onsider Considering the tremendously completion of Gargai, Pinjal and Damanganga-pinjal huge water supply network link projects of Mumbai, MCGM has been successfully maintaining the quality of water better than that stipulated by the WHO normsat the outlet of Treatment plants. Further, as part of the quality monitoring process, water samples are collected at 351 sampling points from the 256 distribution zones in 24 wards of Mumbai on daily basis. Out of these 351 points, 174 sampling points lie in slum areas and the rest 177 in Salient Features non-slum areas. Mumbai’s water supply system as existing today is unique and gigantic by the sheer size of it.

Average Daily Water Supply 3750 Mld. Water Sources 7 Dams (5 owned by MCGM) Water Treatment Plants View of Tunnel Bhandup 2900 Mld Panjrapur 1365Mld Vehar 90 Mld Tulsi 18 Mld Master Balancing Reservoirs Bhandup 246+140 Ml Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) Yewai 123 Ml One of the key decisions Service Reservoirs 27 taken by the MCGM to Length of Water Mains effectively reduce the leakages Primary 450km through Primary and Secondary mains was to replace those Secondary 800km pipelines either by tunnels or Tertiary 6000km new pipelines. MCGM is the 1024 nos. Daily Operated Valves for water conveyance. This

124 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story option has reduced leakages Other non-core services like • and pilferages in water supply asset management, customer network. MCGM has so far survey, quality audit etc are in India for 455 Mld treatment constructed and commissioned also planned to be rationalised plant at Panjrapur in 2007 84 km length of RCC under the above project lined tunnels in and around named as Water Distribution Owing to the deployment of Mumbai to ensure pressurised, Improvement Programme. latest technologies as above contamination and leakage and also due to depreciation free water supply. In the entire journey of of the age old assets, the development of Water Supply Water Production Cost for Challenges in Mumbai’s of Mumbai from pre- the year 2015-16 stands at Water Supply independence period till now Rs. 15.21 per 1000 litres and The Primary and the MCGM has achieved many the domestic consumers are Secondary water supply Technological Firstssuch as; charged at Rs. 3.49 to Rs. 4.66 network is continuously per 1000 litres. However, the monitored through SCADA • and Telemetry by the trained 2400mm dia ring girder subsidisation of rates charged technical manpower with supported pipeline for the to the Commercial and Industrial units. etc. Nevertheless, the following issues still persist; • Thus, it may be seen that • biggest 1910 MLD treatment MCGM has been making • plant in 1979 including 246 herculean efforts to satiate • Ml capacity Master Balancing Mumbaikars over so many Revenue Water Reservoir at Bhandup years and the Water Supply • of Mumbai has always been Water and Supply to • reliable in spite of so many elevated areas problems this Megapolis has • Conversion of intermittent time in India for boring of faced over the years. As a supply system to 24x7 Mahalaxmi- matter of fact, MCGM, a system tunnel in 1980-81 for proud owner of 5 major conveying water dams, has not been able to Steps taken showcase its technological It is noteworthy to mention • achievements despite being here that MCGM had, since “Numero Uno” in providing 2012, converted the intermittent the services bestowed upon water supply to 24x7 system in India for raising height in it by the legislation. Hence in the 1999-2000 this may be treated as a feeble successfully on trial basis. attempt by the author to reach Also, two wardsare taken on • people at large. pilot basis for and Telemetry system for • monitoring of Water Supply • • 2003-04 •

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 125 Co er Story SERVICE DELIVERY & ECONOMICS OF MUMBAI WATER SUPPLY

Dr. S. N. Patankar Retd. Chieft Engineer & Member of Mumbai Vikas Samiti

Global Water Availability water is 1869 bcm. Due to Regional Water Sources The total volume of water topographical and other in Mumbai Metropolitian on earth is 1.4 trillion km3. reasons 60% or 690 bcm Region (MMR) However, the volume available of surface and 432 bcm MMR falls within what is around 35 billion km3 of ground water is put to is known as Mumbai which is only about 2.5% hydrometric area comprising of total. Only 1% of water 30% of rainfall can be utilized. the valleys of rivers Vaitarana, circulates in hydrological For example, the Brahmaputra Ulhas, Patalganga and Amba. cycle. Water comprises 70% basin contributes 62.9 million The total water demand for of earth surface and 65% of hectare metres (mhm) of MMR by 2031 is estimated to human body. be to the tune of 3520 million or 2.1 mhm is utilized. cum. As against an estimated The availability of water 7870 million cum of water through surface and ground The fast growing urban is available from these river water form the basic source centres will double the water valleys. They stated through rainfall. Out of requirement by 2050 in India. to be providing 95% 2.5% availability only 0.5% is The annual fresh water dependability. Thus, there is no directly usable and the rest lies availability is reduced from intrinsic problem of surface in glaciers. Less then 0.3% of 5177 cu m. in 1951 to 1969 water availability for MMR. this one percent of the earth’s cu. M. in 2001 and by 2050 fresh water is found in lakes it may go down by upto 1341 The critical problem faced and rivers. India is a large cu. m. Out of India’s 20 by the water supply sector country supporting 1/6th of major river basins, six fall is timely development of the world’s population with below the threshold of 1000 sources. The factors affecting 1/50th of the world’s land cu. m. and 5 will be added the timely completion are the and with only 1/12th of the by the year 2020. The total following. world’s water. estimated demand of water by 2025 will be 1013 bcm. From • India - Water Availability this we can conclude that an designing – requiring detailed The water availability in India alarming situation of fresh surveys, assessment of forest is sometimes understood as water depletion is likely to be submergence and planning abundant in nature which is faced by India. for resettlement and incorrect. The fall precipitation rehabilitation - needs co- including snow is 4,000 bcm operation of the projected- and the surface and ground affected people.

126 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story • • deteriorate. On 22nd June forest and environmental do not work forcing urban 1845, the local residents clearance, including resettlement local bodies (ULBs) to revert agitated against the shortage and rehabilitation, is also time to water pricing related to size and bad quality of water. The consuming. of connection or as part of British rulers appointed a two- man commission to look into • universal metering have thus the grievances of the natives. too is long – around 6 years. eluded many ULBs and The two-man commission reported back within 24 • • hours that the water supply to reasonable moratorium are water charges have scope for Mumbai needed immediate necessary in such a situation improvement. attention. This was the beginning of efforts to search and Water sources of water to meet Supply with the city’s demand. These • Mumbai city was original a efforts are continuing even devoted to the development cluster of seven islands. They today and shall have to of sources. were , Worli, Patel, continue in future. Girgaon, Mazgaon, Little Besides inadequacy of water Colaba and Great Colaba. Till Vehar & Tulsi Scheme and need to develop water 1348, Mumbai was ruled by A number of valleys within resources to meet the future various Hindu dynasties, and the city were initially demand. MMR also suffers then taken over by Muslim suggested for creation of from following distributional rulers in India. In 1534 impoundage. But the city and operational problems. Mumbai was handed over planners wisely foresaw the • to the Portuguese. In May potential of city to develop. In is not uniformly distributed. 1664, when Charles II of En- view of the limitation of the There are pockets of scarcity gland married the Portuguese local sources, they realized the where consumers are forced princess Catherina, these need for developing sources to adopt coping strategies islands were offered as a gift beyond city limits. The such as using ground water to him. In 1668, the British valley at the origin of the brought through tankers, rulers handed over these river Mithi, located near directly installing booster islands to the East India village Vehar was chosen for pumps on municipal mains Company which started creating an impoundage to etc. collect the run off and serve commercial base. as source of water. The work • started in the year 1856 and leakages in the distribution The population residing on was completed in the year system (20% to 40%) When these seven islands was a few 1860. It was further decided the supply is intermittent this thousands. The inhabitants of in the year 1885 to develop also increases the possibilities Mumbai used to fetch water Tulsi the next sources. of contamination due to from the wells and shallow ingress of contaminated tanks. These sources tended Powai Scheme water in the distribution to dry up in summer and In the year 1890, the Powai system. quality of water used to works were taken up on a Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 127 Co er Story tributary of Mithi River as On the completion in 1957, up in 1974-75, involved an emergency measure to this scheme bought additional abstraction of water from a mitigate the anticipated water 490 MLD of water supply to small impoundage created by famine in 1891, befor Tansa the city. The Government of constructing a weir at village waters could be received. Maharashtra (GOM) in the Pise. year 1966, took up execution Tansa Scheme of a dual purpose Scheme Other Sources of Water The earlier coat of arms under which an impoundage Ground Water in Mumbai of Bombay Municipal was to be created in the Prior to 1870 Mumbaikars Corporation carried the upper reaches of Vaitarna used to drink water from the words “Urbs Prime in India” river by constructing two dams. existing wells, lakes and tanks. and Water Works Engineers MCGM took up the work of The old records indicates that laying 3500mm > 2750mm there were a number of tanks, occasions. Such an occasion > 2400mm diameter pipe namely Mumbadevi, Manamal, was the completion of the line and constructing some Babula, Govalia, Gilder, “Tansa Scheme” on the river additional service reservoirs Banganga etc., feeding to the Tansa. in the city. The project was city. fully commissioned in the The source was developed year 1972-73. The middle There are about 4,000 wells Vaitarna scheme is recently and 2,500 bore wells drilled was completed by 1892. A completed by MCGM. in Greater Mumbai for water masonry dam, 1800 metres supply. From the available long, was built in the year 1892 Bhatsa scheme data of 284 bore-wells in to create an impoundage. The Despite the water supply adjoining areas, it can be said fourth and the last stage was schemes mentioned so far, that promising and productive completed in the year 1948 large scale shortages in water aquifers exist between 60 to when the storage capacity supply started arising towards 80 m below ground level. In was increased by providing 38 the end of 1960s. The rate view of this, it is expected of growth of the population that deeper aquifers, even during the decades of 1950s though limited in potential as Vaitarna Schemes and 1960s was unprecedented. The Vaitarna cum Tansa The project titled as Bombay phreatic aquifers, can offer (VCT) scheme was conceived, Water Supply and Sewerage additional quantity of ground planned and executed to meet Project, was planned to be water, especially where the the increased water demand implemented in three phases. bore wells have high yield. by a team of Municipal Each of these three phases engineers under guidance and envisaged additional water Water Harvesting leadership of the late Shri supply of 455 MLD to be It means capturing rain where N.V Modak. The impoundage drawn from the Bhatsa river. it falls or capturing the run on river Vaitarna was The Government of off in your own town and named ‘’ by the Maharashtra constructed a taking measures to keep the Corporation in the memory dam across river Bhatsa and water clean by not allowing of the invaluable services of release of water downstream pollution activities to take Shri Modak. was regulated. The above place in the catchment. mentioned project, taken

128 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Therefore, water harvesting to understand the value of prime requirement. This can be undertaken through a rain, and to make optimum variety of ways use of the rainwater at the by a saying that the consumer, • place where it falls. whenever opens the tap, rooftops should get adequate water • Present Service Delivery supply. Nevertheless, the local catchments Municipal Corporation of following realities have to • Greater Mumbai (MCGM) considered before planning waters from local streams At present MCGM receives for 24x7 supply. • an estimated 4000 mid of watershed management. water from all sources.

These techniques can serve Sr. Source Yield Ownership Distance Treatment the following purposes No in from city Plant • mid Location • 1 Tulsi 20 MCGM Within Tulsi • City recharge Limit • 2 Vihar 110 MCGM Within Vihar City and overloading of sewage Limit treatment plants. 3 Tansa 450 MCGM 100 km Bhadup • GoM from city Complex coastal areas. 4 Vaitarna + 1030 MCGM 110 & Bhadup Upper 140 km Complex In general water harvesting is Vaitarna from city the activity of direct collection 5 Bhatsa 1850 GoM 100 km Bhadup of rainwater. The rainwater from city Complex collected can be stored for Panjarapur direct use or can be recharged into the groundwater. Rain is 6 Middle 450 MCGM 100 km Bhadup Vaitarna Complex in the hydrological cycle, 7 Sub-Total 3010 hence is a primary source of 8 en-route 120 the water. River, lakes and supply groundwater are all secondary Total 3790 sources of water. In a present supply to time, we depend entirely on MCGM such secondary sources of Ground Reality of Inadequate ¾ The wastage in the water, In the process, it is For Mumbai to be considered conveyance system is presently forgotten that rain is the as a world class city the water to the tune of 5% to 8% of ultimate source that feeds all supply to all the citizens total production. these secondary sources and should obviously be on the we remain ignorant of its ¾ The leakage and wastage basis of 24x7, which is an value. Water harvesting means in the distribution system e.g

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 129 Co er Story ¾ upstream of meter connection taken samples to know the Water from the above is to the tune of 25%. potability and other aspects mentioned sources is of Mumbai’s water supply. conveyed to Mumbai through ¾ The wastage due to They lack expressing correct MS water mains, diameter leakages after meter connection opinion and realities in respect ranging between 3000mm are to the tune of 4% to 6%. of judicious use of water by to 600mm. The water is Mumbaikars, contamination completely treated with pre ¾ In summing up the above problems, thefts, unauthorized chlorination, alum, dosing, construction around the the production and availability pipelines etc. Nevertheless, -chlorination before it of water to the citizen results the common citizen have the supplying to consumers. The into 30 to 3% wastage. following perceptions. treatment is given mainly at 2 locations, Bhandup treatment The following basic • plant and Panjarapur requirements are suggested should be immediately treatment plant. There are 2 before planning 24x7 water removed for safety of water master balancing reservoirs, supply to Mumbai. supply. Bhandup 254Ml capacity • and Yawai 127Ml capacity. bring down the wastage to • The distribution network in practically ‘0’ by methods of dwellers should be immediately Mumbai is more than 100 awareness programs, using arrested. years old and it comprises perfect plumbing system, of water mains of diameter • ranging from 1200mm and etc. leakage should be brought to 100mm, both cast iron and nil MS. Initially the entire water • supply in Mumbai was by strengthen the distribution • gravity but from 1984, after system bringing down the should be removed. commissioning of Bhatsa wastage to minimum. scheme the supply is both by • gravity and pumping. Due to • not be allowed because they wide gap between demand of stopping wastage in fetch point water supply to and supply and also conveyance system by proper large extent. limitations of existing planning. distribution systems, the • water supply in Mumbai is • done by few citizens should intermittent. The service 30% has to be brought down be stopped by increasing reservoirs at strategic points at the most to 15% . literacy for water. in Mumbai and also with inline boosting stations , the • distribution network, manages Citizens Perceptions : There are very few NGOs or reuse of waste water should to make available the water CBOs who have really studied be taken up seriously with reasonable distribution Mumbai’s water supply wherever possible and viable. pressures in the network. aspects in detail. Few have Except for some unmetered water supply in old island

130 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story city, the water supply 83% burst or power failure but Tariff Revision are domestic connection the water supply is restored Tariff revision should be including 1,62,000 in slums. within the shortest possible taken up at regular intervals in There are 47,000 commercial time, rarely exceeding 12 a transparent manner, While connections and 5,200 hours incase of major bursts. industrial connections. There should be passed through in are about 75,000 non-metered Water Tariff Philosophy tariff annual basis. water connections primarily Should be based on economic in island city. About 80% of principles of pricing namely Performance of Financial the revenue is recovered from Management metered water connections. For judging the effectiveness The sewerage charges are The key elements of tariff of Financial Management, the included in the water charges philosophy that need to be parameters could be bills. The demand for water considered are given below: is about 80%, 10% and 7% for domestic, industrial and Major Cost Minor Cost commercial uses respectively • and remaining about 3% for (all meters are ULB property) Fixed Cost sundry uses. The charges for • domestic water supply are collection heavily subsidized at the cost • of non-domestic consumers. • The consumer complaints • are redressed by receiving O & M Cost • complaints between 8.30 am • • working basis for 24 hours and meters contamination complaints are • Capital • attended on priority. To locate Recovery Cost the leak spots on the water • mains, a leak detection unit Prevailing Water Tariff • has been established. Regular Water connections (domestic program of rehabilitation of and non-domestic) can be • old water mains by process of of two types – metered and vis-à-vis Actuals – both on internal cement motor lining unmetered. Water tariff for Income/Receipt side or has been taken up. The metered connections is Expenditure side. conveyance and distribution consumption based, i.e based is supported by net work as on the quantity of water • tunnel within and outside city. consumed. Water tariff for unmetered connections is on the principle of accountability The water supply system of but still leaving some scope Mumbai is now equipped with is not related to the quantity supervisory control and a data of water consumed. acquisition (SCADA). There are the few occasions of pipe

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 131 Co er Story • is not allowing the potential Note ll fiures are Accounting System with cost revenue (from Water Supply quoted are indicative. element (if possible integrated Services) to be tapped and Accounting System) in on the other hand ,also may Reference : today’s context. Computerized have left inadequate funds for 1) IWWA Journals Accounting system is desirable other services. This is not though not essential in very desirable. 2) Advisory by GOI small units. 3) MCGM’s Report Even with these constraints, • the Financial Manger has System – MLS, which could be effectively used by the Government Assistance ( managers at various levels for Grant in Aid ) / Water Tax / taking, decisions. Charges with element of cross subsidy and parts of other • Municipal Taxes so as to make Audit (with performance the water services sustainable audit) in the long run (i.e the tariff policy will ensure that the • dependency on the other structure and collection Municipal Revenues gets system. reduced year after year).

Cost Recovery Water Charges Cost recovery has always remained a burning issue follows : before the local bodies. At the same time weak tax Base, 1 Residential inadequate tax rates and a) Slum poor collection / recovery b) Others have been the silent features of the local bodies in India. Considering the present 2 Hospitals, Halls etc. will have to review and work on improving the systems for 3 Industrial Estt. budget, accounts, audit, MIS, tariff structure, collection, etc. Barring few expectations like 4 Commercial & Other Mumbai, Municipal water Industries supply services have been subsidized from other general 5 Hotel 3 Stars & above, revenue of the Municipal Race Course etc. bodies. This, on one hand,

132 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Mithi River Mumbai Water Quality Management Plan with Special Reference to Heavy Metals Mr. Asheesh Shrivastava Mr. Rakesh Kumar Abstract environment of one of waste from the human Mumbai- the Mithi River. attracted tremendous existence and to assess the of the river has remained a study was performed for Introduction assessment years 2013 at Mithi serves as one of the major rivers in Mumbai behind Standard Chartered the Mithi river water is not Maharashtra State River and concern for its stretches it is further covered of the Mithi as the River of impact of these toxic heavy the food chain can cause Mithi River was used to

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 133 Co er Story Fe which has minimum ecosystems and their users. The main objective of this study was to provide sections of the river. determine the distribution (Fig. 1). Maximum concentrations were conducted as per the River. APHA standard methods MATERIALS AND absorption spectrophotometry METHODS Study area Chaturvedi and Sankar Mithi River (2006) standards. concentration in some parts RESULTS AND of the river stretches with DISCUSSION Rivers in urban areas have untreated domestic and compounds the fact that to the nervous system and the very heart of Mumbai - Sampling and Analytical methods TheSediments and waters the section of Mithi River.

134 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Fig.1: Sampling locations at Mithi River stretch

Table 1: Heavy Metal in Sediment at Different Locations of Mithi (all values in µg/g) Location Ni Cr Pb Cd Zn Cu Mn Fe 20 6.0 123 - 12.2 67.7 21.7 2.7 206 160 630 2233 30.6 77.1 66.1 381 Taximan 208 232.1 872 636 Behind 102 80.0 3.6 table 1 here Standard under 3.3 286 361 As compared with WHO 106 83.6 5.6 380 73.7 128 130 3.2 288 2271

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 135 Co er Story deposition characteristics. A comparison with the Enrichment Factor (EF) The enrichment factor the other hand the rest of contamination. The enrichment concentration of Fe and Mn by Buat-Menard and associated with each other anaerobic environment and ale orrelation oeffiient of etals in ithi iver of Mn and Fe-oxy hydroxides. Water Ni Cr Pb Cd Zn Cu Mn Fe Correlation analysis Ni 1 Cr 1 Pb 1.00 Cd 0.76 0.73 1.00 Zn 1.00 Cu 1.00 Mn 0.38 0.30 0.21 1.00 Fe 0.61 0.33 0.68 0.21 1 in Mithi River is presented in were noted between Mn and from a different source than Fig. 2 : Enrichment factors in Sediment of Mithi River

136 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Conclusions and Recommendations the recommended standard Based on the above water and sediments of the Mithi River were contaminated ith parameter. Wi is the unit enrichment in the study area. and n is the number of parameters considered. - Heavy metal pollution index (HPI) of Mithi and other major is a method that rates the it is recommended that at of in-stream sedimentation

Fig. 3: HPI at different locations of Mithi River

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 137 Co er Story

References concentrations of heavy approach. J. Environ. Sci.

3. There is a need to respiratory diseases such that have an impact on the Mumbai. WHO found that waterbodies of the city and a neuropsychiatric disorders. the urban stream sediments bodies and the MPCBto

138 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story 163 Pb isotopic composition of t h C h i n a Evidence of th air contaminants. Environ. 211-217

transect of the inner and

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 139 140 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story ECOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY AT , MUMBAI, WEST COAST OF INDIA Ms. Swati S. Bopinwar Dr. T. K. Ghosh Abstract Introduction

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 141 Co er Story assess the assessment of Study Area Material and Methods RESULT AND DISCUSSION Secchi Disk Transparency

142 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Fig. 3.1: Secchi depth in Thane Creek during 2015-16 (Fig.3.1). Shannon - Wiener Diversity Index (SWI): Phytoplankton Fig. 3.2: Average Phytoplankton counts observed in Thane creek during 2015-2016 Chlorophyll-a

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 143 Co er Story Conclusion Fig. 3.3: Chlorophyll-a values recorded in Thane Creek during 2015-16 Zooplankton Shannon - Wiener Diversity Index (SWI):

Zooplankton (No./m3) Fig. 3.4: Average Zooplankton counts observed in Thane creek during 2015-2016

144 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story References

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 145 Co er Story Lessons from Navi Mumbai Experiments and Mumbai Experience of Flooding in Storm Water Management Mr. P. M. Deshpande Retd CE & GM (Tech), CIDCO, Ex Consultant (AW), MADC Mr. P. M. Deshpande

very monsoon Mumbai also suffered extensive Eis sufferring huge losses houses suffered from submergence at different intensity of 380 mm for 3 suffered by Mumbai in July are damages suffered by entire 20,000 cars, 2,500 BEST times more than the intensity buses and a very large number 24,000 animal carcasses had to be disposed of, 2 lakh tons of garbage mostly comprising of personal household belongings, furniture, food stuff and electronic gadgets Gravity of the situation can also be deciphered from the and disinfectants spread and that 24 metric tons of metric tons of phenol had to be sprayed for disinfection and 3 lakh patients had to electricity supply stations & tele

146 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story situation is conducive to the suffered less damage due to occurrence of very heavy of the partial success is based on conventional storm development of Navi Mumbai monsoon through and development of embedded convective vortices over development started in far developable land is affected of the Arabian Sea current of the monsoon and 4) super urbanisation land use Survey of India had surveyed positioning of a meso-scale entire topography of the offshore vortex over area and had established northeast Arabian Sea and a result in case of simultaneous Bench Marks at places, those occurrence of high tide and could not be used due to these conditions are said to to be used in initial combination of synoptic After reclamation of coastal created situation that the Thereafter CIDCO adopted Sector 30 resulted in to avoid deluge could not This resulted in some of the The Navi Mumbai planners- of bench marks for levelling experience at the back of mind - desired to make the indentifying basins and basin had to be learnt by trial and experimentation made in Despite the intensions, Navi hardly be able to visualize the original relief of the area,

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 147 Co er Story Navi Mumbai experience GTS (normal high tide) at the MUMBAI 1670 much less imagine the extent outfall to farthest point varies original seven ilands lie at if ground level of 3 MGTS is stands has been shaped by provided at the drain outfall human interference and then ground level of interior manner and not in the – possibly a half of the city result, the length of storm fourth of the suburban area non availability of this much – has been reclaimed from elevation of land is the meters in some area prove the into channel, the channel drains and to the developed Mazgaon in the City, and It can be seen that the around Kurla - Ghatkopar, The central area bounded by Marol have been reduced to the distance of discharge initial surface drainage and streams, specially in the The silt is not carried back suburban Salsette have been level at starting point resulting there is practically no natural

148 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story The coast line mainly period the holding ponds to be good breeding ground MUMBAI 1670 body realised its threat to again it is going to be ponds are developed into smooth functioning of lying areas can be pumped resulted in drastic reduction drains, it is necessary to make in its capacity to hold can have hydraulic gradient occurence of rainfall and high gradient can be by raising central portion but it is impossible because of intense In Navi Mumbai elaborate Mumbai are sailing in the same disposal is provided at a huge This can be done by creating Environmental authorities reservoir independent of sea permit its removal, it is of detention pondsto hold impossible considering the high intensity rainfall and cost and disposal problems channels, diversion channels, drains, holding ponds and It may be possible to save and beautify the ponds if third alternative is to create challenge to the system is innovative and cost effective an elevated channel and solution to Mangrove disposal planners could not imagine ponds can promote tourism Mithi River channel can coast line is considered as surrounding developed land protection to development on

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 149 Co er Story

bodies is possible in the form stabilization and promoting mud banks, dissipation of upsream and also at outlets The mangroves also provide breeding ground for marine can be created by creating self sustainable - both peripherial bund in the form But it is found that a young e of embankment to Eastern Mangrove can release substantially more oxygen The upstream reservoirs acting as detention ponds On one side, in monsoon, the Mangroves are used in damages and on the other to create holding ponds to after monsoon everyone is mats, paper, housing, baskets, living under the fear of But it is possible to create expenditure involved for it can be used to produce getting partial relief also from forest can be used as Similarly solution for meeting

150 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story f The artist village chronically Similarly solution for meeting appalling is the rate of detension pond provided development is adding appalling is the rate of In 2005 also it did not have development is adding of decades the hills in MMR carried out, suggested reservoirs upstream of Taloja rivers to have cannot be responsible for deluge caused by fury of the cannot be responsible for deluge caused by fury of the Damanganga and Koyna Tail from Damanganga and deluge, the surrounding rural to monsoon deluge, the surrounding rural areas Instead the solution to use protection can help in sky catchment has to be Mumbai suburbs can get and Tulsi lakes can function in monsoon, the area is That can drastically reduce damages and on the other after monsoon everyone is living under the fear o experiment done to save expenditure involved for getting partial relief also from

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 151 Water

Technology

152 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Implementation of Decision Support System-Planning for Upper Bhima Sub Basin of Maharashtra

Mr. S. S. Heganna Mr. C. N. Mali Water Resources Department, Water Resources Department, Government of Maharashtra Government of Maharashtra

ABSTRACT living standards increased drought management and An integrated approach has the demand for water from conjunctive use of surface to be adopted on a basin scale reservoirs for the purposes and ground water etc. The while dealing with the water other than for which they elements of DSS (Planning) management issues in the were planned. such that they are intended basin or sub basin. to support decisions required Management of water These challenges are required at relatively infrequent time available in the basin, in an to be dealt with by the use of intervals such as one week, integrated manner for various sophisticated computer based, 10 days, one month, or longer uses like Irrigation, town GIS enabled modelling tools, planning horizon. water, hydropower etc faces capable of analysing the data many challenges. As the thus enhancing & promoting A DSS provides the Water population started bulging as the Decision making process. Management Authorities a a result of industrialization The Decision Support System well structured, user friendly, and urbanization the tool is required for the same, practical and complete water reservoirs that were historically which will enable the decision resources management designed mainly for irrigation makers to focus on the water information system. DSS purposes have been converted related issues in the basin. may assist decision makers in to supply local municipalities taking the right decisions on and industrial facilities, A River Basin Model (RBM) the basis of good comparison shorting the downstream is necessary to develop of different strategies under irrigation requirements. Decision Support System various scenarios. Thus it became imperative to (DSS) to tackle these issues. consider the operation of The Decision Support System Decision Support System these reservoirs as competing (Planning)- DSS - P, pertains to allows decision makers to goals of maximising storage surface water planning, ground analyze hydrologic data, run for supply & minimising water planning integrated hydrologic simulation models, operation of reservoirs, run basin water allocation Moreover the increased irrigation management, models and study the effect

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 153 Co er Story of potential decisions. A DSS 1. INTRODUCTION The and its is designed to access or display Development of a river basin tributaries rise in a high hydrologic data in an easily model (RBM) includes rainfall region at Sahyadri Hills accessible manner, to model construction of the network, dynamic hydrologic conditions, population of hydrological area (less than 600 mm) in and to determine the ability Parner and Shirur Talukas. of the river system to meet of the surface runoff and Across the basin the average future demand based on ground water recharge, annual rainfall is 700 mm. The operational and administrative population of water demand rainfall generally decreases use of storage.Often these and operation data, and from west to east with three DSS allow users to simulate running scenarios. Following regions of varying rainfall: and evaluate various “What the extreme western region if ” scenarios for reservoir the RBM can be used to of heavy annual rainfall operation alternatives. evaluate a variety of water (2,300 mm), the foot hill resource issues. The DSS region where annual rainfall is Conceptually Water Resources moderate (800 to 1,000 mm) Planning DSS give emphasis water resource issue and the central and eastern on Water Management issues categories including surface region of lowest annual which are becoming increasingly water planning, drought rainfall (400 to 600 mm). complicated in relation to management, reservoir Within the year, 85% of the society’s requirements and operations, conjunctive use, annual rainfall occurs during needs. It has been recognized and water quality. In addition Southwest Monsoon from that an integrated and to surface water planning, June to September, 11% of multidisciplinary approach must the Upper Bhima Basin also the annual rainfall comes be adopted. A DSS can has issues associated with during the Northeast Monsoon provide a systematic procedure reservoir operations, conjunctive from September to December, for analysis and evaluation of use, and water quality. Prior and 4% of the annual rainfall alternative courses of action. to conducting analysis, the as local storms after December. basin hydrology must be The main purpose of the categorized in terms of Bhima River has a catchment paper is to demonstrate the area of 14,712 km2 and the applications developed, related and reservoir operations. This length of the river upto Ujjani to water management issues paper describes the basin and Dam is 275 km. Fed by four of Upper Bhima sub basin the Upper Bhima River Basin major tributaries including of Maharashtra state with the Model (UBRBM) construction the Mula, Indrayani, Mutha, help of DSS-Planning tool. and calibration of the and Ghod Rivers, the Bhima hydrology and water ground River joins Krishna River in KEYWORDS recharge. Karnataka at Krishna (Raichur Decision Support System, District). The Integrated Water Resource 2. BASIN DESCRIPTION rises in Mulshi Taluka and Management, MIKE BASIN, The Bhima River is the main the rises in Vel- NAM, Simulations & river of Upper Bhima Basin he Taluka. The Ghod River Scenarios ( Figure 1). upstream of the and its tributaries, the Kukadi . The basin covers and Aar Rivers, also arise in portions of the Pune, Solapur, Sahyadri Ghat. and Ahmednagar Districts. 154 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Figure 1. Infrared image of the Upper Bhima Sub-basin. Red denotes irrigated or rainfed vegetation and blue is water. The blue line denotes the outline of the river basin. Upstream of the Ujjani command areas are Chaskaman, in the basin. In the western Reservoir, 18 major storage Bhama Askhed, Dimbhe, portion of the Basin, the projects exist with gross Ghod, Panshet, Warasgaon, primary municipal water use storage about 6293 MCM Manikdoh, Pawana, Pimpalgaon is in the Ccties of Pune and The original purpose of these Joge, Temghar, Wadaj, Primpri/Chinchwad. Industrial projects was to catch the Yedgaon. uses include the Central runoff from the Western Government ammunition Ghats to be used for irrigation The basin as per GEC 1997 factory, pharmaceutical during the non-monsoon analysis conducted by the companies, car factories, and period. However, since the State in 2004 indicated that other industries. In regard development of these projects, 13 out of 15 Talukas in the to landuse, agriculture and municipal and industrial basin are drought prone: nine forestry cover 76.3% and demands have since accounted in the Pune District, three in 10.1% of the basin, respectively. for much of this supply of the Ahmednagar District, and Crops are largely grown water as has the need for one in the Solapur District. during the season of Kharif (June to October) and Rabi product from six hydropower In the basin, water used for (November to March) though projects having a total industrial, municipal, and limited cultivation occurs installed capacity of 318MW. agricultural purposes in the during the summer months. The Khadakwasla and Ujjani headwaters of the river in the Primary crops grown in the Reservoirs service large and moving to basin include jowar, bajra, commands areas. The other progressively more agricultural sugar cane, wheat, bananas, reservoirs which service the and domestic use eastward grapes, and vegetables.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 155 Co er Story The uneven distribution of other than access. As a result hydropower. Attributes for rainfall in the basin creates of expansion of population each node are guided through challenges for water distribution and irrigation and the use of input to dialogue boxes. management. In the Western water originally designated Ghats, abundant rainfall falling for irrigation by the upstream Constructing a MIKE BASIN during the southwest monsoon municipal and industrial model includes building river is stored in a series of users, a large portion of the network (the plumbing reservoirs for use throughout area are experiencing deepening system); compiling, processing, the duration of the year. ground water tables. This and inputting the simulation Some of the reservoirs that is evident in the GEC 1997 data; and calibrating the model. were historically designed for report where 89% of the basin Building the river network irrigation purposes have been is designated as “critical” or involves digitizing the river converted to supply local “over exploited” for ground branches and nodes from GIS municipalities and industrial water use. The issues in this coverages. In MIKE BASIN, facilities, shorting the area isconjunctive use and digital elevation modelling downstream irrigation reservoir operations for the (DEM) is used to generate the requirements. The operations command areas and drought river branches. of these reservoirs therefore management throughout must consider competing Basic model inputs are time goals of maximizing storage 3. MODEL USED series data for catchment for supply and minimizing MIKE BASIN is used to run-off, diversion, and describe hydrology of the allocation of water for the Here the issues are reservoir basin. MIKE BASIN is a off-river nodes. Catchment operations, water distribution network model in which the among different water sectors, rivers and their main tributaries data or gauge data. Diversion and pollution associated are represented by a network nodes require either a time with municipal and industrial of branches and nodes. series of water allocation to The branches (line features) each branch or an equation represent individual stream Moving into the central and sections while the nodes branch based on incoming eastern portion of the basin, (point features) represent rainfall decreases dramatically, Irrigation and water user irrigation increases, and water locations where certain water nodes require time series data ground increases. The command activities may occur, or for demand, fraction of the areas must strike a balance important locations where between surface water use and model results are required. water, fraction of the demand ground water use. Drinking Catchments are represented returning to the river branch, water is primarily from deeper by polygons and are the and if appropriate, lag time for ground water systems. Areas the return fraction to re-enter outside surface water distribution into a model. Types of nodes the stream. Water demand can must rely on limited storage include on-river and off-river in surface tanks and ground nodes available in MIKE input time series or indirectly water. As water is free and BASIN include simple, from agricultural use power is cheap, there are no catchment, offtake, reservoir, information. restrictions on mining water water user, irrigation, and

156 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Once the water usage has delineating catchments; Elevation Model). From the inserting reservoir, water user, SRTM, the Bhima, Mula, simulates the performance of hydropower, and irrigation Indrayani, Mutha, and the overall system by applying nodes; and populating the Ghod Rivers and their main a water mass balance method nodes with the appropriate tributaries were traced from in every branch and node. The time series. The foundation near the head waters to Ujjani simulation takes into account for any simulation is the Reservoir. In addition, 28 the water allocation to multiple baseline hydrologic conditions catchments were delineated usages from individual from the SRTM DEM extraction points throughout water recharge. To calculate such that the outlet of each the system. Results from the sub-catchment is either a model can be viewed as time recharge time series, the full reservoir or river gauge- series, maps, or summary precipitation and evaporation discharge (GD) station statistics. Later on MIKE records were input into HYDRO replaced the MIKE rainfall-runoff models for all available for calibration BASIN. the catchments. (Figure 3)

4. UPPER BHIMA BASIN Delineation of the rivers and 5. Data used in Upper MODEL catchments was based on the Bhima Basin Modelling Construction of the UBRBM SRTM (Shuttle Radar Terrain Time series of surface runoff involved tracing the rivers; Mission) 90 m DEM (Digital and ground water recharge are

Figure 3. River network and catchment delineation of the UBRBM. Yellow circles denote GD stations and pink triangles denote reservoirs. Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 157 Co er Story required for each catchment with the time series being the climatic variation in the area through wet, average, and dry periods. As the available recharge data did not cover a NAM rainfall-runoff model has been applied to extend the series. For the NAM rainfall - runoff model contemporaneous calibration, precipitation, evaporation, and required. The various time Fiure n exaple of the display of speifi round series data was imported into water recharge time series data in Temporal Analyst the Temporal Analyst (TA). (lower window). Temporal Analyst is a component of MIKE HYDRO for viewing, editing, and analyzing time Following import to Temporal series data in the ArcGIS GUI. Analyst, the extracted daily data series were evaluated for accuracy and once deemed accurate, were imported into the rainfall-runoff model or, in the case of ground water data, directly associated with catchments (Figure 4, Figure with the results from the rainfall-runoff modelling are presented below . Figure 5. NAM calibration for the Chaskaman Sub-basin for ed denotes streaow for the period of reord high accuracy in the model and lue denotes the extended streaow reord calibrations using the available resulting from the rainfall-runoff modelling. data. Emphasis was therefore put on ensuring correct Once a NAM model has (1970 to 2009 in the case of volumes of water and a been calibrated to the Upper Bhima) using longer reasonable distribution contemporaneous period of periods of rainfall and precipitation evaporation, and evapotranspiration data. so that the generated series stream discharge, it may be Recognizing that observed can be considered representative applied to generate long data is often superior to for the area. stream runoff time series simulated values, the runoff

158 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Figure 6. NAM generated historical time series of runoff for Chaskaman Sub-basin. lue denotes strea ow for the period of reord and red denotes the extended strea ow reord resultin fro the rainfallrunoff odellin series for each catchment were developed and used in Upper in the reservoirs over the prepared as a combination of Bhima basin is Seasonal coming months considering the measured surface runoff Planning for Khadakwasala the current reservoir levels & system of reservoirs. planned allocations. Available as illustrated below. (Figure 6) Likewise time series of There are four reservoirs into the reservoirs for a surface runoff and ground in the complex (Figure 7) period of 39 years, the DSS water recharge are worked which are operated jointly to produces curves of probable out for all 28 sub catchments meet various demands like total storage in the reservoirs and model is made ready for Irrigation demand for during the next 12 months. simulations. Khadakwasal command, Pune town water & industrial water 6 Applications Developed supply demand etc. The with the current water levels for Upper Bhima Sub DSS-P software can be on 15 Oct 2012 & demands Basin used to estimate the likely for irrigation through three Some of the applications development of the storages developed to address the issues related to Water resource planning of the basin for Upper Bhima are listed below. 6.1 Seasonal Planning One of the main useful applications of the DSS-P Figure 7 : Khadakwasala system of reservoirs

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 159 Co er Story

Figure 8: Seasonal Planning for Rabi & HW

rotations , each of 52 days & would be a possibility of So this was the Decision taken average town water demand storing additional water in the by the authorities by making including industries being complex. It had been noticed use of the river basin model 1160 MLD, the combined that the has a developed for DSS-P for reservoir storage of Upper Bhima. Khadakwasala complex on Waresgaon dam , moreover it 1st Jun 2013 would be 2.96 has also been observed from 6.3 Conjunctive Use TMC at 75 % dependability. historical data that Panshet The combined use of surface dam, spills in some years, and groundwater can help The total available Storage where Waresgaon dam reduce problems of water of Khadakwasala complex remains below maximum logging at the head - end of on 6th May 2013 was 5.38 storage. In order to better irrigation canals and increase TMC as against simulated utilise the combined storage, the availability of surface 4.79 TMC as there was a cut the river basin model was water at the tail-end, where applied during the summer in applied to assess the potential groundwater is often the Town Water supply. overexploited. tunnel between the two to 6.2 Linking of Reservoirs transfer water from Panshet An irrigation area under New There was a proposal under to Waresgaon in the beginning Mutha Right Bank canal consideration to link Panshet of the monsoon season. within the UpperBhima basin & Warasgaon reservoirs by was selected for analysis using constructing the tunnel to Conjunctive Use application utilize optimally the storages in DSS. The command area of the two reservoirs. It was and it was therefore decided is divided in six small initially thought that there not to construct the tunnel. watersheds each watershed

160 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story has a demand for domestic Conjunctive BM51 BM50 BM49 BM48 BM61 BM68 and irrigation. The domestic Use users use groundwater, while SW supply 65 70 80 65 80 100 the irrigation users will take surface water to the extent possible and supplement with groundwater. A local MIKE BASIN model has been established along the canal with separate catchments for the head, middle, and tail-end areas. Combinations of water abstraction from the canal Figure 10 : CU application for Khadakwasala Command and groundwater have been NMRB Canal & it’s watersheds. tested to identify sustainable conjunctive use. Two meeting demands 9 out of has a major positive impact scenarios have been compared 10 months. It is seen that the downstream in the canal. in the following. The Base reliability in the Base scenario scenario allows unlimited is high in the head and middle 6.3 FLOOD ANALYSIS use of the canal water by all reaches, but low at the tail-end users, while canal water use in at BM68. The conjunctive use downstream of Ujjani due to the head and middle reaches is reduces the reliability somewhat releases from the reservoir limited to certain percentage in the upper reaches but has been observed from time by trial & error in the ‘Conjunctive Use’ scenario. Table 2: Results of the scenarios Base Case A range of model tests have Base BM51 BM50 BM49 BM48 BM61 BM68 Total shown that a reasonably equal Reliability 100 100 99 99 75 11 and supply reliability may Supply 42.9 47.0 34.1 91.1 24.3 10.4 249.8 be obtained by reducing the GW 0.6 1.9 2.5 12.9 7.9 10.4 36.3 surface water supply to 0 0 .3 1.3 3.8 22.7 28.1 each area (BM51 etc.) to a percentage of the demands, Table 2: Results of the scenarios Base Case as listed below. Conj. Use BM51 BM50 BM49 BM48 BM61 BM68 Total Table 1 : canal water supply Reliability 98 94 93 92 81 84 to each area has been limited Supply 42.6 46.4 33.7 88.9 25.9 30.6 268.1 to a percentage of the water GW 15.1 14.2 7.6 22.7 7.6 7.9 75.1 demands as shown below. 0.3 0.6 0.6 3.5 2.2 2.5 9.8 The results of analysis are as below. Reliability indicates The plot below shows the total water use and ground water likelihood of meeting the given use in each watershed of the New Mutha Right Bank Canal of demands for the particular Khadakwasala command. Note that the total water use in the watershed. A reliability of say 90% thus corresponds to use has been introduced.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 161 Co er Story to time. This is because of scenario 1,to reduce maximum heavy rainfall in the catchment assumed that the forecast area causing many reservoirs It is assumed that a reliable is available to test these in the upstream area to spill 24-hour forecast is available scenarios. simultaneously, which brings to support the decision on releases. It is seen that the forecasts reservoir, which in turn has to enable a reduction in the be released downstream. The 3. As above, but with a heavy releases from Ujjani 48-hour lead time. the Ujjani dam from 9550 m3/s to 7590 or 5800 m3/s situation in Pandharpur city. The reservoirs which spilled respectively with 24 or 48 hour forecast. Most of this This situation was analysed Pawna, Mulshi, and Ujjani. effect is obtained by the by using the river basin model The operations of these were operation of Ujjani reservoir, and impact of changes to but the upstream Pawna the guide curves was studied 2 and 3 as shown below. and Mulshi reservoirs also contribute. It has been assumed that the The results show that the reservoir levels are already The analysis has shown a quite high when the event occurs. The following auto-release, i.e. reservoir scenarios are compared: operation which follows the downstream Ujjani. Flooding 1. The reservoirs are operated guide curve. The 1-day and of urban areas downstream to follow the guide curves. particularly 2-day forecasts of of the dam commences at a 2. Pre-release takes place from the reservoirs, where avoided in both scenarios 2 in and corresponding maximum and 3.

Fiure raphial representation of the jjani inow and outow in the three scenarios. 162 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story 6.4 PAWANA PIPELINE it also showed that the total There is a proposal to supply power balance for the area water to PCMC from Pawana would be positive when reservoir through pipeline. considering the reduction This water, around 5 m3/s, in power consumption at is currently being supplied PCMC, where the water is via the Pawana River, from currently lifted 64 meters. where it recharges the 6.5 DSS DATA AND ITS these farmers. The DSS was PRESENTATION applied to assess the impact A few examples are given of the proposed pipeline. The below of maps generated DSS spreadsheet was used to within the DSS. Once data summarise results, as shown has been imported into the below. DSS database, these maps are straightforward to create The analysis compared and can easily be pasted into simulations of the current reports. Features, colours, and and proposed situation with legends can be changed to suit and without the pipeline. It the user. 6.6 DATABASE IMPORT from the pipeline as water UTILITY The facility for direct import already rare, would not occur of data from SWDES & at all during a hydrological HYMOS in DSS software is period similar to 1970-2009. Figure: State and CWC also used to import the data. river gauging(L),resampled While the analysis indicated a This import of data will be reduction in the hydropower rainfall(M) & Discharge helpful to carry out some data duration curve at Nighoje production at Pawna dam GD site processing procedures which are introduced under HP-I using the tools available in DSS

Figure14 : Summary of results for the Pawna pipeline analysis

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 163 Co er Story Groundwater Enhancement through rtifiial ehare xaple fro Palaad, erala

Mr. Suresh Babu DS Mr. John Mathai (Scientist E, CoP & Head, PT&D National Centre for Studies National Centre for Earth Science Studies Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India)

NN potential evapotranspiration also depleted during the post Natural replenishment of (PET) are exceptionally high monsoon period. In such ground water is a slow process in these areas, often ranging areas, rainwater harnessing and is often unable to keep from 300 to 1300 mm. In and small surface storages at pace with the excessive and such cases, the average annual strategic locations in the continued exploitation of PET is much higher than the recharge areas of the springs ground water resources in rainfall and the annual water can provide sustainable yields various parts of the country. resource planning has to to the springs. Similarly, This has often resulted in be done by conserving the charged phreatic aquifers declining ground water levels rainfall, by storing the available often enhance recharge to the and depletion of ground water water either in surface or in deeper horizons enriching sub-surface reservoirs. In bore wells. efforts are basically aimed at areas where climatic conditions augmentation of the natural are not favourable for creating There are many reasons why movement of surface water water is deliberately forced to into aquifers through suitable recharge techniques have to percolate down into storage intervention techniques. be adopted for diverting most media. A large percentage of of the surface storage to the Occurrence of rainfall in system within the designed to replenish ground India is mostly limited to shortest possible time. water resources in depleted about three months in a year aquifers and to conserve in many areas. In arid regions In hilly areas, even though the water for future use. Other of the country, rainfall varies rainfall is comparatively high, such projects are aimed at between 150 and 600 mm/ scarcity of water is often felt recharging water for various year with less than 10 rainy in the post-monsoon season, objectives such as control days. A major part of the as most of the water available of salt-water encroachment, precipitation is received in is lost as surface runoff. 3 to 5 major storms lasting Springs, the major source of of land subsidence, disposal only a few hours. The rates of water in such terrains, are of wastes and recovery of

164 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story oil from partially depleted oil N recharge viz. (i) In-situ future use, the schemes involve even the replication of the precipitation on the watershed; impoundment of local storm techniques to similar areas (ii) Surface (canal) supplies runoff, which is collected in should be based on the local from large reservoirs located geological, geomorphological within basin, (iii) Surface ponds or behind dams. In and hydrological set up. The supplies through trans basin other localities, water is water transfer and (iv) Treated brought into the region by project is to demarcate the municipal and industrial pipeline or aqueduct. area of recharge. The Project can be implemented information is also required on systematically in case a a) The quantity that may be increasingly necessary to hydrologic unit like watershed ensure sustainable ground is taken for implementation. b) The time for which the water supplies to satisfy the Selection of a site in the source water will be available, needs of growing population. watershed shall be in areas c) The quality of source water and the pre-treatment recharge to aquifers include regularly between rainy period required and (a) Subsurface storage space is and lean months or where d) Conveyance system required available free of cost and threat of salinity ingress to bring the water to the inundation is avoided, exists. recharge site. (b) Evaporation losses are At the outset, hydro- negligible, meteorological studies are (c) Quality improvement by through water spreading undertaken to decipher rainfall methods, soil and land use pattern, evaporation losses permeable media, conditions which control and climatological features. (d) It has no adverse social These can bring out the impacts such as displacement downward percolation of the extent of evaporation losses of population, loss of scarce water applied on the surface in post monsoon period which agricultural land etc, of the soil assume special would be helpful in designing (e) Temperature variations are importance. Although a the storages of particular minimum and distinction is made between capacity with a view to have (f) It is environment friendly, minimum evaporation losses. controls (the movement of water In semi- arid regions of India, within the soil) the two evaporation losses are moisture even during summer phenomena are closely related months. The most important hence the stored water should advantage is the energy saving continue unimpeded unless percolate to ground water for the country due to reservoir by this period. The reduction in suction and water from the surface soil. data on rainfall intensity, delivery head as a result of The soil is permeated by number of rain-days, etc. rise in water levels. noncapillary channel through help in deciding the capacity downward towards the recharge structures. Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 165 Co er Story ground water, following soil and intermediate zones the path of least resistance. mechanism suitable for a Capillary forces continuously as air is not pushed out by particular area. These studies divert gravity water into pore are normally taken up to spaces, so that the quantity gradually absorbed by water. complement the data collected of gravity water passing Due to this phenomenon successively lower horizons hydrogeological investigations. is steadily diminished. This rising towards a new high leads to increasing resistance after a few days of continuous A detailed study of the quality application of water. of source water is vitall layer and a decreasing rate of important whenever direct Satellite imagery provides recharge techniques are useful data on geomorphic contemplated. In cases where the early phases of a storm is units and lineaments, which in situ precipitation or water less if the capillary pores are govern the occurrence and supplied from canals are used movement of ground water, for recharge, no constraints especially in hard rock terrain. on account of water quality There is a maximum rate at A detailed hydrogeological may arise. However, in cases which water can enter soil at a study, aimed at supplementing where water from the lower particular point under a given the regional picture of hydro- reaches of rivers or recycled set of conditions; this rate is geological set up is imperative municipal / industrial waste to have information about waters are proposed to be the promising hydrogeologi- used, the quality of water on many factors such as cal units for recharge and to requires to be precisely soil type, moisture content, decide on the location and analysed and monitored to organic matter, vegetative type of structures to be determine the type and extent cover, season, air entrapment, constructed. of treatment required. formation of surface seals or crusts etc. Of the soil F N W characteristics affecting The data on the sub-sur- NN face hydrogeological units, N F porosity is perhaps the most their thickness and depth of important. Porosity determines occurrence bring out the Ground water conservation storage capacity and also disposition and hydraulic techniques are intended to retain the ground water for longer periods in the basin/ increase with porosity. Vegetal watershed by arresting the surface water spreading compared with barren soil. techniques the area of interest techniques of ground water is generally restricted to conservation are a) Ground shallow depths. Geophysical water dams / sub-surface natural conditions the studies can provide useful dykes / Underground displacement of air is not information pertaining to the complete even after many characteristics of sub-surface sealing Cementation techniques. hours. Air spaces in the lithological formations, which A sub-surface dyke / ground

166 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story water dam is a sub-surface water valley section where the be required. In such cases, barrier for arresting/retarding width of 5 m at the bottom is from up-gradient direction, recommended. The side increase the grounding water usually coinciding with a surface slopes within alluvial strata storage. At favourable locations, drainage line should be should be benched with over such dykes can be constructed all slope less than 2:1 to make for conserving ground water. them stable. In case of more The main purpose of ground consolidated substrata, the in hard rock terrain having slope could be steeper. The of ground water out of the rolling topography where width at the surface should be sub-basin and increase the relatively narrow depressions planned accordingly. storage within the aquifer. separate hard rock spurs. By doing so the water levels The bottom of the trench in upstream part of ground The drainage valley across should reach the base of the water dam rises saturating the which the subsurface dyke is productive aquifer. In case otherwise dry part of aquifer. constructed should carry a of hard rock terrain, below a seasonal stream that goes dry limited thickness of alluvial Optimally, a valley should be in winter and summer and the water table should be located underlying fractured aquifer a very narrow outlet (bottle well below the riverbed, may occur. The trench should necked). This reduces the cost preferably throughout the be deep enough to pene- of the structure and makes year (The stream should be trate both highly weathered it possible to have a and fractured strata. In case comparatively large storage of more open terrain in volume. This implies that the period during rainy season). consolidated or semi- The valley section should consolidated strata, the should not be steep since preferably have a moderate alluvial thickness may be that would reduce the storage gradient (less than 1%) so that larger and the trench should volumes behind a dam of given height. The limitations in the up-gradient direction. deposit. In order to minimize on depth of underground or avoid problem of dewatering construction deem that the N F P during construction, the work F should be taken up by the within a shallow to moderate end of winter and completed depth (down to 10 m below water dam/ sub-surface well before the onset of rains, ground level) and has a well- dykes, a trench should be dug as water table is at lower out across the ground water elevation in this period. layer. Such situations occur in depression (streambed) from hard rock areas and shallow The cut-out dyke could be alluvial riverine deposits. In case of shallow trenches either of stone or brick The dyke generally does not down to 5 m depth, the width masonry or an impermeable exceed 150 to 200 m. On the at the bottom should be 2 m. basis of a thorough study of imperviousness, PVC sheets the water table contour map to 15-20 m, deployment of of 3000 PSI tearing strength of the area, a narrow ground mechanical equipment may and 400 to 600 gauges or low

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 167 Co er Story is a masonry structure, the measuring water levels. Such 500 micron size is also used to remaining open trench should piezometers should be located cover the cut out dyke faces. in the central part, and in case In the case of relatively clay. The underground of wider dykes it is better to shallow trenches within structures should be keyed have then additionally at one 5 m depth, where good or two locations more. impermeable clay is available for one meter length to within an economic distance prevent leakage from sides. N F (3 km), the cut-out dyke could The top of the underground P be entirely be made of clay. In structures should be located W, P case good impermeable clay is between 1 to 1.5 m below the Vadakarapathy watershed is not available, a stone masonry located in the Vadakarapathy wall of 0.45 thickness or a in high water table stage grama panchayat of Chit- brick wall of 0.25 m thickness toor Block in the northeast may be constructed on a bed ground water stored behind margin of Palakkad district, of concrete. Cement mor- the dyke. The alignment of tar of 1: 5 proportion and the dyke should be shown by and Ozhalapathy revenue cement pointing on both villages together constitute faces is considered adequate. the Vadakarapathy grama In the case of very long sub-surface trench, piezometric panchayath. The overall trenches, for economic tubes should be installed on view of this panchayath and considerations, it may be both the faces of the dyke for disposition of watersheds necessary to provide masonry wall only in the central part of dyke and clay dyke suitably augmented by tar felting, PVC sheet etc. on the sides. The brick/stone masonry dykes have the disadvantage of development of cracks in areas prone to even mild earth tremors.

In case of clay dykes, the width should be between 1.5 and 2m depending on the quality of clay used. The construction should be in layers and each fresh layer should be watered and compacted by plain sheet or sheep foot rollers of 1 to 2 ton capacity. In absence of roller, the clay should be manually compacted by hand Fi onstrution of a typial su surfae dye usin ramets. Where the core wall rionrete

168 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story rainfall is 2023.3mm. The Pollachi stations) during dry panchayath has an area of district receives fairly good 49.51km2 and is bounded by amount of rainfall ranging Pudussery panchayath in the from 2000-3000mm. The The share of SW monsoon northern side, Tamil Nadu eastern parts of Chittur taluk in the eastern side, receives less than 1500mm. 798.30 mm. NW monsoon Kozhinjampara, Eruthampathy The hot season from March period from October to panchayaths in the southern to May is followed by the December contributes 326.225 side and Elappilly, Pudusseri southwest monsoon season mm of rainfall and the panchayaths in the western pre-monsoon period from side. Through the southern October and November March to May provide boundary Varattayar river and form the northeast monsoon 184.60mm. The Mariamman on the northern boundary season. During dry weather, kovil pond site prior to the Valayar river (both are hot winds blow through construction of subsurface tributaries of Bharathapuzha Palghat gap from the plains of Coimbatore. The mean annual has good road connectivity temperature is 27.33oC. P F with NH47. Other district The district experiences the F roads and village roads maximum temperature in N provide a good network summer compared to oth- PN of transport within the er districts in Kerala state. watershed. The maximum temperature found that construction of recorded at Palakkad was 160 m long Sub-surface dyke The climate of the district is 43oC. The average annual is necessary to conserve water humid tropical with a very rainfall for the area (as per the in Mariyamman Kulam severe hot season and assured weather data from Chittur, (pond) at Ozhalapathy in rainfall. The annual average Palghat, Coimbatore and Vadakarapathy Gramapanchayat, Palakkad District, Kerala. The site was chosen based background information as described above. Low-density used for the dyke construction. The storage of water in the pond was estimated as follows: Mean Rainfall - 110 cm Area of Pond - 11000 m2 Depth of Pond - 3 m Catchment area of pond - 280 ha Fi oation of ariayaan ovil Pond and Total volume of rainfall/year 280 x 10000 x 1.1=3,080,000 m3 usurfae ye

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 169 Co er Story can vary depending on the irregularity of the trench bottom.

4. Rock dust is used for trench. The average thickness is ~30 cm.

the bottom it can be rolled overlap with interlocking of

must be anchored on the side Fi ry pond in Pal trees are seen at the eastern wall with a layer of cement oundary he susurfae dye loation is at the left hand concrete. side, where elonated und is seen Volume of water after ET At the lower part liquid mud (40% of 3080000) = 1,232,000 is to be expected. The length with material and compacted m3 of excavation towards bottom carefully without damaging part can vary as a hard stratum Volume of water that can be is expected at varying depth stored as GW in the valley all along. It may be required portion =600,000m3 to remove some of the hard be covered with earth such material to provide a smooth that it is not directly exposed. Surface +GW in the pond will surface at the bottom. All Grass cover to be provided to be ~ 40,000 m3 at the end of loose rock boulders need this layer of earth. monsoon. Construction of dyke includes structure may have to be following major steps: is used as impervious slab with RCC side walls. 1. Earth work excavation in membrane to arrest the lateral ordinary soil & depositing the Different stages of dyke soil on the bank with initial construction are depicted lead up to 50m including damage. neat banking. The excavation after the construction of is to reach the hard rock for 3. Cement concrete 1:3:6 subsurface dyke in the dyke. The initial width of using 20mm broken stone is Mariayamman kovil pond is used for levelling the bottom to prevent slumping at the bottom.

170 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story NN 1. Use of rigid walls as Subsurface Dyke needs development of cracks and subsequent leakage. 2. Application of LDPE Sheet or UV treated impermeable membrane for Subsurface Dyke is relatively Fi esin of susurfae dye and und Not to sale likely to develop cracks and environment friendly compared to the conventional construction. 3. The width of trench can be considerably reduced and also the shape of trench can vary or be curved depending on the site conditions, while structure. 4. The dyke experiment completed at Vadakarapathy, Palakkad district, Kerala is expected to provide a yield of 600 ml per year. Irrigation Fi onstrution of usurfae ye usin P Fil renhes requirement can be met till were taen to reah upto ed ro, lined with P sheet and refilled the water level falls upto 3m, with the exavated aterial Water had een puped out ontinuously to prevent slupin durin onstrution which corresponds to the existing bottom level of the pond and then the remaining ground water (~18 ml) should be reserved for drinking purpose or potable use alone, particularly for the summer months. Acknowledgements: Authors thank Director, NCESS, Thiruvananthapuram for providing necessary facilities to complete the work Fi usurfae dye installed ariaan ovil pond at adaarapathy, and Kerala State Disaster Palaad he und on the riht hand side needs to e iven rass over Management Authority, Govt. he diension of inwell pond is x Water level was elow the oriinal oor of pond after opletin the dye onstrution of Kerala for funding the Pup test indiated that it an yield , lpd in suer program.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 171 Co er Story Water Quality Mapping of Lakes in Mumbai using Remote Sensing Mr. Vaibhav Garg Mr. Vaibhav Garg Scientist/Engineer ‘SE’, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun

1. Introduction the signal received from water (i) the most simple empirical Remote sensing techniques are a function of hydrological, models, developed based on have played an important biological and chemical relationships between the role in assessing quantity and characteristics of water along backscattering characteristics quality of available water with other interfering factors. of water surface and resources over recent decades. The presence of such concentration of particular In this ever - increasing components alter the inherent water quality parameters population, the availability of optical properties (IOPs) of (Pavelsky and Smith, 2009; potable water is scares. The the entire water column such Chawira et al., 2013). For the comprehensive sampling of a as absorption, backscattering, development of these models, large waterbody for its quality downwelling irradiance and simple regression analysis to study is usually considered as the angular distribution. This complex data driven models costly and time consuming. may affect the quantity and Hitherto, the water quality spectral quality of energy are being used. These models is being assessed by in-situ are easy to implement, but, measurements and laboratory absorbed by the water surface they lack physics of the analysis of samples collected. (Cannizzaro and Carder, 2006; underlying process. Moreover, These point measurements Wu et al., 2014). Moreover, these developed models do may be accurate for particular the change in light attenuation not have general applicability locations at particular times, by water column may but, they do not provide deteriorate aquatic life and nature. spatio - temporal information primary productivity, as well (ii) another similar class of needed for better assessment as the growth of aquatic model belongs to band ratio of water quality from vegetation (Zhang et al., 2010; technique. In this approach, management point of view. Wu et al., 2014). With the the most sensitive bands, with As remote sensing can easily advent of new sensor respect to particular water detect the changes in the technologies with improved backscattering characteristics spectral and spatial resolution, then ratio between the bands of the surface water and there are great opportunities are being taken to enhance provide synoptic coverage, to assess and monitor water the satellite image for that it has received widespread quality parameters. Based on particular component the approaches adapted, the oncentration (Garg et al., quality monitoring (Ritchie et water quality studies using 2017). al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2010). remote sensing can be (iii) Another technique called The spectral characteristics of categorized as the semi-analytical models,

172 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story uses the IOPs of water as being on the Mithi River within the (520 acres) and the depth assessed through radiative precincts of the Borivali varied from about 3 m (9.8 ft) transfer theory or more (at the periphery) to 12 m (39 sophisticated instruments and ft) at its highest water level. later, empirical relationships The Powai Lake has gone are being established between in 1860 (construction started through many stages of these IOPs and water in 1856), it was considered as water quality degradation. component using simple the largest lake in Mumbai in The lake water which used to regression or soft computing the Salsette group of islands. supply drinking water for techniques (Wang et al., 2007; It is hemmed between the Mumbai has been declared Zhang et al., 2010). (iv) spectral and the Powai similarity analysis, with the Lake. It partly meets the remains a tourist attraction. advent of hyperspectral drinking water needs of the remote sensing sensors, region. It 3. Field Data Collection now it is possible to map supplies only 3% of the In order to validate water water quality using image Mumbai city’s water quality monitoring through spectroscopy (Garg et al., remote sensing, it was 2017). These techniques at Bhandup Complex where required to have ground have extensively been used for coastal/marine waters, plant is located. was planned to collect large However, their application to number of samples from inland surface waters is limited lakes in Mumbai during May due to non-availability of high situated in Mumbai, in the 13 - 20, 2015 synchronous to spatial and spectral resolution Powai valley, where a Powai Landsat 8 pass on May 17, remote sensing data. Mostly, village with a cluster of huts 2015 over Mumbai. These multispectral remote sensing existed. The city suburb called lakes were surveyed with the data have been utilized in Powai shares its name with help of Municipal Corporation these models which results in the lake. Indian Institute of of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). reasonable accuracy. Therefore, Technology (IIT) Bombay, The hand held spectro- a study has been carried out one of the premier institutions radiometer reading ranging to map water quality of lakes of science and technology in from 400-2500 nm at each in Mumbai namely Powai India, is located to the east point of sampling has been and Vihar using multispectral of the lake. Another famous taken from SVC spectro- remote sensing data adapting radiometer HR 1024 (SVC: simple empirical approach. Institute of Industrial http://www.spectravista. com/HR1024i.html). 2. Study Area located close to the lake. The two lakes namely Vihar Housing complexes and A large number of Lake (protected lake) and plush hotels are developed instruments were used for Powai Lake (unprotected all around the lake periphery. in-situ measurements like lake). This is to be noted that Population around the water quality kit for pH, these two lakes are under lake has thus substantially temperature, dissolved oxygen, same climatic conditions as increased over the years. conductivity; turbidity meter shown in Fig 1. When it was built, the lake for turbidity; portable is located near Vihar village had an area of about 2.1 km2 echo-sounder for depth

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 173 Co er Story measurements; hand held GP etc. The arrangement made to collect these measurements is shown in below in Fig. 2. A total a of 34 samples (18 from Vihar Lake and 17 from Powai Lake) in a distributed manner were collected from these lakes. The location of these sampling points is shown in Fig. 1. The sample collected from these points were analysed for their physical properties on the spot namely GPS location, depth, temperature, pH, DO, conductivity and turbidity.

However, for chemical analysis the samples were submitted to Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, However, for chemical analysis the samples were submitted to Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility, IIT Bombay for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The samples were analysed for potassium Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Arsenic (As), Mercury (Hg), Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S) and Chlorine (Cl), the results of chemical analyses are given in Table 1.

Fig.1: Location of Vihar and Powai Lakes in Mumbai on Landsat 8 images of May 17, 2015 FCC

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Fig. 2: Instrumentation, sampling and preparation of sample for analysis

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Table 1 Analytical report of the samples analysed for chemical analysis, using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Point Longitude Latitude K Na Pb Ca Mg As Hg P S Cl ID ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm V1 72.902 19.144 1.414 6.781 12.58 4.187 2.54 V3 72.903 19.143 1.407 7.07 13.86 4.844 2.65 V5 72.907 19.154 1.008 6.45 12.23 4.172 3.37 V7 72.907 19.158 1 5.951 11.69 4.043 2.48 V9 72.916 19.155 1.154 6.197 12.33 4.099 2.74 V11 72.911 19.151 1.166 6.533 12.68 4.388 2.58 V12 72.910 19.149 1.185 6.67 12.54 4.25 2.59 V14 72.908 19.147 1.257 6.438 12.86 4.389 2.41 V15 72.908 19.142 1.859 6.915 13.42 4.455 3.42 V16 72.906 19.145 0.942 6.274 11.64 4.077 2.81 P1 72.896 19.127 3.401 31.78 25.74 13.7 4.05 P2 72.898 19.127 4.625 31.48 26.13 13.31 4.26 P3 72.900 19.128 3.5 31.02 23.43 13.17 3.97 P4 72.901 19.130 3.371 30.11 21.71 12.81 4.04 P5 72.902 19.130 3.713 30.74 22.06 13.03 3.93 P6 72.904 19.130 3.544 29.83 22.44 12.45 4.01 P7 72.906 19.129 4.107 31.82 26.72 13.72 4.1 P8 72.908 19.129 3.05 28.73 21.39 11.98 3.42 P9 72.906 19.127 3.003 28.31 19.68 12.14 3.8 P10 72.905 19.125 3.13 29.99 22.9 13.03 3.82 P11 72.903 19.124 2.626 27.13 16.91 11.23 3.41 P12 72.904 19.126 3.603 30.63 21.16 13.16 4.15 P13 72.902 19.126 3.767 29.55 18.89 12.32 3.93 P14 72.901 19.124 3.912 30.78 24 13.07 3.82 P15 72.898 19.124 3.48 30.73 23.22 13.38 4.25 P16 72.898 19.126 3.514 30.85 24 13.21 4.52 P17 72.897 19.126 3.243 30.24 23.9 13.12 3.89 ND: Not Detected

176 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story 4. Results and Analysis Table 2: The details of the bands of Landsat 8 (Source: In order to generate spatial https://landsat.usgs.gov/what-are-band- maps of these water quality designations-landsat-satellites) parameters, the concentration Landsat 8 Wavelength Resolution of each of these parameters Bands was regressively correlated Operational (micrometers) (meters) Land Band 1 - Coastal 0.43 - 0.45 30 particular point in the Imager aerosol satellite image. The Landsat (OLI) and Band 2 - Blue 0.45 - 0.51 30 8 OLI image of the day of Thermal Band 3 - Green 0.53 - 0.59 30 Infrared sampling (i.e. May 17, 2015) Band 4 - Red 0.64 - 0.67 30 was downloaded from Sensor earthexplorer.usgs.gov. (TIRS) 0.85 - 0.88 30 Landsat 8 carries two Launched instruments : Operational February Band 6 - SWIR 1 1.57 - 1.65 30 Land Imager (OLI) and 11, 2013 Band 7 - SWIR 2 2.11 - 2.29 30 Thermal Infrared Sensor Band 8 - Panchromatic 0.50 - 0.68 15 (TIRS). The images consist Band 9 - Cirrus 1.36 - 1.38 30 of nine spectral bands with a Band 10 - Thermal 10.60 - 11.19 100 * (30) spatial resolution of 30 meters Infrared (TIRS) 1 Band 11 - Thermal 11.50 - 12.51 100 * (30) band 1 (ultra-blue) is useful Infrared (TIRS) 2 for coastal and aerosol commercial software has been for generating spatial water for cirrus cloud detection. used for the present analysis. quality maps w.r.t. each The resolution for Band The concentration of each component. 8 (panchromatic) is 15 m. component as detected Thermal bands 10 and 11 by ICP-AES at each sampling Calcium (Ca) are useful in providing more point regressed against The measured Ca at each of accurate surface temperatures 34 locations was correlated and are collected at 100 image at respective location. meters. Approximate scene The multi parameter linear to band 7, and the developed size is 170 km north-south regression equation developed regression equation for Ca is by 183 km east-west (106 mi for each component is given given in eq. 1. It was found by 114 mi). The further below. For each of the that band 3, 5 and 6 of landsat details of the Landsat 8 and components a very high 8 OLI are highly correlated to its various bands are provided Ca. The spatial variation of in Table 2. has been observed between Ca is shown in Fig. 4. observed concentration and In order of develop multi variable regression relationship between particular components results of regression analysis provided impetus to apply bands (Band 2 - Band 7) the these developed equations demo version of the DTREG over the Landsat 8 OLI image

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 177 Co er Story Ca = -699.952*(B3) + 485.054*(B5) - 46.4235*(B6) + 39.7089 (1)

Fig. 3. Comparison of observed and estimated Ca conc. using linear regression

Fig. 4. Spatial variation of Concentration of Calcium as Ca in each lake (Vihar and Powai lake) Potassium (K) Similarly, the regression equation was developed for K as given in eq. 2 and the spatial map of K is shown in Fig. 6. K = 102.898*(B5) - 108.916*(B7) - 0.963461 (2) It was observed that band 5 and 7 are highly correlated to concentration of K.

178 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Fig. 5. Comparison of observed and estimated K concentration. using linear regression

Fig. 6. Spatial variation of Concentration of Potassium (as K) in each lake(Vihar and Powai lake) Magnesium (Mg) For Mg, it was found that band 5 and 6 are highly correlated to its concentration in the lake as given in eq. 3. Mg = 399.585*(B5) - 385.695*(B6) - 1.05203 (3)

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Fig. 7. Comparison of observed and estimated Mg concentration. using linear regression

Fig. 8. Spatial variation of Concentration of Magnesium (as Mg) in each lake (Vihar and Powai lake) Sodium (Na)

180 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Fig. 9. Comparison of observed and estimated Na concentration. using linear regression

Fig. 10. Spatial variation of Concentration of Sodium (as Na) in each lake (Vihar and Powai lake) Sulphur (S) Similarly, band 3, 4, 5 and 7 are correlated to concentration of S as depicted by eq. 5. S = -159.927*(B3) + 157.931*(B4) + 42.964*(B5) - 73.7665*(B7) + 4.98592 (5)

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Fig. 11. Comparison of observed and estimated S concentration. using linear regression

Fig. 12. Spatial variation of Concentration of Sulphur (as S) in each lake (Vihar and Powai lake) Total Dissolved Solids TDS = -2245.02*(B3) + 4190.93*(B5) - 3399.06*(B7) + 124.904 (r=0.96) (6)

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Fig. 13. Comparison of observed and estimated TDS concentration. using linear regression

Fig. 14. Spatial variation of Concentration of Total Dissolve Solids in each lake (Vihar and Powai lake)

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 183 Co er Story 5. Conclusions like to thank Sh. R.B. Bam- Garg, V., Senthil Kumar, A., It may be concluded that ble, Deputy Commissioner Aggarwal, S.P., Kumar,V., Dhote, remote sensing can play an and Er. Vibhute, EE important role in mapping (Headworks) Water, HE Sambare, R.S., Siddiqui, A., Muduli, water quality of inland lakes. Department, MCGM. He P.R., Rastogi, G., 2017. Spectral Moreover, it provides spatial extend his special thanks to Similarity Approach for Mapping Turbidity of an Inland Waterbody. Mr. V.A. Lokhande and Mrs. information on water quality Journal of Hydrology, 550, 527-537. of lakes, which is important Kulkarni, Superintendent from thier management point Chemist, Bhandup Complex. Pavelsky, T.M., Smith, L.C., 2009. of view. Authorities may take He place on record the Remote sensing of suspended suitable measures for the most support of Mr. Shaikh affected region of the lake. Iftekar A., Sub Engineer velocity, and lake recharge in the Furthermore, such analysis Salsette West, HE Department Peace-Athabasca Delta, Canada. Water Resour. Res. 45, W11417, is much convenient as doi:10.1029/2008WR007424. compared more to traditional and Vihar Lakes, Mumbai. He approaches of water quality also thank Mr. Ankur Dixit, Ritchie, J.C., Zimba, P.V., Everitt, monitoring. The developed Former Junior Research J.H., 2003. Remote Sensing equations for each parameter Fellow, WRD, IIRS for Techniques to Assess Water Quality. may further be improved, Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. considering the lake dynamics Vihar and Powai lakes. 69, 695-704. in various seasons. Further, Special thanks to entire Wang, Y.H., Deng, Z.D., Ma, attempts are on for developing MCGM team who extended R.H., 2007. Suspended Solids spectral library for these lakes their help in collection of Concentration Estimation in Lake using hand spectro-radiometer water samples from Powai Taihu using Field Spectra and with respect to water quality and Vihar lakes. He extend MODIS data. Acta Scientiae parameter concentration. This his gratitude to Sophisticated Circumstantiae, 27, 509-515. kind of reference spectral Analytical Instrument Facility, Wu, J-L., Ho, C-R., Huang, C-C., library may be useful to map IIT Bombay for analysing Srivastav, A.L., Tzeng, J-H., Lin, water quality of these lakes the water samples. He also Y-T., 2014. Hyperspectral Sensing using emerging hyperspectral for Turbid Water Quality remote sensing data. The IIRS Mumbai, for providing Monitoring in Freshwater Rivers: is also planning to carry out logistic support. Empirical Relationship between airborne hyperspectral remote sensing of these lakes subject References : Total Solids. Sensors, 14, 22670- to Ministry of Defence Cannizzaro, J.P., Carder, K.L., 22688, doi: 10.3390/s141222670. clearance. 2006. Estimating Chlorophyll Zhang, M., Tang, J., Dong, a Concentrations from Remote Acknowledgements: Q., Song, QT., Ding, J., 2010. Retrieval of Total Suspended The author would like to Shallow Waters. Remote Sens. thank the authorities of ISRO Matter Concentration in the Environ. 101, 13–24. Yellow and East China Seas from for providing grant for carrying Chawira, M., Dube, T., Gumindoga, MODIS Imagery. Remote Sens. out this work. He also Environ. 114, 392–403. extented his gratitude to Dr. W., 2013. Remote Sensing based water quality monitoring in Chivero A. Senthil Kumar, Director, and Manyame Lakes of Zimbabwe. IIRS for his continuous support Phys. Chem. Earth. 66, 38-44. and guidance. He would also 184 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest MELCON

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Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 185 Co er Story

Development of Navigation in Yamuna-Rajasthan-Sabarmati- (Kandla) Link Canal Cdr. Dipak Naik Cdr. Dipak Naik Author is an acknowledge expert on environment and forestry & has been captained a ships in Indian Navy Introduction to Inland Water Water is the essence Transport (IWT) - an eco of life, from the time producedby industries and friendly economic option immemorial the river The minister for surface has nurtured life on transport, Mr. Nitin Gadkari our planet. river is the must be admired for his Mother of the mankind, vision and grasp of the as she has provided subjectof surface transport. us with the most vital His recent instruction on source of life reducing hydrocarbon - WATER. Major consumption by using water civilizations have transports for the cars and cargo between NCR and of river. Man has been using the sewage created by human Tamilnadu and vice versa is river as the main Water uses. not only worthy of praise, is the essence of life, from but also that it opens up the time immemorial the river India, the largest peninsula our eyes to hitherto ignored has nurtured life on our in world, has a coast line of eco-friendly and economic planet. river is the Mother 6,000 kms. India’s navigable mode of transportation, of the mankind, as she has and potentially navigable which is best suited for provided us with the most inland waterways presently our nation. The new vital source of life - WATER. extend to nearly 15,783 kms government at the centre Major civilizations have and comprises of rivers, within such a short time has lakes, canals, and backwaters. rightly and actively been river. Man has been using river If these waterways are taking steps in the right as the main source of water developed for navigation with direction on the river front, not only for agriculture the necessary infrastructure from the Ganga action but also as a means of such as fairway, terminals and plan to use of rivers transportation. In the post navigational aids the Indian for inland transport. independence India with water transport mode would the growing population become the most competitive pressure, successive and eco friendly means of regimes have exploited transportation. the river only for sucking power and water out of it, and for washing our sins by disposing off

186 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story India has a number of rivers, Overview of transport constraints. The rural road backwaters, creeks and canals, sector inIndia network is in a dire state and which have the potential Good physical connectivity most of the rural roads are to be used as cost effective in the urban and rural areas is impassable. essential for economic transportation. Till middle growth. Since the early 1990s, Environmental Factors of 20th century, IWT had India’s growing economy has Inland navigation is most been used as an important witnessed a rise in demand appealing environmentally. The mode of transportation in for transport infrastructure basic reason for this is low various parts of the country. and services by around 10 fuel usage and therefore low However the IWT in an percent a year. In India, pollution from emissions organized manner is share of the transport and ability to carry in bulk, sector in GDP (gross domestic thereby reducing handling only in a few areas e.g. Goa, product) in1997/98 was related pollution and congestion. Assam, West Bengal and 7.3% (1993/94 prices). Road The tables below compare Mumbai, apart from Ganga, transport and railways Brahamaputra and account for majority of this and emissions from various Champakara and contribution. The transport modes of transport. Udyogmandal canals. It is sector is also the second however, heartening that largest consumer of energy, Fuel onsuption effiieny of transportation of goods next only to industry different transport modes by IWT mode in these and commercial energy Mode Fuel Fuel consumption regions has been steadily consumption about 98% of (litres HSD (tonne-km increasing and has gone up to which is in the form of HSD per tonnekm) per litre) 70.00 million tonne (4.755 and gasoline grew at the rate Rail 0.011 72.69 btkm) in 2011-12 from the of 3.1% per annum in the Road 0.04 21.23 level of 32.48 million tonne 1970s and at 5.6% per annum Inland 0.005 6 184.97 (1.63 btkm) in 2003-04. in the 1990s. In 2005, wateways our transport sector Inadequate infrastructural consumed 11 % of total Emissions from different modes of facilities such as depth and primary energy demand. 78% transport (Unit: kg per 100tonne-km) Mode (HCOH) (CO) (NO) width required for movement of this was by road transport, emissions emissions emissions of IWT vessels of reasonable 11% by aviation, 10% by rail Rail 0.13 0.18 0.51 size for round the year and 1% by water transport. Road 0.17 0.53 2.82 operation, terminals for By 2030, the transport sector Inland 0.02 0.06 0.15 loading and unloading of demand will nearly double to wateways cargo and connectivity with 20% of the primary energy road /rail, navigational aids for safe and unhindered of national and state highways Need to provide focused navigation during day and are congested. Truck and bus attention to Inland Water night and shortage of IWT speeds average only 30-40 km Transport. vessels are the main per hour, though the expected The advantages of water constraints facing the averages are twice these borne transportation need to development of inland waterways sector. corridors face severe capacity environment and for savings

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 187 Co er Story hydrocarbons. Despite the fact The Ganga-Bhagirathi- erected in Rajmahal -Chunar that Inland Water Transport Hooghly river system stretch (827 km). In addition, (IWT) is comparatively a connecting Haldia- 5.77 lakh m3 of dredging was C a l c u t t a - F a r a k k a - carriedout in Tribeni- Rajmahal of transportation, its share in Semeria-Patna-Varanasi and stretch and 4.29 lakh m3 in the domestic surface Allahabad was declared as Rajmahal – Chunar stretch transport has remained at National Waterway in the by deploying eight Cutter about 0.1 per cent. And year 1986. A 45m. wide Section Dredgers namelyCSD most of it remains within the continuous navigable fairway Sweta,Tapi, Shipra, Jalangi, mining activity in Goa. with 2.0m Least Available Mahananda,Alaknanda, Depth (LAD) is being Yamuna, and ID-IV which Current scenario of inland developed for navigation are owned by IWAI. An navigation in India initially up to Patna (1020kms). Amphibian Dredger was also Total navigable length of constructed and ready for inland waterways in the Present Status of National deployment. LAD of 2.5 m country is 15,783 km of Waterway refer fi was maintained between which maximum stretch lies Fairway Development : Haldia and Farakka (560 in Uttar Pradesh state The stretch between km) for about 320 days, 2 followed by West Bengal, Haldia and Tribeni (196 m for about 200 days was Andhra Pradesh, Assam, km) is tidal and the Least maintained between Farakka and Ghazipur (690km), and National Waterway No. I - Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly (1620 kms)

Barge loaded with cargo Zinc – National waterway No. 1 1.5m for about 170 days Available Depth (LAD) of was maintained between Kerala and Bihar successively. Ghazipur –Allahabad (370km). Amongst river systems, more than 3.0 m is maintained naturally therein. During 2011- Ganga has largest navigable Terminals: length followed by Godavari, 12, to maintain LAD in stretch upstream of Tribeni, 2775 m At Patna, Low level jetty Bramhaputra and rivers of is already functioning. West Bengal. Waterways of bandals were erected in Tribeni -Rajmahal stretch (399 Construction of High level have the unique advantage of jetty was also completed during accessibility to interior places. km) and 15,540 m bandals were

188 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story 2011-12 and this jetty and beingmaintained between Present Status of National too is now ready for Tribeni and Allahabad Waterway II operation. Both of jetties are all-round the year. Besides, Fairway development: capable for handling of fortnightly thalweg surveys During the year 2011-12, containers. This terminal being conducted during low 22,800m of bandals were consisting of two different water period and on monthly erected and maintained in levels of jetties is the entire waterway. Least notices were issued and available depth (LAD) of India. Construction of pilotage provided to the 2.5m was maintained round permanent terminal at GR Cargo/ Tourist vessels. the year between Dhubri jetty, Kolkata is in progress. The night navigation aids and Neamati, 2.0m between Fixed jetties already exist were maintained between Neamati and Dibrugarh and and being used at Farakka and Tribeni and Varanasi (1187 1.5m between Dibrugarh Pakur in the State of West km) with country boats/ and Oriumghat (Balijan) Bengal. The effort for for about 330days. construction of permanent navigational lights and terminal at Varanasi by M/s beacons. To supplement Terminals: Engineering Project India Ltd these aids and for providing A Master Plan was prepared has been made subsequent to state-ofthe art 24 hours for phased development of handing over of land by State navigation aids in the terminal at Pandu. A low Govt.of Uttar Pradesh. Besides waterway, DGPS stations level jetty at Pandu has have been commissioned already been made operational terminals also exist at Haldia, at Bhagalpur, Patna and and a high level jetty at a cost of BISN & Botanical Garden Swaroopganj. Rs. 33.32 Cr. is under (Kolkata),Shantipur, construction. The overall Swaroopganj,Katwa, National Waterway No. II - physical progress of the Hazardwari, d/s Farakka, Brahmputra (891 kms) project till March,12 is 91%. u/sFarakka,Manglahaat refer fi This project is expected (Rajmahal), Samdaghat The Brahmputra river to be completed by March (Sahebganj), Bateshwarsthan, connecting Dhubri-Tepur- 2013. A Broad Gauge siding Bhagalpur, Munger, Semaria, Guwahati-Dibrugarh and connecting Pandu port to Buxar, Ghazipur, Varanasi Sadiya was declared as Kamakhya railway station, and Allahabad. These terminals National Waterway in the Guwahati is under construction are being maintained and year 1988. A 45m wide through NF Railway at used for loading/unloading continuous fairway with a revised cost of Rs. 12.97 Cr. of cargo, logistics 2.0m least available depth which is nearing completion supports and embarking/ (LAD) is being developed for and expected to be disembarking. Construction navigation. This waterway is commissioned during April12. navigable almost throughout A scheme for developmental Complex at Patna is in the year. It is being used for works at Pandu terminal like progress. movement of cargo like bank protection, construction/ cement,fertilisers, food repair of internal road system, Navigation Aids: grains, paper andboulders. drainage work, hard stands etc. Temporary channel marks at a cost of Rs. 4.64 Cr. was for day navigation are provided approved during March 2011.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 189 Co er Story The work is under progress processed. thority over the past many through CPWD and expected plan periods not been awarded to be completed by March, Navigation Aids: adequate resources or the 2013. Proposal for Channel marking for day priority that it deserves. Construction of an navigation was provided Hopefully the new regime alternate road, connecting and maintained in the entire will correct this anomaly. The Pandu terminal to NH31, for waterway. Night navigation intent of this article is to go has also been provided beyond the IWWA of India at a cost of Rs. 12.32 between Dhubri and Silghat and point towards a great Cr. was approved during and maintained. Night opportunity that awaits our March 2012. The work of navigation aids can be attention. The “Inter linking construction of this provided in the remaining of Rivers” project can and road is entrusted to stretches also on demand should be used for inland PWD Assam. DPR for within a short notice. construction of terminal at Talweg survey was carried link proposed is the Dhubri and Hatsingimari out in the entire waterway “Yamuna- (Opposite Dhubri) with on fortnightly / monthly Rajasthan-Sabarmati”link Ro-Ro facilities is under basis and river notices were preparation through M/s. issued to provide fairway L&T Ltd. Scheme for related information to the IWT operators. River Information System building of IWAI National Waterway No. III - at Pandu at an estimated West Coast Canal (205 cost of Rs. 4.61 Cr. was srefer fi Present Status of National sanctioned during March 2011. Waterway III The work is entrusted to West Coast Canal System Fairway development CPWD and in progress. The stretching from Kottapuram Fairway development NW-3 project is expected to be to Kollam (168 kms), is a tidal waterway with four completed by September 2013. Champakkara Canal (14 kms) sea openings at Munambam, Floating terminals for and Udyogmandal Canal Kochi, Kayamkulam and facilitating cargo movement (23 kms) was declared in the Neendakara. As per DPR a were provided and year 1993. A 38/32m. wide navigation channel of 38M maintained at Dhubri, continuous fairway with width in wider reaches and Jogighopa, Tejpur, Silghat, 2.0m. least available depth 32M in narrow reaches is to be Neamati, Bogibeel, Dibrugarh, (LAD) is being developed for developed for navigation by Sengajan/Panbariand navigation. This national self- propelled barges of 350 Oriumghat . Land acquisition waterway is navigable through- tonnes capacity. To develop for establishment of terminal at out the navigation channel with Dhubri, Silghat, Neamati and the year. It is being used above dimensions, 40.33 Lakh Dibrugarh has been completed. for movement of cargo like Cum capital dredging was Further, land acquisition for ammonia, sulphur, petroleum envisaged, over a length of Biswanath ghat, Hatsingimari products and so on. about 87 Km. To carry out and Oriumghat has been The Inland Water Ways A the dredging, entire NW-3 was 190 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story divided into seven stretches: residing on both sides been installed in the entire NW-3 i) Champakara canal, of canal but not found and are being maintained. ii) Udyogmandal canal, Terminals: iii) Kottapuram- Kochi, during August 2011, were also Out of total 11 locations iv) Kochi- Alappuzha, remained nonresponsive. envisaged for setting up of v) Alappuzha- Kayamkulam, Finally, IWAI procured a terminals, eight have already vi) Kayamkulam- Edapal- special Amphibian dredger been constructed at likotta and vii) Edapal- from Finland, which has a Kottapuram, Aluva, Maradu likotta- Kollam. The cap- special attachment of (Kochi), Vaikkom, Cherthala ital dredging in NW-3 hydraulic hammer for break- (Thanneermukkom), was started during 1997-98 ing the Thrikunnapuzha, Kayam- and completed in Champakara underwater hard strata. This kulam (Ayiram Thengu) canal, Udyogmandal canal and special dredger has been found and Kollam. Construction Kochi- Alappuzha stretch. suitable for removing the of one terminal The capital dredging in underwater hard strata and at Alappuzha is under progress Koch-Kottapuram stretch is now the work is in progress at a cost of Rs.9.04 crores. expected to be completed by in this stretch since February Terminals at remaining two April 2012 and in other stretches 2012. Dredging and widening locations namely Kakkanadu it is in progress. As on March of canals in Alappuzha- and Chavara are proposed 2012, IWAI has carried out Kollam stretch is expected to to be constructed in the next 29.05 lakh Cu.m dredging. be completed by March, 2013. With this, Kottapuram to Protection of the canal banks the cargo availability. For Alappuzha (Takazhi jetty) against erosion is another i effective utilization and to stretch along with Champakara portant activity for safe encourage private sector and Udyogmandal Canals (155 navigation. As on March participation, operation Km) has been provided with 2012, 14.67 Km of canal bank and maintenance of IWT targeted navigational channel. has been provided with terminals at Kottapuram, The capital dredging work in permanent bank protection in Aluva, Maradu (Kochi), Alappuzha- Kayamkulam and Champakara and Udyogmandal Vaikkom, Cherthala Kayamkulam- Edappallikot- canals. In the canal sections (Thanneermukkom), ta stretches is being executed under widening between Thrikunnapuzha, through contract dredging. Alappuzha and Kollam also, Kayamkulam, Kollam and The dredging in Edapal- bank protection is being Alappuzha(under construction) likotta- Kollam stretch provided simultaneously with is proposed through private is being executed by capital dredging, wherever sector through open bidding departmental dredgers. The required and 2.31 Km length process. Two IWT container Edapallikotta- Kollam stretch has been provided with bank terminals, one at Bolgatty contains hard strata (approx. protection as on March 2012. and the other at Willingdon Quantity 18000Cum). IWAI island with RO-RO facilities tried the option of removal Aids for 24 hour navigation: have been constructed by of hard strata by under water Aids for 24 hours navigation IWAI through Cochin drilling and high pressure comprising 312 navigational Port Trust to provide gas (CO2) expansion rock connectivity with ICTT breaking keeping in view operated navigational lights Vallarpadam due to which the safety of people and 18 beacon towers have trucks/trailers bound for

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 191 Co er Story Vallarpadam need not pass any fund for taking up through afresh. In the through the congested development works thereon meantime, IWAI prepared roads of Kochi city. These and suggested to explore the the Detailed Project Report terminals are in operation possibility of developing (DPR) for development of since 23/02/2011. As more commercially viable the waterway for navigation.It on March 2012, 28,688 of stretches through PPP mode. was decided by the 20 feet and 14,551 of 40 Accordingly, IWAI took up Government that before feet containers have been the matter with Department putting up the case to the transported between these of Economic Affairs (DEA) Cabinet, Expenditure Finance terminals. who have a scheme called Committee (EFC) should India Infrastructure Project examine the development National Waterways – 4 Development Fund (IIPDF) proposal. Accordingly, IWAI And 5 to fund potential PPPprojects prepared a draft EFC Note In November 2008 two new project development expenses and submitted to the Ministry waterways were declared as including cost of engaging of Shipping for consideration National Waterway (NW)- 4 consultants and Transaction by the EFC. and 5. These are: Advisors. In addition, DEA (a) Kakinada- Puducherry in collaboration with the Development of Navigation canal system (consisting of Asian Development Bank in Yamuna-Rajasthan- Kakinada canal, Eluru canal, (ADB) also develop „pilots, Sabarmati Link Canal Commamurcanal, under the PPP Pilot Projects Yamuna – Rajasthan link Buckingham canal and Initiative under the ADBs canal, coupled with the Kaluvelly tank) along with Technical Assistance (TA) Rajasthan – Sabarmati link Bhadrachalam- Rajahmundry programme.Under this canal, presents a unique stretch of Godavari river and process the DEA/ ADB opportunity for introduction Wazirabad-Vijaywada stretch have appointed M/s Grant of canal navigation system of Krishna river (1078 km), Thornton as Transaction over this 1600 km long in the States of Andhra Advisor for developing corridor. The canal Navigation Pradesh and Tamil Nadu projects for NW-4 and 5 if introduced will not as NW-4; and (b) Waterway under PPP mode with system consisting of East Viability Gap Funding Coast Canal from Geonkhali Scheme of the Government. to Charbatia along with Brahmani river from Talcher Proposed National to Mangalgadi, Matai river Waterway -6 from Charbatia to Dhamra A proposal for declaration and delta channels of of Lakhipur-Bhanga stretch Mahanadi and Brahmani (121 km) of Barakriver was rivers from Dhamra to passed by the Lok Sabha only reduce cost of Paradip (588km) in the States during February 2009. But transportation for goods and of West Bengal and Odhisa. before the same could be people but will also become Detailed Project Reports for passed by the Rajya Sabha, the main source of cost both these NWs have been the tenure of the 14th Lok recovery mechanism for this prepared. But the Planning Sabha got over and the entire project through licensing, Commissiondid not allocate process has to be gone transportation, tourism and

192 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story other allied revenue hood options together with channel with adequate depth opportunities.It must be saving of precious hydrocarbon and width for reasonable stated at the outset that this is resources. size of inland vessels, not an utopian abstract idea. (ii) navigation aids for day The technical feasibility, hesterfield anal and night navigation, and alignment without displacing Yorkshire (iii) terminals to provide any households and Rapid Criteria for declaration of facility for berthing of Environmental Impact National Waterway Vis – avis vessels, loading and Assessment (REIA) studies the planned canals The unloading of cargo/ for this project are already guidelines formulated by the passenger andconnectivity completed. (This author was National Transport Policy with road and rail. leading the team doing the Committee Report (1980), alignment and REIA and for development of Inland IWAI undertakes development Water Transport in the and maintenance of IWT knowledge of the terrain and country have made out the related infrastructure facilities the possibilities) Most minimum qualifying criteria on NW-1, 2 & 3. Detailed developed countries in North for declaring a water way as Project Reports (DPR) have America and Western Europe, national waterway. These are been prepared and action is as follows : being taken to explore the and canal systems for inland 1. It should have a minimum feasibility of developing transportation of goods and depth of 1.5 m; more commercially viable people. Inland Navigation 2. It should have a 45 m wide stretches of NW-4 &5 under holds an important position channel; public private partnership in their tourism industry. 3. It should be continuous (PPP) mode with viability In India however the stretch of 50 km except in gap funding scheme through MOWR, CWC, NWDA urban areas; Department of Economic and the water resources 4. It should pass through and Affairs and also through Pilot departments of the state- serve the interest of more Project Initiatives of governments, have remained than one state, connect vast Asian Development Bank. focused on development hinterland and major ports of irrigation potential and and connect places notserved IWAI is implementing various hydro-power. This was and has by any other modes of projects for making been the development transport; NW-1, 2 & 3 fully functional imperative to cater for 5. It should be capable of by providing following growing food demand. navigation by mechanically infrastructure:- Time is now ripe to look propelled vessels of a • Fairwaith3myy2.5m/1.5m beyond food and power. The reasonable size. depth in NW 1,2.5m/2m/ National Water Development 1.5m depth inNW-2 and 2m would only be complete if Present Development by depth in NW-3 we enlarge its function to IWAI include water transportation There are three basic • for goods and people, infrastructural requirements terminals with mechanical development of tourism and for making a waterway viable handling facilities at several consequent growth in for shipping and navigation. places. number of lively These are (i) navigation

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 193 Co er Story • Facilities for day and nightnavigation; and Vessels for chan- 3. Full supply depth and bed nel development works width of Rajasthan-Sabarmati Salient features of Yamuna-Rajasthan-Sabarmati (Y-R-S) link canal at head is 6m. is lin anal refer fi 41m respectively with side 1. Y-R-S link canal has a total length of 1498km. (783km.-Ya- slope of 1.5(H): I(V); muna-Rajasthanand 715km. – Rajasthan-Sbarmati); 2. Full supply depth and width of Yamuna- 4. Y-R-S link canal passes Rajasthan link canal at its head and tail are 7m & 43m and 7m through three states viz. & 28mrespectively considering side slopes of Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat; Salient Features of Yamuna-Rajasthan-Sabarmati Link from Navigation Point of Views Start Point at Yamuna River 5. Y-R-S is well connected End Point at Sabarmati River with national highways and Location Haryana, Rajasthan & Gujarat Head Works rail routes YAMUNA BARRAGE Barrage Features Considering above salient HFL 237.00m U/S bed level features of Y-R-S link canal it Pond Lavel 236.0m meets all the qualifying Free board 1.00m 1.00m criteria to qualify for Crest level of under sluice bays 228.70 declaration as a National Crest level of other bays 229.90m Waterway. It must therefore Water ways in under sluice bays 5 nos. of 18.00m each Water ways in other bays 20 nos. of 18.00 eacj Type of gates Radial gate minor changes, to develop Size of gates navigation together with Under sluice 18 m x 9 m Other bays 18 m x 9 m providing water to the arid LINK CANAL areas of Rajasthan and Total Length of canal 1498 lms Flow By Gravity Gujrat. The existing planned Lining Lined technical parameters of the Bed Width 53m (from RD 0 km to 0.60 km) Y-R and R–S links are as 44m (from RD 0.60 km to 180 km) 41m (from RD 180 km to 325 km) shown in the table below. 40m (from RD 325 km to 400 km) It can be seen that these need 37m (from RD 400 km to 475 km)

33m (from RD 475 km to 650 km) make them qualify for the 31m (from RD 650 km to 1498 km) criteria for inland Navigation Side slope 1.5 : 1.0 waterways. It is recommended Canal bed slope 1 : 20,000 that the width be increased to 464.26 cumecs (from RD 180 km to 325 km) provide minimum of 45 447.08 cumecs (from RD 325 km to 400 km) meters in the entire length. 412.21 cumecs (from RD 400 km to 475 km) It is also recommended that 376.04 cumecs (from RD 475 km to 650 km) 344.68 cumecs (from RD 650 km to 1498 km) a lock system be included at Structures on main canal Syphon Aqueduct / Syph Pipe Culverts etc. all points where civil Average Velocity ofwater in canal 1.22 m/sec structures are necessary. The canal should be extended by aother 240 Kms up to Kandla with suitable

194 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story lock gates to ensure accepted practice to treat through the vicinity of tourist movement of cargo to and these recovery mechanism attraction places like from this vital freight Jaisalmer, Jaipur, Udaipur, corridor.This National canal compulsion of post Jodhpur and Bikaner. water way can then be called independence India. However Y-R-S-K link. in the new economic order near Jaisalmer would prove every public investment must to be the chief attraction the Objectives Of Development ensure cost recovery and semi arid conditions. Of Navigation In Yamuna- Rajasthan-Sabarmati Link mechanism for better restaurants, water sports, etc. Canal: sustainability. In utilizing could be developed in this • the Y-R-S-(K) link canal for lake. Introducing tourist development in real sense inland navigation a directly barges, houseboats or that is far beyond merely measurable and cash accruing shikaras would be an added calculating and redirecting revenue mechanism will be advantage. Moreover the link surface water runoff by made available at marginally canal also passes through providing the most fuel additional costs. Desert National Park and developing water safaris along transport system. Employment generation the Sanctuary would promote • tourism further in this region. watermanagement thinking reaped from the Y-R-S-(K) Passenger terminus would to water development as the link canal once navigation have to be developed for mainstay of employment and is developed. Navigation as tourists. revenue generation beyond an industry has a huge irrigated agricultural livelihood employment potential as Connecting urban centres • various processes like The Y-R-S-(K) link canal oriented, non revenue operation of vessels & would also connect major generating developmenta terminals, cargo handling, urban centres like Panipat, ship building, ship repairs, Hissar, Jaislamer, Gandhi- revenue generating sustainable tourism,entertainment nagar, Kandla etc from three project objectives. besideshorticulture states through which it passes • agriculture and food pr viz. Haryana, Rajasthan the remote rural areas where cessing will need skilled and Gujarat. This would inhabitants are among the man power. This link canal increase trade facilities among has the potential to trans- these centres. lowest of low-income groups form the lives in this desert • Economical transport of from poverty to plenty in the commodities and remote rural areas by passengers (refer fg.5 ) enefits of naviation in generating scoresof economic It would help to handle large (K) link canal activities. quantities of cargo, thus Revenue Generation The irrigation projects hither Eco-Tourism on road. This is possible as 1 to fore have not displayed barge (1500tons) is equivalent recovery the form of tourism develop- to 58 large semi trucks mechanisms. It has become an ment. The link canal passes (28 tons). National Highway

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 195 Co er Story Nos. 3, 8,10 and 15 cross o Develop terminals for which is far beyond merely Y-R-S link canal. Many loading and unloading calculating and redirecting goods are transported surface water runoff.. far through thesehighways,which where rail and road routes beyond mere irrigated agr can be transported through cross the canal and at market culture. I see a transformed this link canal. Thus it places where commodities development model which would be an economical area exported and imported would have changed from means of transportation along canal alignment non revenue generating of cargo like & Development of naviga- pseudo welfare oriented, other bulky dry and liquidraw tion in Yamuna-Rajasthan- developmental objectives materials for industries, Sabarmati link canal would agriculture products, building generating sustainable materials, alternative to road and rail development. for transportation of cargo as well as passenger. However comprehensive studies like other communication and infrastructure in vicinity of ca- nal, major goods transported to and from the etc. This would also be one area and its vicinity through of the most fuel and energy road and railway network, cost It would be a cheapest means to other means of transport of passenger transportation. i.e. roads and railways, details Revenue would be generated of vessels, identifying areas by way of water borne for developing passenger transport tax from barge terminus, developing port owners.(Tax is usually facilities for loading and charged per tonnage ofcargo) unloading of cargo, etc.would be necessary. To develop navigation in Y-R-S canal following I see a larger yet achievable measures also need to be dream. I see a complete taken transformation of an othe wise desert landscape into a safe commuting of vessels throbbing corridor of o Develop night navigation prosperous settlements of facilities people earning their pleasures o Develop berthing facilities and livelihood from for overnight parking of conservation of their vessels tradition and natural o Develop passenger ter resources alongside a minals along the alignment at navigable canal. I visualise a selected locations water resource project,

196 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Figuer : 1 Figuer : 2

Figuer : 4

Figuer : 3

Figuer : 5

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest 17 August 2014

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 197 Co er Story

WHY CONSTRUCT NEW , WHEN YOU CAN UPGRADE THE OLD. A CASE STUDY OF EXISTING PLANT, CAPACITY 145 MLD, O.C.W. (NAGPURMUNICIPAL CORPORATION) , PENCH II

Mr. Shirish Kardile Dr. A. G. Bhole Consulting Engineer, Former HOD (Civil), K Consultation, NasikRoad, VNIT and Former Professor Emeritus LIT, Maharashtra, India, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India,

ABSTRACT : located at Gorewada about destination. The sludge from All over the world, water 10 km away the city. treatment plant Augmentation The source of raw water is and Up-gradation techniques Pench dam. The raw water is a nearby nallah (natural drain). are fast gaining recognition conveyed to treatment plant as an appropriate technology. The raw water quality is Up-gradation includes through Gorewada storage relatively good and is quantitative increase and lake. The treatment plant unpolluted. The average qualitative enhancement complex has been constructed turbidity of raw water is less of the treated water. The in three phases. than 10 NTU for eight to ten resource crunch and lack of months. The turbidity peak space are the largest factors The treatment plant reaches up to 50-100 NTU constructed in Phase II has for a few days during the capacity of 145 mld. The monsoon ( June to September). techniques. This is one such plant was constructed in the In the summer months (March case study where the 30 year year 1994. The treatment to June) the source develop plant is not only Augmented units consist of Aeration moderate amount of algae. capacity wise, but rejuvenated Fountain, Elevated channel with Parshall Flume, Flash PROPOSAL IN NUT the mechanical equipment SHELL: and civil structure. These In order to cater to the techniques have a huge 12 no, Chemical Store and increasing water demand of potential for application in dosing systems, Chlorination the city of Nagpur, it was India and other developing arrangement and Filtered proposed to augment the countries water sump. The treated treated water capacity from water from the treatment the Pench II , WTP (Water INTRODUCTION : plant is pumped to the M.B.R. Treatment Plant) in the The Pench Water Treatment at Seminary hills and then year 2014 by further 30 mld Plant Complex of Nagpur is conveyed by gravity to the (Existing 145 mld to 175 mld ). Municipal Corporation is 198 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Since there was no space The two main unit processes, Overloading above 175 available at site, it was mld). It was proposed to proposed to enhance the would be principally capacity of treatment plant augmented/upgraded in the by creating parallel paths or following way. by increasing the sizes of units of existing treatment channels and conduits for plant by appropriate new a. It was proposed to conveying the water through technology with minimum increase the capacity of the plant without altering the hydraulic gradient. Both it with tube settlers. these aspects were required Overloading the main to be complimented within process units would exceed b. It was proposed to increase the practical limitations of the the design limits of existing hydraulics. units. The process design converting the conventional parameters of various units Detailed investigation of of existing plant are affected into deep bed mono media treatment units and facilities was carried out to verify process, hydraulic and either by manipulating the It was also proposed to structural parameters of the inherent redundancy in the design the upgraded plant to existing plant. From process system, or by introducing accommodating additional point of view, there was higher derivative technolgies. enough redundancy in the

COMPARATIVE DESIGN PARAMETERS AND COMPENSATING MEASURES:

Sr Unit Description Existing plant Augmented plant No 1. Capacity 145 mld 175 mld

Flow rate 6042 cum/hr 7292 cum/hr 2. Cascade Aerator Overall diam, 11.00m Central Shaft Diam, 1.20m Collection launder Width: 0.95m , SWD 0.85m 0.015 sqm/cum/hr 0.012 cum/sqm/hr

Surface area loading

Velocity in Central Shaft 1.48 m/sec 1.80 m/sec Velocity in Collection launder 1.04 m/sec 1.32 m/sec

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 199 Co er Story

3. Parshall Flume Depth of water (Ha)

Throat width , 4.5ft 0.85m 1.0m 4. Flash Mixer 60 sec 47 min Diam, 5.65 m SWD, 4.0 m Detention time

1.45m/sec 1.75m/sec Diam, 700 mm ( 3 no) Velocity 5

Overall diam, 47.2m Flocculator diam, 19.00m SWD, 3.75m 22.75min Flocculator DT 27 min 42.71cum/sqm/day 33.00 cum/sqm/day 2.10hr 2.68hr 410 cum/rm/day Weir loading 340 cum/rm/day No of agitators : 2, Two

Collection launder (Internal) 0.70 m/sec Width, 0.80m SWD, 0.65m Velocity in launder 0.54 m/sec Freefall in launder 0.87 m/sec Central shaft outlet ports 0.65m x 0.30m x 4 no 0.72 m/sec Velocity through ports 10Working + 2 Standby

Rapid Sand Gravity Filter Beds 12 Working No of beds = 12 8.70 cum/sqm/hr Effective area of each bed= 84 sqm 6.0 cum/sqm/hr bed separated by central gullet Rate of Filtration

200 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story various existing units from headloss. Hence no railing and access for the Inlet application of intended Works. A graduated scale and unit processes. The design for this unit. The Parshall of existing plant was found Flume was found adequate to provided just on the upstream to be compatible for accommodate the additional side of Parshall Flume. augmentation with minimum on upstream. As a net result The Flash Mixer divides the freeboard on upstream got reduced to 0.30m. existing mechanical and by means of weirs and iso- electrical equipment/systems In the existing Flash Mixer, lation gates. The increased and civil works is inherently the Detention time (Dt) a part of upgrading the got reduced to 47 sec due headloss in the feed pipe from plant. Since the plant was 30 . (thirty) years old, most of compensate for “Gt” The desired headloss was the mechanical equipment (Velocity gradient x Detention had outlived their design time), the “G” value of 450 mixer in terms of freeboard. age. It was decided to m/sec/m was proposed for Therefore there was only revamp these systems either by the new agitator .( Anyway the marginal increase in Top repairing or by replacing the existing Agitator had already Water Level (TWL/FSL) of equipment. Similarly the civil become defunct).The Flash Mixer. The height of works at many places had agitator mechanism consisted the weirs was raised appro- become dilapidated. Hence of a radial turbine, shaft, it was decided strengthen it. gearbox and vertically equally in to three streams mounted electrical motor. In short the aim of the The water power requirement mild steel gates were replaced Augmented/Upgraded plant was 20KW. The new motor by SS 316 material. was to rejuvenate it and to consisted of 40 KW with extend its life by 30 (thirty) speed of 960 RPM. The MODIFICATIONSTO more years. reduction in gearbox was EXISTING CLARIFLOCCULATORS MODIFICATIONS TI of 96 RPM to the turbine : (FIG 1) INLET WORKS agitator. In order to break Each of the existing (CASCADE AERATOR, the vortex formation in the PARSHALL FLUME, FLASH MIXER) provided on the side walls 48.33 mld (2014 cum/hr). In , extending from top water the augmented plant each was It can be seen from Table level to half of the tank 1 that for Cascade Aerator height. of 58.33 mld (2430 cum/hr). the surface area loading for less than the recommended included re-plastering all of concentric central standard norm. The increased the structures, changing of velocity in collection launder glazed tiles on surface of the did not contribute any major cascades and provision of new

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 201 Co er Story was 38.600m. The area of became a structural cantilever had a rotating scrapper bridge this annular portion was 463 and was adequately driven by the end carriage sqm, which would ensure strengthened. drive. It was supported on the net surface loading up to the central RCC pier (shaft) odifiations in the over a turntable. It had two oulation one (slow agitators) suspended Klarisettler. the Detention Time (Dt) of from the four radial arms in The modules were supported on forty number of radial to 22 minutes. The existing wall was constructed in RCC. trusses. The trusses were designed as cantilevers and of generating velocity gradient (G) of 40-45 m/ launder was peripheral and were supported from the outer vertical wall of the sec/m. The product Gt for was located inside the outer the existing system was 1.05 wall. The collection launder existing structure. The MS/ FRP partition wall too was x 10^5. Without making was provided with “Radial or changes to the drive, this value Finger “ weirs. supported from end of the trusses. The overhang of would have been reduced. collection launder inside the Additional “G” value was odifiations in the supplemented by providing larifiation zone : placement of tube modules. additional paddle area to the As seen from Table 1, due to agitators. The calculations For uniform collection of the loading criteria for was capable of sustaining G of radial troughs were value up to 55-60 m/sec/m exceeded by a substantial provided. The dead end of without requiring any changes margin. Hence to enhance the the trough was rested on the to the gearbox or motor. partition wall and the The existing outlet ports of tube modules manufactured the RCC central shaft were out of 55mm x 55 mm Rigid the existing RCC collection enlarged to maintain the PVC square tubes (length of launder. The length of each velocity of incoming raw each tube 600mm, angle of trough was 3.65m. water up to 0.60m/sec . inclination 60 degrees) were The scrapper arm of the had only two no of slow zone. These were placed in from the vertical steel sections projecting from the rotating order to curtail the annular ring adjacent to the outer RCC wall of the bridge. In order to the sweep no of additional slow agitators were provided ( Total four of the annular ring was the modules and to avoid obstruction to the modules, fabricated out of the the rotating bridge included mild steel and FRP (Fiber the vertical supports were suitably shifted. As a result extending two no of Reinforced Plastic) sheets. cross-arms for supporting the The diam of annular partition the sweeper portion of the scrapper below the modules agitators.

202 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 203 Co er Story odifiations to olletion rate air scour of 5 min, a launder of larioulator was concluded that the depth low rate hard wash with 15 The RCC launder of existing m/hr was designed for “si- to convert them in to high multaneous” backwash of to be adequate of handling air and water for next 5 min. The last stage comprised any appreciable increase in gallery would also required of high rate backwash headloss. The existing outlet of velocity 25-30 m/hr only Therefore it was proposed with water for duration conveying the water to of next 5 min. The in to deep bed mono-media combination of three stage however was inadequate. backwash showed effective Hence a new parallel channels was constructed by the side at 9000 lph/sqm in “Variable of existing channel to manage Declining Rate Filtration (VDRF)” mode. underdrain , comprising of A.C (Asbestos Cement) Apart from these laterals was damaged, they media was procured from were replaced with Rigid civil units were made water nearby district of Bhandara. PVC pipes ( 10 kg/sqcm). tight, walkways were repaired The E.S. (Effective Size) and were provided with of sand was selected as for water and air scour. For chequered cement tiles. All 0.80m. The U.C. (Uniformity uniform distribution of air, the defunct machinery was the header from the top was either repaired or replaced. was 1.5-1.6. The depth of connected to underdrain with Anticorrosive paint was sand was provided as 1.0m. multiple vertical branches, by applied to all wetted mild steel Since the depth from bottom introducing controlled components. pressure drop. cross troughs was less than MODIFICATIONS TO the normal (1.7m), the depth The capacity of backwash RAPID SAND GRAVITY of graded gravel was required pump provided was 1200 FILTER BEDS: to be reduced to 0.30m. cum/hr @ 12 MWC pressure. As per the comparative data odifiations to Filter was provided on the common Backwash System discharge header to enact low rate and high rate backwash exceed that of conventional by manual throttling of rapid sand gravity by supposed to expand during bypass valve. The substantial margin. Hence backwashing. A high rate defunct “Rate of Control” there were two possible air-scour with velocity 50 m/ mechanisms were dismantled options available for hr (Blower Capacity 2250 and discarded. The VDRF cum/hr for scouring of one ( Variable Declining Rate section) was provided as Filtration) operation was primary cleaning mecha- found to be extremely suitable nism. After the initial high

204 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story the battery. The system was made water tight. The 3. For operation and main- hydraulically self balancing electrical agitator had become tenance, no additional man- defunct and hence were power was required. The ex- discharging +50% of the replaced by new ones. isting plant staff operated and Instead of Alum ,PAC (Poly maintained the plant. clogged one discharging Aluminum Chloride) was selected as primary coagulant. 4. The electrical power The existing gravity dosing consumption is only be system was replaced by marginally higher. gallery were converted from metering pumps to ensure Cast Iron Sluice valves to the dosing accuracy. Two 5. The contract involved no of new PE (Polyelectro- overhauling of existing spindles with gear boxes were lyte) dosing tanks with me- machinery, electrical systems provided at the Operation tering pumps were provided and strengthening of civil Platform. in the Chemical House. The works.. It’s longevity was PE dosing was introduced increased substantially. odifiations to Filter nlet Arrangement This measure was only as a 6. The time required for precaution to facilitate micro/ completing the job was miniscule dose of PE to op- one and half year. The channel was as such was - causing excessive headloss tion if required. under this bypassed one at a time due to high velocity. Hence works. New chlorinators ( during that period and the a parallel channel was laid Pre and Post) were provided to the existing one with for 175 mld, since the existing interconnections at multiple equipment had become were taken out of service to places. Filter Inlet gates sizes defunct. were increased and were entire execution period, the provided in SS 316. The SALIENT FEATURES : water supply from the plant arrangement caused reduction was not disturbed or reduced. in excessive headloss in the 1. The cost of this Only two shut-downs of 8 hr were required due to critical additional head was available Rs.120 million (USD 2.0 inter connecting activities. million,, 2015 or Rs.12 cr). 7. Due construction of 2. The plant was CHEMICAL HOUSE : commissioned in phases. From October to December, the Raw Water Turbidity in the existing system got were suggested in the was less than 10 NTU. The reduced. The additional Chemical house. The existing available head extended the dosing tanks were capable of handling the desired the water turbidity was 0.5 to 0.6 dosing rate. The civil structure NTU. Dosing of PE was not of tanks was repaired and practiced during the trial runs.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 205 Co er Story 8. On the imaginary scale struction for maintaining the quality of work and a biding the of 1 to 10 of “degree of project time frame.. such projects ( assuming REFERENCES : construction of new plant ), 1. AWWA/ASCE Handbook : Water treatment plant design project was 3 to 4. It would be a good idea to provide 2. A.G.Bhole : Design of Water Treatment Plants the design parameters while constructing the new plants, 3 Culp, Wesner, Culp : Handbook of public so that in the future they can water systems be augmented economically. 4. C.P.H.E.E.O., Ministry of Urban : Manual on water supply & Development, 9. Author would like to New Delhi treatment recommend that for large (Ed 1999) plants it would be advisable to 5. E.G.Wagner and R.G.Pinheiro : Upgrading Water instead of the single , as was Treatment Plants provided for the existing 6. G.L.Culp & R.L.Culp : New Concepts in water mixer consumes high amount of power and hence it would 7. J. N. Kardile : Simple methods in by “weir mixer”. Additional 8. Proceedings of AWWA seminar, headloss of 0.50m is required Annual Conference, Boston,1974 : Upgrading Existing to provide this highly effective Water Treatment Plants and maintence-free Rapid Mix unit. 9. Shulz & Okun : Surface Water Treatment for ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Communities in In Developing Author would like to thank Countries operating staff from Orange 10. S.J.Kardile : Manual on City Water (O.C.W.) which is Augmentation managing the Nagpur City and Up-gradation Water Supply. Thanks are also Of Existing Plants (IWWA-M5) Municipal Corporation for 11. Papers published in the Journals : IWWA, IWA, AWWA their kind cooperation. Authors will also like to thank Contractors M/s S. N. Ghar pure and M/s ABL Con-

206 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Case study for ‘The water Hub @ Emory University- Atlanta, Georgia, USA.

Consulate General of India – Atlanta covers 6 South eastern states and 2 territories in USA. It is fast merging as a hub packaging etc. The Consulate promotes trade and investment between India and the United States. The Consulate

The project : campus water demand. The of the smallest municipal watersheds in the United kind installed in the United States. ® is a redundant source of water Technology : water reclamation and reuse Screening demands and critical heating and air conditioning needs. gallons of from potential water service disruptions resulting from drought and aging municipal water infrastructure. utilizes ecological treatment processes to treat the possible through an innovative reclamation process. Sustainable rotating belt expense or development disposal. Our scale sustainable water rate and is expected to save approach is management in urban areas. millions of dollars in water customized to the needs of free designs have been vision for a sustainable proven to be effective in campus and reduces the overall water demand on one environments.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 207 Co er Story Equalization Systems wastewater applications. In the addition of moving media without incurring additional footprint

Submerged Fixed Film Reactors (SFFR). an important component of are increased. Submerged membranes contained within extensive experience sizing reactors are utilized to municipal wastewater source. the high suspended solids Moving - Bed Bioreactors (MBBR) suitable for reuse and have a Submerged Fixed Film compact footprint. Hydroponic Reactors wastewater reactors to plant racks suspended The additional surface area over aerated wastewater tanks to provide substrate for reduce footprint and improve treatment microorganisms. developed a palette of plant long roots in this wastewater environment. The roots growth media as a substrate contain. provide surface area and for the formation of Membrane Bioreactors media is circulated in aerated (MBR) research has found that plant treatment reactors. Due to roots provide more surface the high surface area of area per cubic meter than the media and robust increasing the concentration microbiological communi of suspended microbiological

208 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Reciprocating Wetlands Deionization (CapDI (ReCip®) membranes can be utilized from reclaimed water. experience and we work with leading disinfection method coupled with chlorine to provide a disinfection residual for reuse For more information : storage and distribution http://sustainablewater com /wp-content/uploads/2016 with online instrumentation /10/SUSTAINABLEWA- drain wetland treatment TERBROCHURE_ chlorine residual assures ONLINE.pdf for reuse. Case Studies : Please refer to capable of producing reuse the following link for case Reverse Osmosis (RO) studies for sustainable footprint. Due to the patented & Capacitive Deionization solutions for water treatment (CapDI) applications . http://sustainablewater.com / case-studies/ Opportunities for India :

Ultraviolet (UV) Disinfection Systems Depending on waste water source and denature the DNA of ments in the reclaimed water reduced to optimize reuse for boilers and other process viruses in reclaimed water.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 209 Co er Story Role of Technology in Managing WaterSupply and Consumption in India Ms. Amrita Chowdhury Director, Gaia Smart Cities Ms. Amrita Chowdhury She is a Director -Gaia Smart Cities, business strategist, innovator and author. She is an Independent Director on the Board of Simmonds Marshall & Board of social sector tech startup Drishtant.

Water is a critical scarce resource in India and willd windle further as the population increases to 1.6 billion by 2050. Water related prescient of a future where individuals, businesses, cities and states struggle over limited supplies. Assocham estimates that the riots in Bengaluru over Cauvery waters led to INR 25,000 Crores in losses to the state of Karnataka. The way forward might be for city and state administrators to actively manage water supply and river system, ground level availability was even lower reduce loss and leakage. water retention is low across than estimated by policy Technology enabled smart the country. Much of the makers. Research conducted metering could be the subsequently by Indian changer. rivers, and a large fraction of Institute of Science (IISc) river water is unusable due to and Indian Space Research inaccessibility. Central Water efinin ndia’s Water Commission data suggests this position and further found Availability Challenges that only a third of the water that loss of water through India has one of the lowest potential of the river system is evapotranspiration equaled per capita availability of usable. or exceeded its replenishment water in the world, and that through annual rainfall in availability is set to decrease An analysis paper published the northern states and the further as its population in the Journal of Earth Indo-Gangetic plains. A increases. Despite its wet and Science System in 2008 McKinsey report published warm climate and extensive posited that ground water in 2009 suggested that India

210 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story monsoon rains. Government subsidies and incentives have encouraged farmers to shift to water-intensive crops in affecting the availability of water. This includes practices such as growing rice in Punjab or sugarcane in Maharashtra.

Water sharing agreements have been put in place globally geographies and national boundaries. India shares its water from rivers that originate in neighboring states. But this situation is affected by geopolitical sensitivity and will only be able to meet half ambient water loss. Air quality of its water requirements by and quality data. 2050. pattern of trade winds and

While there is greater media focus on monsoon rains, cropping patterns and term availability of ground and surface water.

Rapid urbanization and poor regulatory norms have led to excessive pumping of ground water. Gurgaon is held up as case in point, but similar scenarios exist in high density, high rise, high-end enclaves around the country. Large scale deforestation has led to reduction in moisture in the air and increase in ambient temperature, further increasing

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 211 Co er Story Furthermore, improper Table 1. Current Water Usage disposal of sewage, industrial Usage (%) World Europe Africa India waste and chemicals runoff from farms has contaminated Agriculture 69 33 88 83 India’s water systems and Industry 23 54 5 12 rivers, and reduced access Domestic 8 13 7 5 to clean water for domestic, the per capita consumption of drinking and industrial usage. water in the United States is Lower availability of water practices such as drip projected to decrease by 2050, has further downstream irrigation. Lack of regulatory the per capita consumption of effect on quality of life incentives for agricultural water in India is set to increase indicators such as hygiene, water conservation leads to substantially. As India becomes sanitation, and prevalence of the most populous country in water borne diseases. water wastage. the world, it will also become the biggest consumer of water. efinin ndia’s Water The predicted usage of water Consumption Challenges is set to increase across every India’s water predicament sector, with disproportionate increase in industrial and unique consumption patterns, domestic usage as urbanization leakage and loss patterns, happens and population and wasteful consumption affordability increase. While behaviors and regulatory criticality of the challenge. India has traditionally focused on increasing water supply. However, Indian utilities lose roughly 40-60% of their water compared with 3.7% loss in Tokyo and 7% loss in Phnom Penh. Estimates from the Third World Center for Water Management indicate that less than 10% of wastewater generated in India is treated and recycled.

India’s water consumption patterns are uniquely different from developed markets. Agriculture accounts for highest water usage, largely because most farmers still

212 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Table 2. Future Water Usage Year Agriculture Industry Domestic Total Per Capita India Billion Lit/Day Lit/Day 2000 1658 115 93 1866 88.9 2050 1745 441 227 2413 167.0 China 2000 1024 392 105 1521 82.7 2050 1151 822 219 2192 155.4 USA 2000 542 605 166 1313 582.7 2050 315 665 187 1167 484.6 Household consumption of This has led to the proliferation 25% of its water supply gets water is a smaller fraction of informal water networks lost during the distribution of the overall. Only 49% of and costlier water supply and transmission stages. Indian household have access options. Leakage and illegal connection to formal water distribution account for most of these network and piped water Ujjain Municipal Corporation, losses. supply. for example, estimates that Critical Imperatives to olve ndia’s Water Shortage India requires a comprehensive water management approach, from better management of watersheds and to improve supply side to water monitoring, wastewater recycling, and

The spending of Indian utilities on water infrastructure has lagged. There is incomplete coverage. Poor infrastructure, older technologies and aging systems have led to ineffective management of water. Non -revenue water rate, due to theft or loss, stands at 41% in India compared with 21% higher than global average.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 213 Co er Story usage led behavior change a. Investments and incentives pipes infrastructure, smart on the supply side. There to build wastewater and sewage meters, communications are key imperatives for the treatment infrastructure and platforms, data aggregation government at the central, increase adoption. and visualization platforms. state and city levels as well as Aggregating and visualizing for each category of users. b. Regulatory changes to data across households, create consumption linked buildings, wards, or cities will While programs such the tariff structure for domestic allow administrators to identify ambitious US$ 150 Billion and commercial establishments patterns, monitor consumption, Interlinking of Rivers (ILR) in conjunction with smart and track losses. by the National Water metering initiatives to encourage Development Agency (NWDA) judicious use of water and Using Automated Metering to interconnect 30 rivers monitor for losses and theft. Infrastructure (AMI) solutions, through 15,000 km of water service providers and new canals can also have Using technology enabled utilities can measure real time unanticipated ecological smart metering solutions consumption data on daily effects, easier solutions such In Systems Thinking approach, basis. This data offers as rainwater harvesting at monitoring and minimizing providers visibility into usage the city level can improve water consumption at the patterns by ward, locality, supplies. household or commercial building or consumer type establishment level may be a and helps them understand The demand for water is fast small fraction of the overall consumption patterns by outpacing supply and the water requirements for the day, time, month or season. situation will only worsen. country. However, it can have Providers could integrate Hence India needs to focus disproportionate impact on automated billing and more on managing demand to the availability of water in payments systems, offer online reduce water shortage. urban areas. records, and improve the 1. Given that agriculture Sensor enabled smart metering operations. Furthermore, this consumes over 80% of available infrastructure can enable data can be used to manage water supply, government cities and utility service and optimize distribution, should create incentives for providers to monitor and measure consumption, create manage water supplies at usage based tariff structures and mandate consumption the distribution level, as well at the building or house level, monitoring. as monitor, manage and identify leaks or losses, and cy, building, large water enable measurement driven 2. While agricultural subsidy consumption at the building behavior change to prevent management may be a level. Changes in regulation wasteful usage. contentious and political will be needed to create issue, two key investments incentives for measuring Even without the regulatory water consumption at the change of allowing water to infrastructure, availability, household level. The end to be chargeable at the individual end, source to user solution household level in buildings generation in urban water encompasses and housing societies, distribution. AMI technology can offer

214 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story transparency and visibility. metering infrastructure 6. http://economictimes. However, in the longer run, solutions – to create a indiatimes.com/news/pol- water regulation and taxing platform on which larger itics-and-nation/the-pre- policies will need to be reforms and high budget, carious-situation-of-in- revisited. high impact initiatives can be dias-water-problem/ built. It needs to consider a articleshow/57965416.cms While India has seen a partnership approach – handful of pilots of between cities and water 7. https://www.kpmg.de/ Automated Meter Reading service providers, between docs/Water_sector_in_India. (AMR) technologies, it does water service providers and pdf real estate developers, and of real time data and thus between cities and citizens – 8. http://www.fewresourc- dynamic optimization that to ensure the success of this es.org/water-scarcity-issues- will be required over the effort. were-running-out-of-water. coming years. The country html needs to leapfrog into the next References generation AMI technology. 1. https://thewaterproject. Under the Smart Cities org/water-crisis/water-in- Mission and additional crisis-india funding available through the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation 2. http://www.livemint. and Urban Transformation com/Opinion/97fua- (AMRUT) program, cities F2aQkO9IjPiPAjMyL/Six- will be able to access funds charts-that-explain--wa- for the much-needed water ter-crisis.html infrastructure improvements. 3. http://www.economist. Conclusion com/blogs/economist-ex- Water availability is fast plains/2016/05/econo- becoming the most critical mist-explains-11 challenge of our times. It affects farmers, citizens, and 4. http://timesofindia.indi- businesses – and the acute atimes.com/india/22-of-In- shortage is being felt by every dias-32-big-cities-face-water- citizen from every walk of life. crisis/articleshow/22426076. India needs to focus attention cms on both supply side measures and demand side measures. It 5. http://www.huffing- may need to create the intent, tonpost.in/lee-kuan-yew- commitment and processes school-of-public-policy/ to enable early wins – such water-mismanagement-in-in- as mandatory water dia-why-demand-is-a-bigger- harvesting, wastewater problem-tha_a_21491160/ recycling, and automated

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 215 Water Pollution

216 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Water pollution is going to be a major threat to life on the Earth Dr. S. B. Goilkar Economist Dr. S. B. Goilkar

Water is life for all life on Water pollution implies sub Causes of Water Pollution : earth including all creatures -standard water or water The degraded water quality and plants. But water with low potable quality. is closely connected with pollution is going to be a big Sub-standard water creates environmental degradation threat to life on the earth. ‘water-borne’ diseases. of the earth. Water pollution Although over two thirds of is caused mainly by two Earth’s surface is covered Water pollution means that reasons – natural and by water; the availability of some damage has been done unnatural. Natural pollution potable water is a major to the water resources. A caused by nature’s acts such challenge. It is estimated that 1969 United Nations’ report as earthquakes, cyclones, only 3 per cent of the World’s tsunami, by which unwanted water is considered as fresh “The introduction by man, substances are mixed with the water. Most of the surface directly or indirectly, of atmosphere, causing that of water sources such as the substances or energy into pollution, including surface oceans, rivers, streams and the marine environment water of oceans, rivers, lakes lakes as well as underground (including estuaries) resulting etc. The contaminated surface potable water of wells in such deleterious effects water percolates beneath are contaminated due to as harm to living resources, the earth and contaminate deteriorating atmosphere of hazards to human health, underground water resources the earth. hindrance to marine activities, also. The contaminated water of quality for use of sea water The unnatural cause of implies poorer quality, which and reduction of amenities.” environmental degradation is in common parlance known as polluted water. The poorer quality of water is due to mixture of some unwanted and harmful substances in the water. One or more substances build up in water to such an extent that they cause problems for animals and people.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 217 Co er Story is mainly by human activities sewage is being emitted in such as transportation, reckless nearby streams, rivers or riverine drains in Jalandhar, use of fertilizer and seas, contaminating water Ludhiana and Amritsar pesticides for agriculture, of these resources and also districts, reads like a doomsday industrialization, household contaminating ground water. scenario. Water in these areas and industrial wastes, sewage, Virtually everyone pours was found saturated with garbage, defensive programs chemicals of one sort or toxic chemicals, killing off such as nuclear tests and another down their drains or aquatic life and causing neglecting environmental toilets. Even detergents used genetic mutations in concerns. in washing machines and dishwashers eventually end up people with a range of The world’s population has in our rivers and oceans. diseases and disabilities reached to 7 billion. The including cancer, neurological human being is recklessly Due to use of agricultural and skin disorders. Industrial squeezing natural resources and forest land for setting up to meet and easing needs. The housing complexes, industries chemical deposits have and other surviving and poisoned the earth. Blood in increased human activities; developmental activities, samples of local residents causing degradation of the agricultural and forest reveal traces of toxic environment including air, land is reducing day by day, chemicals and DNA water and environment. resulting in lesser land mutations in 65 per cent of Unlimited carbon created availability for agricultural those tested. by human activities is being produce. In order to feed the emitted into the atmosphere. rising population the world The main sources of Rising population means resorted to achieve more pollution is industrial rising construction activities agricultural produce from waste water that is released for building residential the remaining agricultural untreated, making 80 percent houses and complexes, for land by using chemical based of groundwater unpotable, which is fertilizers and pesticides. The since it contains toxic levels of being destroyed in one way or reckless use of fertilizers and mercury, arsenic, cadmium and another on a large scale. pesticides in agriculture to other poisonous chemicals. Agricultural land, forest land increase productivity is Reckless use of fertilizers and green lawns are being contaminating surface water and pesticides added fuel to used for constructing as well as underground water residential amenities. Wildlife resources. The chemical on output, and agriculture on and plants are driven away contents of the fertilizers and yield. The PPCB admits that and replaced by human pesticides drain into rivers and there is only one waste water constructions. Construction seas and pollute water. treatment plant in the entire itself is also a source of area that has a large number of contamination of the A two-year study conducted electroplating, bulb-making environment. Human locaities by the Punjab Pollution and metal-making industries are creating billions of tonnes Control Board (PPCB) and that release mercury, cadmium of untreated garbage and Chandigarh’s Postgraduate and other chemicals. sewage every day. This Institute of Medical untreated garbage and Education and Research in

218 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Transportation is another contaminating soil and water. Water pollution is caused by human activity polluting Power generation and power the intentional or atmosphere and water transportation is another unintentional release of resources by burning fossil human activity, by which toxic chemicals/materials, fuel and spilling oil and water and atmosphere is contaminants and harmful other substances into seas being polluted by hydro compounds into various and oceans. All types of power plants and also by high bodies of water such as rivers, transportation including tension cables. lakes and the oceans. Without road transport, air transport and water transport emitting For easy and comfortable of these pollutants they can carbon in the atmosphere life man innovated different spread throughout the water on a large scale, causing for products, produced by and affect all living animals environmental pollution, machines, for which some and organisms that come including and kind of fuel is being burnt to into contact with them by water pollution. Increased a large extent. The industries contaminating any living water transport in form have been polluting our thing that requires water for of large ships such as environment; especially since survival. In addition to harming transportation vessels and the beginning of the industrial animals, water pollution can cruise ships leaking across revolution, notably due to the also affect plants, trees, the the world causing oil increasing use of fossil fuels. soil and other natural materials spills and other substances In the 19th century and for and resources of the earth. in the water, resulting in degradation of quality of century, coal has been used to In populous countries like large water resources of seas make machines work faster, India population related and oceans. Road transport replacing human force. problems like population vehicles as well as air Though pollution by density per square kilometer, transport planes are burning industries mainly causes air abject poverty and related to a large extent pollution, soil and water problems cause for a threat every day and polluting contamination can also occur. to the ecology. Most of the atmosphere and the water rivers in India are polluted resources. Thus, the oceans, Sometimes the causes of due to direct discharge of rivers, and other inland water water pollution are quite resources are being “squeezed” surprising. Chemicals released and sewage into them. There by human activities, degrading by smokestacks (chimneys) is also degradation of most the quality of water. can enter the atmosphere of the fresh water lakes and and then fall back to earth as streams due to dumping Transportation of energy rain, entering seas, rivers, and also can be harmful to the lakes, causing water pollution. sewage and fertilizer and environment. Leakages of Industrial activities are pesticide residues or petrol transporting pipelines emitting huge carbon, huge remainders, contaminating can easily pollute soil and disposables and toxics in the water resources. So far our water. Tankers transporting atmosphere and surface water country has spent crores of petrol from its production of seas, rivers and lakes. rupees to clean river Ganga. plant to the place where Despite this, the river is not it will be consumed leak, considered as cleaned.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 219 Co er Story living things on the earth. The and even death among Aid, an international is also maintained animals and plant life. organization working for by life cycles of plants, water sanitation and hygiene, animals and other micro-or- Water pollution in turn shows that 80% of India’s ganisms. It is within this is leading to increasing surface water is polluted. burden of vector borne The report, based on data multiple framework of diseases, cholera, dysentery, from the ministry of urban environmental processes that jaundice and diarrhea etc. man and other known forms for human beings. Water of life have been existing. pollution is found to be a major Control Board, estimates that However, imbalance of cause for poor nutritional 75-80% of water pollution atmosphere, hydrosphere and standards in children by volume is from domestic , mainly caused also. Toxic rainfall can sewerage, while untreated by human activities are occur in areas where having an adverse impact on water and/or air is polluted bodies including rivers have the biosphere. with toxic chemicals and almost doubled in recent materials. years. Water pollution has become a growing concern over the Efforts to Protect the The report says that between last century as more and more Environment : waste is being disposed of The water pollution is mainly untreated sewerage has in oceans, rivers and lakes. due to environmental This increase in pollution is pollution, caused by human harming food supplies, activities. The earth we have million litres per day in Class drinking water and poisoned needs emergency I and II towns. The database environment. It is also detox treatment. The world creating issues in the oceans’ realized the urgent need with a population of more ecosystem and hurting the of detoxing the earth and than 1 lakh, whereas towns animals and plant life that rely preventing environmental with population ranging on the oceans and rivers for pollution. Some efforts are between 50,000 to 1 lakh are their survival. being made towards this end at the international Polluted water can affect and national levels from the Effects of Water Pollution : people and animals either past few decades. The environment on earth is directly through consumption comprised of four important or indirectly through food Stockholm Conference : components, Air, water, land sources, land degradation The Stockholm Declaration and life, which in other words and plants, which can cover was adopted by the United are called as Atmosphere, the surface of various bodies Nations Conference on the Hydrosphere, Lithosphere of water making it undrinkable Human Environment held and Biosphere, respectively. and affecting the animals at Stockholm from 5th to The only system that is totally that live in that body of dependent on the others is the water. It can lead to sickness, Biosphere, of which man is an disease, infections, deformities International protection integral part. Biosphere is all of the Environment. In all

220 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story 113 countries of the world Kyoto Protocol : control water pollution. The including India participated in Most countries in the country also has enacted the conference and accepted world joined hands for an other legislations to prevent the declaration. The Soviet environmental treaty in environmental pollution and union and other Communist 1995. The Kyoto Protocol enacted an act for wildlife states did not attend, because, came into force on 16th protection. The water Act the German Democracy Republic was not invited. nations signed the treaty. US, measure, meant to tackle the world’s largest emitter of one facet of environmental The Stockholm conference gases refused to ratify the pollution realized the need for agreement saying it would common outlook and harm the economy of their Main objectives of the common principles to guide country. Australia also has Act are to prevent and people of the World in not signed the treaty. In control water and air pollution, preservation of environment establishment of Central and proclaimed the need for withdrew the US from and State Boards for testing reducing industrial pollution Kyoto. The Treaty was to of water quality at different and protecting the reduce green house gases to places and industrial environment. establishments etc.

Rio Conference : Due to growing concerns over Apart from the Water In continuation of the the state of environment, the (Prevention and Control of world community resolved the second major international to protect and enhance also has made some conference on environment environmental quality in constitutional changes. was held in Rio de Janerio, accordance with the principles Pursuant to the Stockholm capital of Brazil, on 3rd June, of Stockholm Conference on human environment held in increasing awareness of the environmental crises faced by delegates from 178 nations our country, the constitution Legislations to Prevent and of India was amended in principles were adopted. It Control Water Pollution in order to insert direct adopted the principle of India : provisions for the protection sustainable development By immense inspiration from of the environment. The without jeopardizing the the proclamation adopted environment. The Rio by the United Nations Amendment) Act, 1976 declaration gave utmost Conference on Human undertook this task and importance on global Environment held at laid the foundation in environment and economic Stockholm from 5th to 16th systems, eradication of jurisprudence of poverty and encouraging delegation played a major role, environmental protection. environmental legislations. India enacted a legislation – “The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Constitution of India, which is a Directive Principle of

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 221 Co er Story State Policy, states – “The on its citizens to improve State shall endeavor to protect and protect the natural and improve the environment environment, and also to have and to safeguard the forests compassion for other living and wild life of the country”. creatures.

Article 51 A(g) of the Need of extra efforts : Constitution of India, which The seriousness attached to imposes a fundamental duty the environmental problem is on the citizens, states – “It evident from the fact that in all shall be the duty of every advanced countries, scientists, citizen of India to protect economists, policy-makers and improve the natural and administrators, have given environment including forests, serious thoughts to such lakes, rivers and wild life, problems. The developing and to have compassion and even under developed for living creatures”. nations, urgently need to address themselves to this devastating problem, of the Constitution of India especially the air and the State shall endeavor to water pollution problem. protect and improve the en- vironment and to safeguard Enacting the laws and making the forests and wild life of the legislative provisions is a country, Article 51 A(g) of the positive move to protecingt constitution also imposes the environment, but making as one of the fundamental efforts for awareness of duties on every citizen to these laws and conveying protect and improve the importance of protecting natural environment including environment to every citizen is forests, lakes, rivers and wild unavoidable. The world needs life and to have compassion to encourage people to make for living creatures. Water efforts to convert garbage being a state subject, the into manure, which could be Parliament can exercise the used as fertilizer for crops power to legislate on ‘Water’ and plant life. Also sewage need to be treated Constitution. appropriately, which could be reused for watering plants; instead of emitting of the Constitution of India untreated sewage into provides for the care, streams, rivers, lakes and protection and improvement seas and degrading the water of the environment, and to quality of these resources. impose a similar responsibility

222 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Water Pollution in Hooghly (Ganges) River Estuary: Causes, Effects and Possible Remedial Measures

Ms. Soumita Mitra Ms. Soumita Mitra PhD Research Scholar, Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta

Mr. Santosh Kumar Sarkar Professor, Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta

Mr. Santosh Kumar Sarkar

Introduction on salinity as well as location lives of millions of people. A of multifarious industries : Water quality deterioration (i) the upstream region where is pronounced in this area due is an emerging issue for river most of the industries are to huge discharges of untreated basin management throughout located and also adjacent to or semi-treated domestic and the world, which is a serious the metropolitan megacity municipal sewage, hot water threat to water security. The Kolkata (former Calcutta) (ii) discharge from thermal power paper highlights the regional the midstream region which is plants, agricultural runoff, scale assessment for water a comparatively less urbanized pollution considering the region with lots of from multifarious industries Hooghly (Ganges) River anthropogenic activities and carried by rivers, as well as Estuary (HRE) (87º 55’01”N contaminated mud disposal to 88º 48’04”N latitude and estuarine zone where the river from harbor dredging (location 21º29’02”E to 22º09’00”E meets the of multifarious industries longitude) which is a positive (Figure 1). It is a cyclone and other point sources has meso-microtidal and turbid prone area and also a part of been given in Figure 1). Other estuary in the mixohaline Indian Sundarban. sources involve the natural region. The estuary, covering inputs (atmospheric deposition, a length of ~175 Km, is This potential river provides alluvial runoff) along with the main off-shoot of the permanent supply of water other daily anthropogenic major Ganges River and of to the plains of West Bengal activities like bathing, washing high ecological and economic for multipurpose activities clothes etc). In addition, the importance, extending ecosystem (such as, irrigation, navigation e-wastes (compounds of services for millions of electrical and electronic people. This turbid tropical boats, human and industry gadgets) should be considered estuary could be divided into consumption together with very alarming ecological three distinct zones along the hazards, as these contain toxic north-south gradient, based

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 223 Co er Story metals like Cd, Pb, Cr and Hg to their non-biodegradable and other harmful organic from various inorganic and nature and they often get compounds. It is worth organic pollutants derived accumulated in the species mentioning that Calcutta city from both point and of different tropic levels. is situated adjacent to Hooghly nonpoint sources which have The river also receives huge River, and recognized as the been highlighted below. load of inorganic nutrients top producer of electronic (nitrate, phosphate and wastes in India. Unfortunately (a) Trace metals and silicate). Among the trace it lacks a proper system for Persistent Organic metals( Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn, safe disposal of such highly Pollutants Ni, Cu, As, Co, Cd and Pb), toxic wastes. According to Among the pollutants, the the metals like Cd, Ni, Pb, Fe a survey conducted by the dissolved trace metals and Al are found to be much Associated Chambers of (inorganic components) and higher than the permissible Commerce and Industry persistent organic pollutants drinking limits that are in 2015, Calcutta produces (POPs) (organic components) provided by WHO (2008) 55,000 tonnes of e-waste need special attention due and BIS (2012). The estuary annually. is found to be seriously affected by the trace metals as observed from the calculated values using Metal Pollution Index (MPI) (Figure 2). MPI is a unique approach to ascertain the pollution status of a particular station considering the selective toxic metals. The MPI value was greater than 6 for all the stations and the dermal absorption of Pb and Cd might be a matter of concern for the people living in the vicinity of the estuary due to the carcinogenic impact of the metals. The metal pollution can lead to various diseases like vomiting, weakness, diarrhea, endocrine disorder, kidney and lung diseases. The enrichment of Pb can result in infertility in humans. Figure 1 Map of the Hooghly estuary showing location of multifarious industries and three different regions of Although, POPs have only diverse environmental conditions stresses estimated in sediments but there is every possibility of

224 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story 54 drains throughout the state. Even worse, at this stage the river receives 160,000 MPN fecal coliform per 100 ml.

(c) Idol Immersion The annual rituals of idol immersion of Hindu deities of Durga puja which is the biggest annual festival in south Asia, increases the pollution in the already polluted Ganges River, and Figure 2 Calculated values against Metal Pollution Index also causes the deposition of (MPI) considering 8 sampling stations along Hooghly silt. Thousands of idols were River Estuary immersed which relentlessly contamination of water from and persistence in the polluted these water bodies, this abiotic matrix through environment. causing substantial negative the processes of and effects on aquatic biota. intermixing of water- (b) Microbial activity Idols are usually made up of sediment due to tidal The microbes also play a wood, bamboo, straw, jute ropes, clay, and plaster of lipophilic contaminants in decomposition of organic Paris and are painted with sediments, polyaromatic matter, dissolution of bright synthetic paints, hydrocarbon (PAHs) and inorganic salts and also in the organochlorinated compounds regeneration of the nutrients. pollution in water bodies. like polychlorinated biphenyls The overloading of the Other materials, such as straw, (PCBs) and DDT nutrients and other organic (dichlorodiphenyl trichloro loads favors the condition and germinated grains cause ethane) were analysed and for the growth of bacteria short-term deterioration of the data revealed. The estuary and their high densities water quality on their decay, is getting contaminated result in water pollution. while heavy metals in the mainly with the DDT and Domestic waste waters are the paints pose health hazards in PAH and their concentrations major sources of this type of the long-run. The chemical are good enough to cause pollution. It has been estimated paints used on these idols ecotoxicological risk. In that over 7 billion litres of raw contain heavy metals as contrast, the concentration sewage is dumped into Ganga lead, cadmium, copper, iron, of PCB and HCH did not every year from hundreds manganese, mercury, zinc, show any negative effects of towns. West Bengal state chromium, arsenic and towards the surrounding alone contributes 48% of the various organic and inorganic biota. The ecotoxicological waste water present in the compounds, leading to effects include mutagenicity, Ganga and treats only 42%, deterioration in water quality. endocrine disruption, leaving 1779 million litres per carcinogenicity, bioaccumulation day of untreated wastes from A preliminary study was performed that represented

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 225 Co er Story a comprehensive account study period. Adverse impact was mainly dominated by of large-scale changes in of idol immersion was evident the group Bacillariophyceae hydrological parameters as on the qualitative and followed by Cyanophyceae. well as community quantitative characteristics of The changes in species structure due to immersion phytoplankton (Table 1) while composition of phytoplankton of idol along the Hooghly comparing 3 phases of idol (mainly Coscinodiscus radiatus, (Ganges) Estuary for two immersion which could well C. lineatus, Chaetoceros consecutive years (2011- thrive in a widely changing lorenzianus, Pleurosigma 2012; n=24). Deterioration of hydrographical condition. formosum, Biddulphia sinensis, water quality due to high Trichodesmium erythreaeum, turbidity (11.87±1.13 NTU) In the present study, a total of T. thebautii, M. granulate and and biochemical oxygen 12 species of phytoplankters Thalassiothrix longissima) demand (BOD) (1.66±0.38 under 7 genera were ( as shown in Figure 3) was not mg l-1) coupled with low very conspicuous but changes chlorophyll (Chl a) (0.94±0.15 idol immersion phase. The in their numerical abundance mgm-3) during immersion numerical density of were reduced in the following has been recorded. A huge phytoplankton for three order: post - immersion amount of synthetic organic different phases of ido (2745±912 cells l-1) > pre- chemicals is mixed with immersion ranged from immersion (2337±441 cells ambient water during 1569±225 cells l-1 to 3403±824 l-1) > immersion (1660±334 immersion by which the water cells l-1. The community cells l-1). tends to be acidic in nature. Huge biomass of leaves and Table 1- Mean abundance (± standard deviation) and community indices of phytoplankton and tintinnid during and different inorganic and 3 phases [PI: Pre-immersion; I: Immersion; POI: Post- organic substances also immersion] of idol immersion in Ganges River during increase the turbidity during 2011-2012 the events. Decreasing trend of numerical density for Year Status PHYTOPLANKTON TINTINNIDS loricate ciliate tintinnid (microzooplankton) [post- Abundance H’ R’ E’ Abundance H’ R’ E’ immersion (224±52 cells l-1) (cells l-1) (ind l-1) > pre-immersion (144±36 2011 PI 2777±550 1.66 4.29 0.62 107±43 0.73 2.72 0.30 cells l-1) > immersion (85±30 cells l-1)] and phytoplankton I 1569±225 1.49 4.57 0.65 40±18 0.48 2.3 0.45 [post-immersion (2745±912 cells l-1) > pre-immersion POI 3403±824 2.11 4.58 0.67 159±35 0.91 1.53 0.57 (2337±441 cells l-1) > immersion (1660±334 cells 2012 PI 1898±333 1.30 3.60 0.59 181±30 1.03 1.84 0.63 l-1)] was evident. When the I 1752±443 1.18 3.96 0.54 131±52 0.55 1.92 1.06 immersion of idol was over, the water gets saturated with POI 2088±1000 1.61 4.07 0.50 289±70 1.21 1.73 0.44 oxygen maintaining an overall average concentration of 1.26± 0.21 mg l-1 during the

226 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

Figure 3 Microphotographs of dominant plankton species recorded from the Hooghly River Estuary

(c) Annual Gangasagar as destruction of natural b(Chl b) and micronutrients Festival (nitrate, phosphate and silicate) During the Annual Gangasagar dunes, vegetation, etc.), were noticed during post-Aila Festival (AGF) at Sagar Island, disrupting natural function of period with a corresponding western part of Indian the river/estuarine ecosystem. decrease of water transparency Sundarban megadelta (as shown and phytopigments (Chl a and in Figure 1), approximately 1 (d) Natural Hazards Chl c) as evident from table 2. million pilgrims across India An integrated study was This condition of the water converge to take their holy bath performed to mark the is not healthy for the growth adverse effect of the severe and propagation of the estuary and Bay of Bengal cyclonic storm ‘Aila’ on phytoplankton - the basic fuel during January each year. This the water quality as well as for maintaining food chain mass scale bathing results changes in biodiversity of in the estuarine ecosystem. on negative impact on water mesozooplankton at the Reduction of zooplankton quality due to high turbidity mouth of the Hooghly biomass, density and species (14.02 ± 2.34 NTU) coupled estuary. The severe cyclonic diversity was also pronounced with low chlorophyll a (1.02 ± storm ‘Aila’ incident not only during the post-Aila period. 0.21 mg m_3) and dissolved caused stupendous changes An absolute dominance of oxygen (3.94 ± 1.1mg l_1). in the physicochemical two copepod species of The festival acts as multiple characteristics of the water diverse feeding guilds, namely, stressors that cause but also left a direct impact Bestiolina similis (herbivore) beach erosion, shoreline on the mesozooplankton and Oithona brevicornis biomass. A sharp increment (carnivore) was the most beaches with discarded plastic in water turbidity, chemical interesting feature observed and electronic wastes, as well oxygen demand (COD), during post-Aila period. The phytopigment [chlorophyll

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 227 Co er Story meroplanktons (nauplius, Thus, the holy river has Adverse Effects zoea and ichthyoplanktons) become the dumping ground (a) Loss of iconic species which are the potential food of all the wastes. While the Due to the exponential load enrichment of the trace of the organic pesticides from are found to be the most metals in the water have dominant forms (~31 % resulted mainly from the nutrients from different of total mesozooplankton) sources, much loss of during pre-Aila period, were wastes, discharge of immense biodiversity takes place that completely absent in post- sewage load through canals, even includes the Ganges Aila stage. crematoriums, non- functioning river dolphin (Platanista of the waste water treatment gangetica gangetica). The Table 2 Changes in water plants and lack of population density of these quality parameters at a environmental planning and aquatic mammals has been sampling station, Lot 8, coordination, the enrichment drastically reduced due to situated in the downstream of of the DDT and PAH are loss of habitat attributed to the Hooghly estuary during mainly due to agricultural and large-scale discharges of pre and post cyclonic storm industrial activities. municipal waste, siltation and ‘Aila’ countless brick kilns that have sprung up along the riverbank. Station Lot 8 Moreover, trace metals and POPs accumulate in the Parameters Pre Post bladder layer of these mammals. Water Temperature (°C) 27±0.68 25.5 Too much movement of mechanized boats or trawlers Salinity (ppt) 19.8±0.46 6.6 drive away these timid Turbidity (NTU) 20 38 mammals and sometimes they are also badly injured. In Transparency (cm) 10 2.5 addition, huge siltation reduces the depth of river, pH 8.3 7.9 which is quite unfavourable DO (mg/L) 5.67 4.34 to the dolphins as they prefer deep water with adjoining BOD (mg/L) 1.13 2.23 shallow water, at least 5 feet COD (mg/L) 96.51 109.61 to 8 feet deep. Usually they prefer the zone where there is NO3- µgm-atom/L 21.97 26.88 little or no current that helps them save energy. PO4- µgm-atom/L 0.68 3.79 SiO3-µgm-atom/L 72.31 89.31 (b) Change In Biodiversity Not only the loss of iconic Chl a mg/m3 3.92 0.88 species, but change in Chl b mg/m3 1.19 2.67 species diversity (phytolankton, microzooplankton and Chl c mg/m3 2.67 1.09 mesozooplankton) was also noticed. A total loss of a

228 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story single species or the dominance needs to be well informed of a different species are very about the use of pesticides much pronounced due to the and fertilizers to minimize the effects of natural hazards as contribution of agricultural well as that practices to surface water occur due to the huge loads pollution. Restoring the of nutrients and other riparian zone in most parts organics . of the watercourse is also an important measure for its (c) Physical Effects protection. Particularly, for Due to the huge deposition controlling the POPs, the of pollutants, over-siltation, development of novel sand excavation etc. The multifunctional greens and depth of the river not only sustainable systems like has decreased, but the loss of mixed cell culture system, stability and collapse of river banks are also pronounced. transgenic approaches and nanoremediation are highly Possible Remedial recommended. Moreover, the Measures governmental organizations To achieve the target of should deal strictly with this sustainability, socioeconomic negative impact for the sake issues must also be considered of the environment and with sustainable management public health by promoting of water resources involving the use of nature-friendly stakeholders, the business biodegradable materials to sector, nongovernmental create idols. Another innovative organizations (NGOs) and the technology for removal local public. There is a need to of trace metals is the continue to obtain consistent phytoremediation where the sets of standardized data to mangroves plants are used, support the actions of as it is cost-effective and an planning and control of integrated green technology. water use. Installation of Thus, many steps have yet waste water treatment plants, coupled with strict technologically, as well as enforcement of legislative politically and administratively, action are highly recommended in order to obtain workable for the better management of solutions that will support the estuary. Public awareness the achievement of the new campaigns should be policy and management launched to educate the local objectives for the betterment population about the of our future sustenance. importance of proper use of water. The farmer community

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 229 Co er Story

Strategies for Water Quality Preventions of Godavari River along Nanded City – A Review Article

Mr. Prathmesh Chourey Mr. Prathmesh Chourey Fellow and Area Convenor, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

Ms. Pranali Chavan Research Assistant, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

Ms. Pranali Chavan

Introduction of water quality in the Nanded city is considered as km in length along the Nanded coming years which need one of the oldest and historic city (Picture No. 1) whichhas to be addressed as early as city in Marathwada region possible to keep the river of Maharashtra. It is also city receives its daily water pristine. The article discusses regarded as the second most supply from Vishnupuri dam the pressures on the river, holy city after Amritsar due situated near Asarjan village the actions taken by to the presence of Gurdwara on the Godavari river, and is the corporation and Takhat Shri Hazur Sahib hence dependant on the river the recommendations for for its basic water demands conserving and monitoring Sikh community. Nanded is and needs. However, there the water quality. situated in eastern part of the are a lot of anthropogenic Marathwada region located pressures on the river which along the banks of Godavari may lead to the deterioration River,which is second longest river after the Ganges in India. Godavari river which originates from Trimbakeshwar (Western Ghats) at Nashik Deccan plateau then turns southeast, entering the west at Nanded district before entering Bhadrachalam in Telaganastate.The river then splits into two watercourses that widens into a large river Picture No. 1: Godavari River in Nanded city the Bay of Bengal. Photo credits: Prathmesh Chourey

230 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Pressure on Godavari water (black and grey) is treated system was designed for a River while the rest of the water, Release of untreated total length of existing sewer sewage in the river untreated into the river lines in Nanded city is about Godavari. One of the release points which opens near generated within Nanded city Naginaghat is depicted below and it is estimated that the in Picture No. 2. sewage generation in Nanded years old and is in a very poor Poor condition of Sewerage condition. The foundation 2 3 year . NWCMC treats the Infrastructure of the pipeline is highly collected sewage at 2 Nanded has an underground dilapidated, resulting in cracks operational sewage treatment sewerage system that was in the RCC sewer mains. Due plants with cumulative capacity designed and developed to the predominantly black by MJP (Maharashtra cotton soil and ageing of the components of the system, The sewerage system was the chambers and the thereafter handed over to manholes have also developed the then Nanded Municipal cracks. Hence, the sewage respectivelyand only about discharged into the system and maintenance. The sewerage

Picture No. 2: Release of domestic waste water in river Godavari Photo credits : Prathmesh Chourey 2s per personal discussion with officials from ater upply and ewerage epartment of CMC 3CMC 20 andedaghala City anitation lan olume The Report 6.3 xisting ewerage ystem g 2

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 231 Co er Story Most of the sewerage and 1 and 3 have a good coverage, households account for open storm water intermingle and ultimately untreated sewage of toilets and drainage of the households have a WC mixed with sludge and storm connections. Zone 2 and zone water is discharged into is led to an open drain system. Godavari River. not have coverage of about Anthropogenic activities Lack of Connectivity to The water bodies in Nanded Sewer Lines / Drainage city are vulnerable to various Connectivity pressures from anthropogenic It is estimated that more than households in Nanded urban activities. As seen in Picture area and out of these, as seen No. 3, dumping of waste city do not have toilet and along the banks of the river drainage connection. The body at Vishnupuri dam, using the river water for administrative zones, Zone sanitation, washing of clothes and accessing the river body and public toilets do not have for religious offerings and sewer connectivity or septic last rites are very commonly and Zone D (CIDCO). Zone observed sights along

Figure No. 1 : Share of households with type of water closet (latrine) in Nanded city Data Source : Census of India 20114 4Census 20 istrict Census andbook anded illage nd Town ise rimary Census bstract (C) eries 28 art II Table o 5 umber and ercentage of ouseholds by type of atrine facility 20 g 303

232 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story the Ghats, banks of river and algae thereby creating the Godavari in Nanded city. state of hypoxia (low levels nutrients and organic substances These anthropogenic activities of oxygen). The source of into the aquatic ecosystem. leave a lot of chemicals this excess phosphate is Phosphorus is often regarded in terms of phosphates, detergents, industrial/domestic as the main cause in detergents, oil and religious . cases of eutrophication offerings in the river water, Anthropogenic activities in lakes and river bodies thus polluting the water accelerate the rate at the subjected to “point source” bodies. nutrients which enter the pollution from sewage pipes. water ecosystem. Runoff Eutrophication from agriculture and The river body in Nanded Eutrophication arises from development, pollution city has started developing the oversupply of nutrients, fromseptic systems and eutrophication as well as usually phosphates and sewers, sewage sludge growth of Eichhorniacrassipes nitrogens, which induces spreading, and other human explosive growth of plants

Piture No nthropoeni inuenes on the ans of odavari river Photo credits: Prathmesh Chourey

5httpwww.unep.or.pietcpublicationsshortserieslakereservoirs33.asp 6http www.wri.org ourworkproect eutrophicationandhypoxiasourceseutrophication Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 233 Co er Story in Eutrophication levels • (Growth of Phytoplankton species composition, creating collection and treatment in and Algae) can lead to more favourable conditions for the Nanded city. There is an severe secondary impacts development of nuisance, under construction STP such as : toxic, or otherwise harmful (Sewage Treatment Plant), algal blooms. • levels and formation of tion taen y NW technology in the Sanghvi hypoxic or “dead” zones area. It is proposed that the Enhancement of Sewage waste water from A zone shall network and processing which in turn can lead to NWCMC has already be connected to this STP. ecosystem collapse. submitted a proposal to state as well as central Government Sweeping and cleaning • to seek funds under various along ghats as excessive growth of schemes to enhance the NWCMC has made phytoplankton, micro & existing sewage network and provisions of a few dust macro algae reduce light bins at the Vishnupuri dam penetration. sewage generated in Nanded to avoid random disposal of city. A proposal of about INR waste. The corporation also • undertakes regular cleaning composition and biomass of under the AMRUT (Atal along the banks and the ghats Mission for Rejuvenation along Godavari River. The aquatic community, eventually and Urban Transformation), solid waste dumped along the leading to reduced species launched by Government of ghats is manually collected diversity. India. It is expected that by and transported using tractor trolley to the dumping site.

Picture No. 4: Growth of water hyacinth (left) and Lemna minor (right) in Godavari river Photo credit: TERI

234 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story rtifiial Ponds for idol Recommendations - in the opposite side to that immersion Reducing and Monitoring of the river. The runoff Water Pollution from these platforms should be then let in the sewage named ‘ParyavaranSnehi Shri Enhancing the collection connections which would Ganesh Murti Visarjaan Talav’ and processing of sewage then lead the waste water to and encouraged the citizens the treatment plants. Direct to immerse the Ganesh water generated from the access to the river for idols in this ponds and avoid Nanded city is collected and washing of the clothes must immersing the idols directly treated while the remaining be restricted or banned. in the river body. Around released in the river without nstall Niralaya ins treatment. It is recommended immersed this year. This ustins helped not only in reducing that the sewerage infrastructure A lot of religious activities the pollution levels in the river, should be enhanced with take place along the banks of but also help avoid release of utmost priority to cater to the the Vishnupuri dam as well about 1 million cubic meters requirements. as the river water front in the of water, which would have city. The devotees offer a lot otherwise been released in the Construct strategically of nirmalya and release it in river from the dam to have a desined hoi hats the water body. Dedicated Given the current design of Nirmalya bins could be of water can now meet the the ghats makes it conve installed along the river front, requirements of Nanded city nient for waste water to be and ghats and be decanted for about 2 months. released in the river body. It is regularly by the corporation. recommended that a dedicated This could be further be space for washing of clothes processed using vermi be demarked and the platform compost technology to be constructed in such a way make useful compost for the that the slope of the same is plantations in the gardens

Piture No eular W olletion alon the hats and onstrution of artifiial pondfor Ganesh idol immersion Photo redit Prathesh hourey NW Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 235 Co er Story of NWCMC and road site • plantations. all the 12 nallahs

Solid waste, plastic bags, bottles, styrofoam, wrappers, cloth and so on, are being dumped along the river. It is recommended to install dustbins along the banks of the river and on the ghat for appropriate disposal of the solid waste. NWCMC has installed a few dustbins, but given the footfall of visitors more number of dustbins is desired.

Channelizing of water for religious access The river water should be channelized and areas be demarcated exclusively for religious activities while the remaining river front should be restricted from the same. This shall help is restricting the access and the thus caused pollution and also help is easy activities.

Monitoring infrastructure and analysis Weekly monitoring of Godavari River • at upstream and downstream of Nanded city • city

• points along Godavari and Asna river

236 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 237 Co er Story Water Resources Planning for Economic Stability Ms. Kiran Nanda Author & Project Leader of number of national and international assignments. Currently working as a free-lance Economist. Earlier, IMC - Director, Indian Merchant’s Chamber’s research wing - “Economic Research & Training Foundation” (IMC-ERTF) Ms. Kiran Nanda

fforts to solve water limited period and gets largely solution propagated is to get Ewoes have been far short wasted. Growing reliance on people away from farming of what is needed. Solutions groundwater that provides by creating more jobs in to multitude of water woes 65% forirrigation and 85% manufacturing. Butstatistics faced by Indianshave become for drinking water, has led indicate that by 2050, there possible with the progress to falling water tables and will still be around 800 mn of technologybut only if all aggressive competition between people in rural India. People stakeholders also join together users.As less than 40% migrating endlessly from and observe optimumnorms of wastewater in towns is villages to cities just cannot of water governance. connected to a municipal work. Lasting solutions sewage system, the spectre will have to be found for Indian economy is losing on of multiplying illnesses and agriculture,which are holistic its global competitiveness declining environmental and sustainable. because of various water qualityis no surprise. travails. It is exporting Fewsustainable solutions to agricultural crops that are The wave of unrest among solve the messy water crisis intensive in scarce resources farmers in multiple parts includemaking farming viable such as water and land. of India point out that the ;interlinking of water- waysand Exporting scarce resources problems of Indian agriculture effective water governance like water can be primarily are more pervasive than what practices but all these have traced to distortions in pricing is obvious. A paradoxical situ- become enmeshed with of water and agri-crops, ationhas come to stay- farmers political interference. The rioting and committing resultis thaton the one hand, pressure that encourage suicides in the wake of a farmers are paying the price myopia in decision making. bumper crop.More than for a bumper crop they Stagnant agri-productivity 3,00,000 farmers have labour so hard to producewhile is also related to input price committed suicide over the distortions last two decades. This is absolutely unprecedented in The inter-linking of rivers With 17.5% of the world’s Indian history.With farmers’ though progressing is getting total population and 2.45% of anger spreading across the repeatedly delayed because of the earth’s land area, India is country, their desperation rising state disputes all over blessed with abundant rainfall, the country. but which is concentrated in a of agriculture.Since long the

238 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Following quotations aptly notoriously foul. Much of its ticipatory irrigation management apply to the current state of soil is poisoned and is found of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat water in India. to be the biggest neglected and Andhra Pradesh. Another threat to public health in paradox is visible ie while ‘We have not succeeded in China. tubewell irrigation was the key answering all our problems. instrument of India’s Green Answers we have found only Government has been taking Revolution, it has become serve to raise a whole set of a number of measures to today the biggest cause of new questions. In some way, improve both the water India’s depleting water tables we feel we are as confused as economics of the country and deteriorating water ever, but we believe we are as well as the tackling the quality. confused on a higher level and about more important things.’ water management. Butthese It is impossible to monitor 30 —Bernt Oksendal measures have been extremely mn groundwater structures laggard in showing results. through a licence - quota- I think the environment No wonder the most critical permit raj. Economy is should be put in the category problem of loan waivers has grdually moving away from of our national security. become a hot potato for the command-and-control system Defence of our resources is authorities, of which one in both surface and ground- just as important as defence of the main causal factors water towards a participatory abroad. Otherwise what is has been the failure to solve model among all stakeholders there to defend? the water issues faced by the including the community --Robert Redford farmers. participation and voluntarism encouraging locals to keep ‘Destruction is a man’s will… This is notwithstanding the up their water conservation Nevertheless, Prevention is fact that in recent period a efforts. also a man’s will. It’s a man’s choice to choose between given to the word “reforms”. It is important to reiteratehere Destruction and Prevention.’ Till now, the focus had that the new sustainable —Babu Rajan been on outlays and not on development agenda of outcomes. Around Rs 400,000 United Nations adopted Water does not grow crops, crore has been spent on by countries on September but in its absence, the earth irrigation projects but water would not have one blade of from these has not been integrated goals (of which grass—Rabindranath Tagore able to meet the needs of Goal 6 pertains to Water). the farmers. Chief Minister The17 points agenda (list Backdrop of Maharashtrahas rightly attached at the end) aims Water management has complained about the paradox to end poverty, protect the indeed become a complex ie recurrent droughts are planet and ensure prosperity task demanding high levels of being faced by Maharashtra for all --governments, the intellectual innovative inputs despite it having majority private sector, civil society and strategic thinking. This is of large dams. But now, and people, who also need to relevant not only to India but Government’s focus has play their part.The UN’s water other countries too. For ex. shifted to learning from the agenda pertains to ensure even China’s water and air are proven success stories of par- availability and sustainable

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 239 Co er Story management of Clean Water seen by the authorities as a Broadly, the water resource and Sanitation for all. Without core infrastructure issue and planning, water augmenting progress on Goal 6, the other integral to all major initiatives and water budgeting are being goals and targets of the like establishing connectivity considered to be done in an Agenda are simply not within India and with integrated manner. Something achievable. In detail the Goal neighboring countries, making similarhas been recommended 6 embraces-- agriculture viable, transforming by Mihir Shah’s report on ‘A Industry towards sustainability 21st Century Institutional - By 2030, to achieve universal and facilitating States becoming Architecture for India’s and equitable access to safe pro- active on the water Water Reforms’. This commit- and affordable drinking water policy. In short, it seems the tee has attempted to integrate for all. emphasis is on taking a long national water institutions, as term view on solving water water itself is integrated in the - To achieve access to issues rather than mere quick real world. adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all One of Mihir Shah’s main and to end open defecation, Freshwater is coming under recommendations is the paying special attention to the increasing pressure with a raft creation of a National Wa- needs of women and girls and of emerging environmental ter Commission in place of those in vulnerable situations. challenges and risks to the existing Central Water its management. Applying Commission (CWC) and - To improve water quality technology and innovation Central Ground Water Board by reducing pollution, to both demand and supply (CGWB). As per this report, eliminating dumping and sides of the water sector and India is suffering from minimizing release of incentivizing policy framework endemic hydro-schizophrenia, hazardous chemicals and to achieve the Goal 6 of UN where the left hand of surface materials, halving the development goals need to water does not know what the proportion of untreated bemade priorityperspectives. right hand of groundwater wastewater and substantially Water reformsshould include is doing. Drying up of increasing recycling and enhancing water availability, peninsular rivers has been the extraction, capture/storage main cause of over-extraction Present State of ‘Water’ and water-usage. Water indeed of groundwater. “If river India’s current Water Poli- is a complex utility as it rejuvenation is the key cy more or less seems to be embodies consumption or national mandate, then this aimed at around aboveglobal ‘development entitlement’ cannot happen without development goals but still aspect as well as productive hydrologists and hydrogeologists seems nowhere near achieving resources or ‘investment’ working together, along with the same. aspect. Getting water-pricing social scientists, agronomists - right is at the heart of the and other stakeholders”. matter. Right pricing alone Mihir Shah’s report calls for perceptible and forward can enable bankable water multi-disciplinary talent in looking progress in water projects to emerge which can water management. Crop research &policy making on attract private investment. water budgeting, without which country will continue time the subject of ‘Water’ is to grow water-intensive crops

240 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story and use water unsustainably Trillions of litres of water advantages? Another question in the drylands of India, is that are stored need to reach raised is whether it Is crucial. Further, social or the people. The gap between technically possible and community mobilisers are created irrigation capacity economically feasible to required to get people and utilised irrigation capacity link all the rivers in India? together to manage the provide a massive low Karnataka government common pool resource hanging fruit. This can add has locked horns with the of water. Strong people’s fast about 24 mn hectares to neighbouring Goa on the institutions are a must to irrigated area at less than half larger issue of sharing the conserve water and to the present cost. Groundwater Mahadayi River water rejuvenate rivers. All as an important source between both the states. disciplines have to complement of water and therefore of each other and work as one the growth process and Evidence about the gains of cohesive team. livelihoods of people, its safe the interlinking scheme is usehas to be ensured as a mixed. The project is built on The system has given rise to sustainable solution. hopes that it will boost per capita water availability for Several state governments Inter linking of rivers 220mn water-hungry Indians. are complaining about huge presents another sustainable It also envisions an area more delays in techno-economic solution.Stark differences than twice the size of Andhra appraisal by CWC. Shah has in water availability in the Pradesh receiving additional recommended that appraisal river basins of the country water for irrigation and must become a partnership have given rise to the idea of eventually to even out the between the central and state interlinking of rivers. Since precarious shifts between governments, taking the help late last year, the scheme of the expertise of national has been implemented by the project is moving forward institutions as the IITs and the Central government in it must consider the risks various regional engineering several segments such as the at hand, which include the colleges. Godavari-Krishna interlink possibility that it could in Andhra Pradesh and displace nearly 1.5 mn people Views on the Mihir Shah the Ken-Betwa interlink in due to the submergence report by Rohini Nilekani are Madhya Pradesh. The of 27.66 lakh hectares of worth stating -- ‘The Mihir Godavari - Krishna river land and concerns about its Shah Committee report link project inaugurated by escalating cost projections. analyses the complexity of Chandrababu Naidu is the Both Narmada Canal & Mahi nuanced manner and in India. Though the process Pariyej are not only connecting understands what needs to be has been initiatedit is facing to major important river done, but it fails to convince lot of hurdles and is not of Gujarat but are also how its ideas could fructify. foolproof. A number of distributing water. Best The report’s prescriptions, questions are arising like example is Sabarmati river executed through a new why do politicians delay the near Ahmedabad which used structure, could fetter the approval of the “Indian to be dry for most of the time water sector instead of setting Rivers Inter-link Project” it free to innovate’. even though it has so many around the year. The river

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 241 Co er Story to millets and pulses, which are nutritionally far superior alternatives in a country beset with the diabetes epidemic. This means radical changes in the way we grow these crops (seed, water and input regimes). There has to be aggressive and extensive procurement of these crops by the government. FCI procurement focusses only on rice and wheat although this year we saw some initial Sabarmati before steps in the direction of procurement of pulses. This is a welcome move but needs to go much further.

Besides, the word “green” of the green revolution has turned out to be a misnomer as it has led to a deep crisis of sustainabilityin terms of economic and ecological parameters. Deep drilling by tubewells to grow water- intensive crops was carried out without any reference Sabarmati now whatsoever to India’s unique front has been developed to Indianpeople still suffer from , where hard take advantage of the same. the obsessionwith the Green rock formations with low Revolution of 1970s. The so rates of natural recharge form Beautifying the river fronts called revolution did result nearly two-thirds of the land. and initiating water ways in a dramatic rise in food transport are the latest trends. production and made the It is not surprising that that there has evolved now a serious Issue arises whether the But the revolution was limited water crisis when both water above environment would to only rice and wheat tables and water quality have lead to greater Centre-states completely neglected, Pulses been falling rapidly. Arsenic, stress.On the contrary, these and millets, the mainstay of would result in co-operative the poor people. We must uranium have been traced in federalism. shift focus away from wa- our drinking water, creating ter -intensive rice and wheat serious health hazards. More serious is that to get the same

242 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story increase in production, farm- cacy with the States by the ers keep on applying more Government of India. and “per drop more crop” and more fertilisers and pesti- cides. This raises the costs of Today is a juncture when PMKSY has linked three cultivation exorbitantly with the agrarian policy reform in different departments of no proportionate increase in India cannot be ignored. the government -agriculture, production. Only a comprehensive policy rural development and water response on above lines can PM has become a strong ensure that farmers’ distress projects that were incomplete votary for non - chemical for almost two decades for farming by launching the Soil the past. early completion under the Health Card Scheme, which potentially facilitates farmers Some Notable Programme (AIBP). However, to carefully manage input Developments none of these projects has regimes of farming. Much • been completed till now. more needs to be done by provide cost effective authorities like giving a green appropriate solutions for • Partnerships/Collaborations direction to the nature of country’s water woes. For ex. in water solutions are subsidies in the sector. water metering technology constantly taking place. For has come a long way in recent ex. An India- European Water governance of both years; iJal stations ensuring Union Water Partnership surface and groundwater some poorest communities was agreed at the 2016 requiresradical reformsto have access to safe drinking Summit and followed up ensure that the water in the er etc. with a Memorandum of irrigation commands reaches Understanding. The Partnership the farmers and groundwater • foresees cooperation in water is managed sustainably in a the Pradhan Mantri Fasal law and governance ; way that ensures that no one Bima Yojana, covering all promotion of research, is deprived of his/her right food grains and risks in innovation and exchange of to water for life. There seems the crop cycle. It is a vast businesssolutions, and joint to be positive moves in these improvement on the old initiatives torejuvenate the directions within government crop insurance model. New iconic Ganga riverand India’s except some hesitation in scheme which has the lowest other water bodies by bringing going ahead with a new premium so far has proposed together a wide community model groundwater Bill use of remote sensing, smart of stakeholders on both drafted by the Ministry of phones and drones for quick sides. Implementation of the Water Resources. This landmark estimation of crop loss and India – EU Water Partnership Bill can replace archaic Brit- speedy claim process. With is well under way with the ish Common Law from the an outlay of `50,000 crore, organisation of technical 19th century, which gave legal another scheme is Pradhan exchanges & workshops, legitimacy to the over- Mantri Krishi Sinchayee annual water Fora and the extraction of groundwater Yojana, which aims to cover creation of business and that underpins the current 28.5 lakh hectare under networking opportunities. agrarian crisis. New law needs urgent adoption and advo- in the slogans “har khet ko from river basin management

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 243 Co er Story planning and governance, addressing water scarcity through water allocation, to the streams and rivers in are ground water pumping water economics and the basin, recharge zones, and desalination. Both these soil moisture storage and the mechanisms are energy basin management. Another changes therein, given the intensive. Requirement of increasing vagaries of the power for water is going to for South- South Cooperation monsoons and the changing go up in the coming future, (UNOSSC) have launched scenarios of other climate as ground water levels are a partnership fund that factors. depleting due to excessive will support sustainable extraction, and surface water development projects across Some Comments and water bodies are the developing world. Under • vanishing rapidly due to this, the India - UN water awareness programmes urbanization, and rapid Development Partnership is essential like the present changes in land cover, and Fund will implement country Times of India The Water land use patterns. This will -level projects that are Positive Initiative. Recognizing put strain on the climate. catalytic towards achieving the innovative initiatives on Hence water management 17 sustainable development water conservation, water policies must consider energy goals of the 2030 Agenda. management and the like as an important factor. Both The collaborative initiative water and energy rank high on is aimed at reducing poverty • development goals but are and hunger, improving health, vital inputs for economic rarely considered together. education and equality and development of a modern Focus on water-energy nexus expanding access to clean society. Excessive use of fossil is of paramount importance. water, energy and livelihoods. fuels as energy resources is • • contributors to climate change. resource intensive farming thatthrust is on formulating One of the major impacts systems have substantially an integrated water policy of climate change is on increased food production, framework, which was not the availability of potable water. this has come at a high cost case earlier when water issues This makes studies of water, to the environment which were sought to be tackled energy and environment includes water management. through a silo approach. nexus essential to develop Today, it is fundamental not Under the integrated effective mitigation and only to increase production, framework, river basin is to be adaptation strategies. but to do it in a way that does considered as a hydraulic unit not damage the environment. for planning and development Water, energy and environment Nourishing people must go of water. This would help the nexus has multiple dimensions. hand in hand with nurturing planners to know the total Energy and environment the planet. nexus has been studied in surface, rate of ground water detail as a mitigation problem. • But the water-energy nexus of inadequate water availability underlying aquifers, including and water-environment nexus Among various factors, the status of exploitation/uti- are equally important. Two inadequate water availability is lization of water and the base common mechanisms for an important cause of rising

244 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story indebtedness. Waiving debt is • • clearly not a solution to their the sea lie the vast plains. Here making consumers sensitive problems. At the planning the Ganga, shackled by faith, to water issues as most common stage itself, the best pattern rituals and tokens of modern men, including the educated for cultivation includes development, looks out of making the right choices character. Ganga pollution is become insensitive to the about crop, seeds and obvious below-- crisis. People use water pesticides and taking into generously and waste carelessly. account water availability.

• Karnataka budget has chosen to focus on managing water. There was pressure on the chief minister to waive crop loans but the state budget while continuing the interest - free, subsidized loans for farmers, raised allocations to water resources to a record high of Rs18,028 crore or 11.2% of the budget. State • • government will also do cloud in water utilities is required important. Most rivers are seeding. Similarly, initially, but this needs to be spent polluted with discharge of the Maharashtra government effectively. It is positive that refused to buckle under government is planning without proper treatment pressure for farm loan waiver to consolidate the Infra and instead allocated close consumption. Only 32% of to Rs14,000 crore to the other measures, which will sewage generated per day in agriculture sector, primarily enable more lending for infra urban India gets treated while for irrigation. But later on projects and for a longer the rest is let out in rivers and had to give in for political period. sea. Both treated and untreated consideration. oe peifi which makes the river water • Submissions giving the highest priority to As the challenge of India’s Some examples of out of the ‘Make in India’. It has invited water crisis is grave, box solutions are--- the world’s manufacturing particularly with rising companies to “Come and atmospheric temperature and - Afforestation programme make in India”. But without increasing per capita water on denuded forest lands adjoining the Thane-Belapur includes 24*7 clean water of select out - of - the - box industrial area in Navi Mumbai supply, foreign co.s will solutions are required so as to by BAIF Development hesitate to come despite manage the crisis. Research Foundation. As soil moisture was not adequate

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 245 Co er Story to nurture young plants on watershed development would on water management believe heavily eroded barren hillocks, render big and quick returns. now is the time for businesses This can prove to be a to embed holistic water petrochemical complex were game - changer for poor stewardship programmes that pumped to the hilltop at 80m farmers. There are many capture the interests of all height and let out through the examples of successful other departments. contour channels for irrigating projects where agricultural tree plantations. There was no development was treated as an • adverse impact on quality of integral part of the watershed develop a cohesive strategy groundwater. In 5-6 years, the development with public for sustainability of their barren hill spread over 200ha private partnership to dou- businesses. A comprehensive was transformed into a lush ble the income of farmers in ecosystem would imply green forest, which attracted 5-6 years. Enhancing water sustainability to be achieved over 50 species of fauna and if business is designed and promoted eco-tourism. or rural areas will ultimately operated in a manner that reduce the pressure on is economically viable, - Another instance-Udaipur overall water supply. Such socially harmonious and lake which is surrounded projects can be torchbearers environmentally responsible. by several barren hillocks. for the nation not only to A “green” strategy, without Pumping waste water to combat water crisis but also the facet of economically vi- hilltops and irrigating tree to provide safe food and able business is as ineffective plantations on these hills, not water for future generations. as an irresponsible business. only beautify the surroundings Process starts at the design but also serve as a source of • stage itself.. Sustainability water to recharge the lake Shah report, there is need for needs to become the culture round the year. greater and more integrated of organisation’s operations presence of water professionals and growth strategy. This Managing sewage before at the river basin level. then needs to be monitored, letting it into the river can be implemented, and evaluated • well involving top the Clean Ganga Project, simultaneous action by management’s participation at which will not only improve all levels. the quality of Ganga water service providers, water users but also boost agriculture and civil society to ensure that • production while recharging crucial. Rajasthan under JSA groundwater. Reduction of (Jal SwavlambanAbhiyan), has river water pollution will further funds are provided progressed from a state that increase the supply of where required. had struggled for every last drinking water across the river drop of water, to successfully basins. • managing to break from its ‘dry, arid and barren’ image. • departments. With water Rajasthan government intends availability declining but to construct/repair 35,000 watershed development. Public energy demand rising, some rainwater collection reservoirs private sector’s leading lights in 4200 villages and 66 cities.

246 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story • irrigation systems. Indian from the inception stage to irrigation has become critical government must enforce water - sourcing, transportation to raising farmers’ incomes. some form of maintenance and distribution equitably and If the government is serious fee to make irrigation inclusively, metering, revenue in realising its dream of sustainable. collection, water treatment, doubling farm incomes by recycling and till last stage 2022, it needs to treble the • resources for irrigation in agriculture can be brought people. order to ensure water for down. There are systems every farm. Minimum annual to conserve water practised • investment needed is Rs 3 in ancient times. These need experiences in other parts of lakh crore for irrigation for to be reached and their the world. We need to have all usefulness in present times the facts and make the right can be gauged. There has to decisions for our communities. • be something holistic about For example, Israel didn’t encouraged to shift from the way we want to manage turn to desalination until our water. irrigation systems such as drip production of water-intensive or sprinkler. This will help • crops such as cotton, invested conserve water besides saving Communications Technology in urban conservation and on irrigation costs. (ICT) in basic utilities like water and electricity would California has achieved, and • enable citizens to access massively expanded wastewater is vital to increase farm the utilities, get correct treatment and reuse. Australia productivity, especially for information and be able to failed to pursue the cheaper marginal farmers. Government process the payments online. should provide 24 hour power lesson we should heed. India supply to farmers and charge • should tackle the cheaper, them a reasonable fee to sustainability interventions most cost-effective things encourage farmers to use their need to be studied and tube wells responsibly. By followed up, where Business giving power free to Membership organizations reuse and capturing more farmers in Punjab and (BMOs) like Chambers can storm water. If we do the Haryana, government caused play an important role both as right things in the right order, deterioration in power supply. enablers and catalysts. we can avoid spending billions British government, which on what ultimately could be built the earliest network of • an expensive white elephant. canals, levied an irrigation expand and improve the water service fee, thereby collecting supply network and to • enough money to maintain as well as abroad are galore canals. After Independence, existing water use, a holistic which can be shortlisted to political authorities made approach to projects provide important learnings irrigation service free, management and its execution for country’s water resource thereby left with no money should be made mandatory. management. For ex.-- for the maintenance of these This approach must be right

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 247 Co er Story - A model of water in water management and in for every drop of water, conservation adopted maintaining water table in water governance has to be successfully by the authorities the area. This was discussed improved, each and every in Nalanda district of south with local farmers and the water policy has to have a central Bihar has been traditional wisdom so collected built- in implementation selected for the national award was later incorporated into strategy along with checks for excellence in the Mahatma ‘jalsanchay project ‘ design. that monitor the end result. Gandhi national rural End result has been a blend Just like government has employment guarantee of modern day techniques been giving its wholehearted programme (MGNREGP) and technologies with attention to critical nation- - ‘Project Jal Sanchay’, by the traditional knowledge to al issues one after another ministry of rural development. evolve a holistic approach (making India digital, make in The water conservation to the problem of water India, employment creation & programme began just as an conservation and it worked new data on jobs to be made administrative initiative, but well. This water conservation ‘all inclusive’ etc.), similarly soon turned into a people’s project has not only improved focus now should be movement. Nalanda has the availability of water but on ameliorating widespread been an agriculture oriented has also positively impacted water woes of masses. district, but it always remained farm production in the areas affected by drought like covered by the project. If water governance does conditions, which impacted not improve, India would be cultivation and farm production. In Sum, without addressing heading towards disaster. Though, during monsoon the messy water issues, the Groundwater tables are output gap (difference between abysmally low in many parts area, the water run off used to actual and potential output of of the country. Many of be so high that within 15 days an economy) faced by India, India’s main river basins are the entire water got washed will only get accentuated. closed. Expressed demand for away. It was under these Basically, fault lies with water might not even be met conditions that ‘project by 50% in the next decade. jalsanchay’ was launched policies. This is not with under MGRNREGP, to offer standing that faulty water Though policies seem to be farmers a wide spectrum of policies are getting addressed on track, unfortunately the solutions to their water crisis. but at a slow pace. Authorities subject of ‘Water’ still does Check dams were created must realise that time is not get as much attention as and traditional Aahar-Pyne running out. As ‘Water’ is a others like power or housing irrigation system and complicated economic, social though it is equally important. traditional water bodies and political subject, the Awareness levels on water as a were desilted and renovated, solutions are bound to take precious resource are dismally accompanied by campaigns time to fructify. Creation of poor. Support from MPs, to create awareness about a sustainable ecosystem for MLAs may create water rainwater harvesting. During water sector in India is to be saving awareness among considered a priority. Though masses. Merely getting the realised that knowledge of the a laudable aim but the issue is tag of fastest growing major traditional water conservation a vexed one? Mindset of every economy should not be system could be most useful citizen has to become caring gloated over. More important

248 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story parameters to rate sustainability Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and Goal 14. Conserve and should include rating of equitable quality education sustainably use the oceans, and promote lifelong learning seas and marine resources for and how far every citizen opportunities for all sustainable development is made fully aware about importance of water to the Goal 5. Achieve gender Goal 15. Protect, restore nation as well as their day equality and empower all and promote sustainable use to day living. The wave of women and girls of terrestrial ecosystems, unrest among farmers in sustainably manage forests, multiple parts of India Goal 6. Ensure availability reminds us that the problems and sustainable management and halt and reverse land of Indian agriculture are more of water and sanitation for all degradation and halt pervasive and can engulf the biodiversity loss entire country. If the current Goal 7. Ensure access to trend continues states one affordable, reliable, sustainable Goal 16. Promote peaceful after another will trend and modern energy for all and inclusive societies for towards becoming deserts sustainable development, and water to get poisoned. Goal 8. Promote sustained, provide access to justice This paper should be a wake inclusive and sustainable for all and build effective, - up call for policy makers economic growth, full and accountable and inclusive and professional economists. productive employment and institutions at all levels There are new and then decent work for all discussions on new subjects Goal 17. Strengthen the like Universal Basic Income Goal 9. Build resilient means of implementation and and Bad Bank but the travails infrastructure, promote revitalize the global partnership of Indian agriculture, which inclusive and sustainable for sustainable development contribute to the need for industrialization and foster in- such programmes continue to novation remain under researched. Goal 10. Reduce inequality ** within and among countries Sustainable Development Goals Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, Goal 1. End poverty in all its safe, resilient and sustainable forms everywhere Goal 12. Ensure sustainable Goal 2. End hunger, achieve consumption and production food security and improved patterns nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives its impacts* and promote well-being for all at all ages

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 249 Co er Story

Gainful Reuse of Treated Sewages: The 21st Century Challenge Posed by Micro-pollutants and Pathogenes

Dr. Shyam R. Asolekar Dr. Shyam R. Asolekar Professor at the Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering in Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

Mr. Rahul S. Sutar currently pursuing the PhD programme under the supervision of Prof Asolekar. Centre for Environmental Science & Engineering, Mr. Rahul S. Sutar Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Ms. B. Lekshmi currently pursuing the PhD programme under the supervision of Prof Asolekar. Centre for Environmental Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076

Ms. B. Lekshmi

1. Introduction Asolekar and Gopichandran, are less effective. The removal In India, a large volume 2005; Reddy et al., 2014; of easily or moderately of wastewater is directly Kumar et al., 2015a & 2015b). biodegradable compounds discharged into the natural is the primary objective watercourses due to an The existence of micro- of conventional treatment inadequate capacity of the pollutants and pathogens methods which attributes sewage treatment facilities present in the wastewater to lesser removal of micro- which leads to deterioration from several industries pollutants (Li et al., 2014). On of all the environmental including pharmaceutical is sub-systems. The urbanization the real challenge. The micro removal of pathogens is is the principal reason for the -pollutants may cause negative exhibited by natural treatment environmental degradation, effects on human health and systems. However, none of especially in the quality of the environment which could the technologies i.e. natural air, water and noise. Due to be individualistic, synergistic or mechanized treatment is direct discharge of domestic or antagonistic. For the removal of micro-pollutants removal of micro-pollutants other wastes into the water and pathogens, the mechanized and pathogens. Therefore, resources or nearest river treatment technologies the principal objective of attributed to degradation comprising sequencing batch this chapter is to review the of water quality (Arceivala reactor, activated sludge occurrence of micro- and Asolekar, 2007 & 2012; process and extended aeration pollutants and pathogens

250 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story in wastewaters and their (Luo et al., 2014). Similarily, (Burkhardt - holm, 2011). treatment technologies. wastewater contains large Pharmaceutical plants discharge number of pathogenic micro- large quantity of wastes during The existences of micro- organisms. These pathogenic their operations and processes pollutants at trace organisms cause various which attributes to addition concentrations hamper the diseases and are also persistent of micro - pollutants in procedures of their detection in the natural environment. wastewater. These wastes and analysis. Additionally, it In the following section, a include solvents, spent also generates challenges for comprehensive discussion fermentation broths, equipment treatment processes of water on potential threats and wash waters, process liquors, and wastewater. In most of occurrence of micro- used processing aids and the wastewater treatment pollutants and pathogens has spilled materials etc (Kumari plants, there are numerous been given. et al., 2010). Pharmaceuticals problems associated with and their byproducts coming micro-pollutants concerning 2.1 Sources of Micro- from urine or human faeces, their detection. Also, till date, pollutants usage of cosmetics etc no discharge guidelines and The micro-pollutants are are some of the natural standards are available for the introduced into aquatic background generation of removal of micro-pollutants environment through variety micro-pollutants. Approximately from wastewaters. Consequently, of sources comprising 60% of administered dose in order to set regulatory municipal as well as industrial of drug is released through limits for micro-pollutants, wastewaters running into excretion (Santosa et al., the biological responses such water resources, agricultural 2012). Table 1 gives details of as short-term and long-term sources of micro-pollutants in effects of micro-pollutants and transport and machinery aquatic environment. wants to enhance the reuse Table 1 Sources of micro-pollutants (adapted after of treated sewages, the issues Luo et al., 2014) related to removal of micro Sr. No. Category of Sources -pollutants and pathogens Micro-pollutant from wastewaters would have to be addressed in • concurrence with each other. excretion) • 2. Persistent Micro- • pollutants and Pathogens cleaning discharges In recent years, micro- • pollutants and pathogens are improper cleaning • for treatment of wastewaters. roadways etc The presence of micro- • pollutants in aquatic • environment is a growing • concern owing to their persistent and bioactive nature

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 251 Co er Story

Sr. No. Category of Sources 2.3 Sources of Pathogens Micro-pollutant and The Potential Threats Pathogen removal in • wastewater is very essential. bathing, laundry, dishwashing As per Gerba et al. 2005, 150 etc. known enteric pathogens are • 5 Personal care so far. Microbial pathogens • present in wastewater are bathing, shaving, spraying, mainly in four groups. swimming etc. They are viruses, bacteria, protozoans and helmiths. As reported by Lloret et al. environment. They are Major source of pathogen (2010), the concentration of transported into human as is human or warm-blooded micro-pollutants in wastewater well as animal tissues from animal faeces. UN FAO states varies from ng/L to µg/L. contaminated water. The that pH, , temprature, Jiang et al. (2013) also reviewed effect of micro-pollutants in moisture content etc. govern the occurrence of micro- the tissue is investigated by survival time of bacteria. pollutants in 14 countries. the type as well as amount Viruses like enteroviruses can The widespread existences accumulated. Very low survive in soil for about 20 to of micro-pollutants were doses are also lethal when 100 days and in wastewater, bioaccumulation occurs for about 120 days. Also, Ibuprofen, Naproxen, (Ahel et al., 1993). Micro- they can persist in crops for Erythromycin and pollutants may undergo about 30 to 15 days. Similarly Roxithromycin. bioaccumulation, bioconcentration, faecal colifom, Salmonella, Occurrence of anti- biotranformation and can Vibrio cholera survive for metabolize based on their about 20 to 70 days. Helminths properties. The harmful like Ascarislumbricoides eggs as well as treated sewages effects of micro-pollutants can survive for many months in UK, Canada, Japan etc. consist of disruption of in soil as well as wastewater. Elevated levels of estrogens hormone system as well as Table 3 gives details of impact on reproductive diseases caused by some of system. Some micro- the pathogens present in estriol were also detected in pollutants such as benzene, wastewater. wastewaters. The Table 2 alachlor (pesticide), nitroso depicts the concentration of compounds may produce various micro-pollutants in carcinogenic effects. wastewater (Luo et al., 2014). Additionally, genotoxic effects are also exhibited by some of 2.2 The Threats Posed by the micro-pollutants including Micro-pollutants EDTA, plasticizer DEHP / Micro - pollutants undergo diethylhexylphthalate (Bur- several processes including khardt-holm, 2011). hydrolysis, oxidation, degradation and dilution in aquatic

252 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Table 2 Concentrations of various micro-pollutants typically encountered in wastewaters (adapted from Luo et al., 2014) Sr. No. Category of Compounds Concentration (µg/L) Micro-pollutant 1 Pharmaceuticals Ibuprofen <0.004-603 Naproxen <0.002-52.90 Salicylic acid 0.576-63.7 Erythromycin 0.14-10.03 Caffeine 0.22-209 2 PCPs Galaxolide 0.03-24.97 Triclosan 0.03-23.90 3 Steroid hormones Estrone 0.01-0.17 Estradiol 0.002-0.05 4 Surfactants Nonylphenol <0.03-101.6 Octylphenol <0.2-8.7 5 Industrial chemicals Bisphenol A <0.013-2.14 Diethylhexyl phthalate 0.003-70.0 6 Pesticides Diazinon 0.684 Clotrimazole 0.012-0.08

Table 3 Pathogens found in wastewater and diseases caused Group Pathogen Diseases Caused Bacteria Aeromonas spp/ Escherichia Gastroenteritis coli / Campylobacter Salmonella typhi Typhoid, diarrhoea, fever Vibrio cholera Gastroenteritis, Cholera Yersinia spp. Yersiniosis, Gastroenteritis Virus Enteric adenovirus/ Enteritis Astrovirus/ Calicivirus / Rotavirus Adenovirus Conjunctivitis Coxsackievirus Various; respiratory illness; enteritis; viral myocarditis Echovirus Aseptic meningitis Enterovirus Meningitis; encephalitis; paralysis; Hepatitis A, fever, anorexia; Hepatitis A Hepatitis Reovirus Respiratory disease Poliovirus Poliomyelitis, paralysis

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 253 Co er Story

Protozoa Cryptosporidium parvum Diarrhea Entamoeba histolytica Amoebiasis, dysentery Giardia lamblia Diarrhea, malabsorption Helminths Ascaris lumbricoides Ascariasis

3. Treatment Technologies destruction of compounds as Yang et al. (2014) studied Used for Removal of Micro well as cells/tissues. Ozone, -pollutants and Pathogens Ozone/UV, peroxide, fenton, removal using UV photolysis A conventional wastewater photocatalysis ( UV / TiO2 ) for variety of micro- treatment plant typically and their combinations pollutants. Around 95% consists of preliminary, are one of the common removal was observed in primary, secondary and tertiary AOP treatments adopted in Diclofenac, Boldenone, treatments. They are designed wastewater treatment (Jiang Diatrizoate, Sulfadimethoxine, to remove contaminants et al, 2013). For removal of Sulfamethoxazole, Ibuprofen, in wastewater such micro - pollutants, ozonation Naproxen and Ketoprofen. as biodegradable organic But micro-pollutants such as compounds, toxic metals, effective method as ozone Dicamba, Carbamazepine, suspended solids, nutrients has high oxidative property. Sulphametoxalol etc showed (nitrogen and phosphorus) Ozonation has been also lower removals (60-80%). and microbial pathogens and Due to partial oxidation of parasites. Removal of micro in bacteria, protozoa and the compounds and also -pollutants and pathogens virus inactivation. Electron reaction with matrix in the existing conventional rich sites such as phenols, components produces unknown treatment technologies is tertiary amines etc are directly reactive by-products which is limited. Several studies attacked by ozone. Micro- the potential disadvantage of reported the removal of micro pollutants with low ozone this process. The problems -pollutants by physical reactivity are removed by faced by AOPs include methods, chemical methods, hydroxyl radical mechanism. production of hazardous advanced oxidation and bio- Hollender et al. (2009) reported byproducts. AOPs require degradation. Additionally, the 98% removal in Diclofenac, oxidants generated at the site pathogens were removed Carbamazepine, Sulfapyridine, making it more lethal process. through sedimentation, Clarithromycin, Atenolol, This technology has higher Trimethoprim, 2-aminoben- operating costs and also is a AOPs etc. Some of the zimidazole, Azithromycin, complex system. The Table treatment technologies for Venlafaxine and lidocaine 4 summarizes the micro- removal of micro-pollutants using ozone treatment. Other pollutants removed in various and pathogens are discussed than Ozone, UV treatment is AOPs. below. also an effective method for removal. UV is a powerful 3.1 Advanced Oxidation disinfectant for most micro- Processes (AOPs) organisms including protozoa In AOP treatment, hydroxyl and viruses such as poliovirus, radicals are generated and calicivirus, reovirus, coxsacki- which act as oxidant for evirus, rotavirus. 254 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Table 4 Removal of micro-pollutants using AOPs Sr. No. Treatment Compound Removal (%) Reference 1 UV photolysis Boldenone >98 Yang et al., 2014 Diatrizoate 96.6 Sulfadimethoxine 99 Naproxen 100 Ketoprofen >99 Ibuprofen 95 2 UV/H2O2 process Mecoprop 100 Yang et al., 2014 Ibuprofen 99.7 Diclofenac 100 90 Estrone 98.8 Ipromide 99.2 Oxybenzone 99.7 3 Ozone Clarithromycin 100 Hollender et al., 2009 Sulphametoxalol 92-95 Metoprolol 92-95 Atenolol 100 Metamitrone >99 4 Ozone + H2O2 Ibuprofen 83 Luo et al., 2014 Diclofenac >99 Carbamazepine >99 Sulfamethoxazole 98 Triclosan >99

3.2 Attached Growth rates (>97%) with biological 3.3 Conventional Filtration Systems Processes This technology comprises (Rattier et al. 2012). While, Several number of studies has attached growth on inert Sulfamethoxazole, Dilantin, been reported on the removal Meprobamate have exhibited of pathogens using sand in suspension of the reactor. less than 50% removal. The Fixed bed bioreactors and Table 5 shows removal of pathogens and other moving bed reactors are most micro - pollutants using particulate matter are removed commonly studied for the attached growth systems. The as they pass through sand removal of micro-pollutants. process involves adsorption or other porous granular The micro-pollutants such of micro-pollutant on surface media. Sieving, adsorption, as Diclofenac, Atenolol, of activated carbon and interception, straining etc Naproxen, Fluoxetine, further degradation by are the principle mechanisms Trimethoprim, Triclosan, etc microorganisms. involved in removal of have shown highest removal

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 255 Co er Story Table 5 Removal of micro-pollutants using attached growth systems

Sr. No. System Compound Removal (%) Reference 1 Biological Activated Dilantin 49 Rattier et al., 2012 Fluoxetine >98 >64 Caffeine 84 Triclosan >98 Trimethoprim 97 2 Biological Activated Atenolol ~100 Reungoat et al., 2012 Metoprolol ~100 Tramadol ~100 Venlafaxine ~100 3 Diclofenac >80 Luo et al., 2014 reactor Ibuprofen ~100 >60 Naproxen ~100 Memfenamic acid >80 Ketoprofen ~100

Bacteriophages and viruses a tertiary treatment and al of micro-pollutants as combined with a coagulation well as pathogens consists of process, the bacterial membrane bioreactors (MBR) reduction was enhanced from Hijnen et al. (2004) reported approximately 1 log10 unit application of slow sand to 2–3 log10 units. Seeger et al. (2016) extensively studied reverse osmosis (RO). For bacteria, viruses and oocysts. pathogen removal using slow high quality reclaimed water Approximately 2-3 log production, the RO is most removal was observed for E. coli and thermotolerant investigated for the removal has been used for micro- coliforms in pilot plant. of the pathogens. Table 6 pollutant removal in surface Gitis (2008) has also and ground water. Pesticides, demonstrated the removal different pathogens (Seeger et hormones and pharmaceuticals studies on rapid sand al., 2016). and toxic heavy metals are removed using NF. The low removal was achieved for 3.4 Membrane Technologies pressure membrane systems about 99%. In dual media The emerging membrane such as MF and NF remove technologies for the remov- majority of bacteria as well as

256 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story ale Pathoen reoval y slow sand filtration reviewed by Luo et al. (2014) and is listed in Table 8. Sr. No. Pathogen Log reduction (log10) 1 Total Coliform 0.3–3.5 3.5 Coagulation and 2 Fecal Coliform 2-2.4 oulation proess 3 E. coli Pathogens removal studies by 4 Enterococci alone are very few. Cysts 5 C. perfringen spores are removed effectively by 6 Coliphages coagulation (90-95%) and the 7 Heterotrophic Plate addition of polyelectrolyte Count coagulant aids also improves removal. Higher dose of protozoa. MBR technologies In removal of micro- coagulation generally increase - pollutants, main mechanism the removal of pathogens. J water for different reuse pur- of membrane process is size iménez-Cisneros et al. (2001) poses. exclusion, charge repulsion studied the removal of and adsorption onto the helminth ova, faecal Purnell et al. (2016) studied membranes. Micro-pollutants coliforms, Salmonella and removal of phages and viral are generally poorly removed protozoan cysts in wastewater pathogens using MBR. In using physicochemical treatment. removal of adenovirus Removal rates obtained were (AdV) and norovirus (NoV), the molecular sizes of micro- 96% and 67% of helminth membrane contributed the pollutants are much smaller ova and protozoan cysts highest removal. Intestinal than membrane pore sizes. respectively. Approximately enterococci and thermotolerant Removal mechanisms depend 1 log removal of faecal coliforms were removed in on membrane process coliforms and Salmonella the range of 6.2 log10 and 7.0 type, operating conditions, were also observed. log10 reduction. Chaudhry et al. (2015) studied full scale micro-pollutant characteristics Micro-pollutants removal by potential of virus removal and membrane characteristics using membrane technology (Luo et al., 2014). Removal include major mechanisms as shown in of micro-pollutants in MBR is Table 7. such as electrostatic coagulation, precipitation Table 7 Virus removal using membrane bioreactor (sweep) coagulation and adsorptive coagulation. Table Sr. No. Name of Virus Reduction (log10 units) 9 presents removal of micro- 1 Adenovirus (Adv) 3.9-5.5 pollutants using coagulation 2 Sapovirus (SaV) 1.3 -4.1 3 Norovirus groupII 0.2 - 5.7 (NoV GII) At the waste treatment plant, 4 Enterovirus (EnV) 0.3 - 3.6 the micro-pollutant removal 5 Calcivirus (CaV) 3.3 - 6.8 was evaluated by Nam et al. 6 F+ coliphage 5.4 - 7.1 (2014) in the coagulation stage with polyaluminum

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 257 Co er Story Table 8 Removal of micro-pollutants in MBR and membrane processes (adapted after Luo et al., 2014)

Sr. No. Treatment Compound Removal (%) 1 Membrane Bioreactor Sulfamethoxazole 60 Estrone, ~100 Estriol ~100 BisphenolA ~100 Nonylphenol 99.3 ± 0.2 Sulfamethoxazole 91.9 ± 0.6 2 Estradiol Up to 80 Diclofenac 60 3 Naproxen 60 Ibuprofen >99 4 Reverse osmosis Sulfonamides >93 Diclofenac 95

ale eoval of iropollutants y oaulationoulation proess Sr. No. Coagulant Compound Removal (%) Reference 1 Alum, FeCl3, Dichloro- 98 Sndeyink and Fe2(SO4)3 diphenyl- Chen, 1985 trichloroethane Alum, Fe2(SO4)3 Methoxychlor 85-95 Alum Dieldrin 55 FeCl3 Phenol 60-87 2 Alum sulfate Dioctylpthalate 80 Thebault et al., 1979 Diethylpthalate 80 3 Polyaluminum Carbamazepine 50 Nam et al., 2014 chloride (PACl) Diclofenac 100 Ibuprofen 10 Naproxen 45 4-Nonylphenol 15 4 FeCl3/Al2(SO4)3 Tonalide 83.4 ± 14.3 Luo et al., 2014 FeCl3 Galaxolide 79.2 ± 9.9 Diethylhexyl phthalate Nonylphenol 90

258 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story chloride as coagulant. In the Methoxychlor shows removal micro-pollutant using PAC coagulation stage, very broad in the range of 85-95% while includes nature, concentration range (9% to 100%) of the Dieldrin possess removal of dissolved organics and hydrophobicity of the micro-pollutants has been also Phenol shows removal compound. When dissolved observed. The Diclofenac organics are more, the PAC has shown complete removal 60-87%. while Ibuprofen, 4- Table 10 presents removal Nonylphenol, Sulfamethazine, 3.6 Adsorption of micro-pollutants using shown lesser removal. Development of activated adsorption reported by carbon for the removal of several authors. Sndeyink and Chen (1985) micro-pollutants is extensively increased in few years. 3.7 Enzymatic Treatment removal of Dichloro- Powdered activated carbon Enzymatic treatment of micro diphenyl - trichloroethane (PAC) has high adsorption -pollutants is also a new (DDT), Methoxychlor, Dieldrin capacity. Surface area of PAC emerging technology. Cabana and Phenol. DDT shows is around 500 to1200 m2. et al. (2007) studied micro- removal of 98% while Factors affecting removal of pollutants such as

Table 10 Removal of micro-pollutants by adsorption

Sr. No. Adsorbent Compound Removal (%) Reference 1 Powdered activated Acetaminophen ~72 Grassi et al., 2012 carbon Caffeine 70 Carbamazepine ~74 Estradiol ~84 Estrone ~76 Ethynylestradiol ~78 Fluoxetine ~92 Hydrocodone ~67 2 Powdered activated Diclofenac 99 Kovalova et al., carbon Carbamazepine 100 2013 Propranolol >94 3 Coconut-shell-based Atrazine ~52 Grassi et al., 2012 GAC Carbamazepine 70 Ethynylestradiol ~98 Hydrocodone ~77 Oxybenzone 100 Pentoxifylline ~70

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 259 Co er Story pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides, enzymatic treatment reported while preserving ecosystem. industrial wastes and phenols by several authors. For the removal of micro- removal using white rot fungi pollutants as well as pathogens, (WRF) and their lignin inifiane of the performance of different modifying enzymes (LMEs). Constructed Wetland types of constructed wetlands Sutar and Rathod (2015) Technology has been overviewed and reported the several of Although advanced treatment represented in Table 12. advantages enzyme over methods like advanced conventional biological oxidation processes, membrane 5. Conclusions treatment and / or chemical treatment technologies as This chapter reviews the oxidation consists of easy explained above can solve worldwide occurrence as process control, low energy these problems to an extent, well as treatment of micro- requirement, no toxic effects, due to high operation pollutants and pathogens. absence of an acclimatization and maintenance costs Through a variety of sources period, react at higher development of alternate comprising municipal as well concentrations of compounds technologies in country like as industrial wastewaters and also absence of unwanted India is inevitable. Also, there running into water resources, product generation. is a long gap between water demand and supply in urban runoff etc, the micro- Lloret et al. (2010) studied as well as in rural India. pollutants are introduced into degradation of pharmaceuticals In this context development aquatic environment. Sever- such as diclofenac and of ecofriendly, low cost and al harmful effects of micro- naproxen as well as estrogen pollutants have been reported hormones such as estrone, technology is adequate for in literature including small communities. Natural disruption of hormone ethinylestradiol using treatment systems help to system and impacts on Lac from the fungus reproductive system in human Myceliophthora hermophile. constructed wetlands as beings as well as animals. Approximately 60% of decentralized system come Likewise, a variety of adverse degradation of naproxen was into picture. Constructed effects and associated diseases obtained in 8 hours. Table wetland is an optimistic have been reported in 11 depicts the removal of prospect as it eliminates macro literature with respect the micro - pollutants using and well as micro-pollutants pathogens typically encountered

Table 11 Removal of micro-pollutants by enzymatic treatment

Sr. No. Treatment Compound Removal (%) Reference 1 Enzymatic Treatment Cetirizine dihydro- 91 Sutar and Rathod, chloride 2015a - 51 Sutar and Rathod, chloride 2015b Diclofenac sodium 96 Sutar and Rathod, 2015c 2 Enzymatic Treatment Naproxen 60 Lloret et al. (2010)

260 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Table 12 Removal of micro-pollutants and pathogens in constructed wetland

Sr. No. Type of Compound/ Removal (%) Reference Constructed Wetland Pathogen 1 Free water surface Alfuzosine 96 Breitholtz et al., wetland 2012 Amitryptiline 84 Faecal coliform 96.8–99.7 Smith et al., 2005 2 Horizontal subsurface Naproxen 52-93 Zhang et al., 2012 Ibuprofen 52-72 Caffeine 82-90 Salicylic acid 86-90 Total coliform 96 Makvana and Shar- ma, 2013 Faecal coliform 99 Salmonella 94 Shigella 87 Vibrio 94 3 Hybrid CW system Ibuprofen 42-89 Li et al., 2014 Diclofenac 78-87 Escherichia coli 99.9 Molleda et al., 2008 Total coliforms 99.9 Clostridium 100 perfringens Vertical subsurface Ibuprofen 99 Li et al., 2014, Mat- amoros et al., 2007 Diclofenac 73 Salicylic acid 98 in sewages. For example, sewages and industrial treatment technologies have the diseases such as typhoid, been found to be removing diarrhoea, gastroenteritis and the micro-pollutants and hepatitis have been associated Various advanced technologies pathogens partially. However, with waterbodies receiving including advanced oxidation the advanced oxidation treated and untreated sewages. processes, attached growth processes possess several Considering these potential systems, activated carbon drawbacks including pro- adverse effects on human adsorption, coagulation- duction of toxic by health and environment, -products along with it shows the necessity of wetlands etc were discussed higher costs requiring more removal of micro-pollutant in this chapter. The time during the treatment of as well as pathogen from conventional wastewater micro-pollutants. In order

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 261 Co er Story to achieve complete removal, Arceivala, S. J., & Asolekar, Technological Possibilities”. the environmental friendly S. R. (2012). “Environmental In: Ahuja, S. (ed.). effective technologies should Studies: A Practitioner’s Comprehensive Water Quality be developed. The natural Approach”, McGraw Hill treatment systems, in Education Pvt. Ltd., New pp. 181-229. United States particular, constructed wetlands Delhi. of America: Elsevier. have been found to be more http://www.sciencedirect. effective for the minimization Asolekar, S. R., & Gopichan- com/science/article/pii/ of micro-pollutants as well as dran, R. (2005). “Preventive B978012382182900075X pathogens due to numerous Environmental Management cost advantages including – An Indian Perspective”, Burkhardt-Holm, P. (2011). capital and operation and Foundation Books Pvt. Linking water quality to maintenance costs, less energy Ltd., New Delhi (the Indian human health and environment : requirements along with associate of Cambridge The fate of micro-pollutants. simple process control and University Press, UK). Inst. Water Policy Natl. Univ. low operational necessities. Singapore, 1-62. Asolekar, S. R., Gopichandran, 6. Acknowledgements R., Hiremath, A. M., & Kumar, Breitholtz, M., Näslund, M., Authors would like to D. (2015). “Green Chemistry Stråe, D., Borg, H., Grabic, acknowledge the co-funding and Ecological Engineering as R., & Fick, J. (2012). An from Rajiv Gandhi Science a Framework for Sustainable evaluation of free water and Technology Commission, Development” in an Integrated surface wetlands as tertiary Government of Maharashtra Approach to Environmental sewage water treatment of and Indian Institute of Management. In: Sarkar micro-pollutants. Ecotox. Technology Bombay for this D., Datta, R., Mukherjee, Environ. Safe. 78, 63–71. work. A. and Hannigan, R. (eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc, Chaturvedi, M. K. M., 7. References & Hoboken, NJ, USA. (DOI: & Asolekar, S. R. (2009). Bibliography 10.1002/9781118744406.ch4) Wastewater Treatment Using Ahel, M., McEvoy, J., & Giger, Natural Systems: The Indian B. W. (1993). Bioaccumulation Asolekar, S. R. (2007). Experience. In the book: of the lipophilic metabolites Rainwater Harvesting in “Technologies and Management of nonionic surfactants Mumbai, Chapter-7 in the for Sustainable Biosystems”. in freshwater organisms. book entitled “Sustain- (Editors: J. Nair & C. Furedy), Environ. Pollut. 79, 243–248. able Futures”, Ed. Margaret Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Robertson, pp 100-125, Hauppauge, New York State. Arceivala, S. J., & Asolekar, S. ACER Press, Camberwell, ISBN: 978-1-60876-104-3. R. (2017). “Wastewater Treat- Victoria, Australia. ment for Pollution Control Chaudhry, R. M., Nelson, K. and Reuse”, (3rd Edition, Asolekar, S. R., Kalbar, P. L., & Drewes, J. E. (2015). 12th Reprint). McGraw Hill P., Chaturvedi, M. K. M., & Mechanisms of pathogenic Education India Pvt. Ltd., Maillacheruvu, K. Y. (2014). virus removal in a full-scale New Delhi. “Rejuvenation of Rivers and membrane bioreactor. Env. Lakes in India: Balancing Sci.Technol. 49(5), 2815-2822. Societal Priorities with Gerba, C. P., & Smith, J. E.

262 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story (2005). Sources of pathogenic Hijnen, W. A. M., Schijven, water Treatment Alternative. microorganisms and their J. F., Bonne, P., Visser, A., J. Clean. Prod. 117, 64-72. fate during land application & Medema, G. J. (2004). of wastes. J. Environ. Quality. Elimination of viruses, Kalbar, P. P., Karmakar, S., & 34(1), 42-48 bacteria and protozoan Asolekar, S. R. (2015). Selection of Wastewater Treatment Gitis, V. (2008). Rapid sand Water Sci. Technol. 50(1), 147-154. Choosing MADM Method. parvum: effects of media J. Environ. Eng. Manage. 14, depth and coagulation. Water Hollender, J., Zimmermann, 1011-1020. Sci. Technol: Water Supply, S. G., Koepke, S., Krauss, M., 8(2), 129-134. McArdell, C. S., Ort, C., & Kalbar, P. P., Karmakar, S., & Siegrist, H. (2009). Elimination Asolekar, S. R. (2014). Life Gopichandran, R., Asolekar, of organic micro-pollutants Cycle-based Environmental S. R., Jani, O., Kumar, D., in a municipal wastewater Assessment of Municipal & Hiremath, A. M. (2015). treatment plant upgraded WWTP in India. Int. J. “Green Energy and Climate with a full-scale post- Environ. Waste Manage. 14, Change” in “An Integrated ozonation followed by sand 84-98. Approach to Environmental Management”. In: Sarkar Technol. 43, 7862–9. Kalbar, P. P., Karmakar, S., & D., Datta, R., Mukherjee, Asolekar, S. R. (2013). The A. and Hannigan, R. (eds.). Jiang, J.-Q., Zhou, Z., & Shar- John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ma, V. K. (2013). Occurrence, on the Selection of Wastewater Hoboken, NJ, USA. (DOI: transportation, monitoring Treatment Alternatives: A 10.1002/9781118744406.ch5) and treatment of emerging Group Decision-Making micro-pollutants in waste Approach. J. Environ. Eng. Grassi, M., Kaykioglu, G., water — A review from global Manage. 128, 844-851. Belgiorno, V., & Lofrano views. Microchem. J. 110, G. (2012). Emerging 292–300. Kalbar, P. P., Karmakar, S., Compounds Removal from & Asolekar, S. R. (2013). Wastewater by adsorption Jiménez-Cisneros, B. E., Assessment of Wastewater process. Emerging Compounds Maya-Rendon, C., & Salgado Treatment Technologies: Removal from Wastewater (G. -Velázquez, G. (2001). The Life Cycle Approach. Water. Lofrano ed.), Springer Briefs elimination of helminth ova, Environ. J. 27, 261-268. in Green Chemistry for Sus- faecal coliforms, Salmonella tainability, pp 15–38. and protozoan cysts by Kalbar, P. P., Karmakar, S., & various physicochemical Asolekar, S. R. (2012). Selection Hata, T., Shintate, H., Kawaia, processes in wastewater and of Appropriate Wastewater S., Okamurab, H., & Nishidaa, sludge. Water Sci.Technol. Treatment Technology: T. (2010.) Elimination of 43(12), 179-182. Scenario Based Multiple- carbamazepine by repeated attribute Decision-Making treatment with laccase in the Kalbar, P. P., Karmakar, S., & Approach. J. Environ. Eng. presence of 1-hydroxyben- Asolekar, S. R. (2016). Life Manage. 113, 158-169. zotriazole. J. Hazard. Mater. Cycle Based Decision Support 181, 1175–1178. Tool for Selection of Waste-

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 263 Co er Story Kalbar, P. P., Karmakar, S., Kumar, D., Asolekar, S. R., Pollution. Int. J. PharmTech & Asolekar, S. R. (2012). A & Sharma, S. K. (2015). Res. 2 (4), 2265-2270. Framework for Selection of “Constructed Wetlands and an Appropriate Technology Other Natural Treatment Li, Y., Zhu, G., Ng, W. J., & for Wastewater Treatment: Systems for Treatment of Tan, S. K. (2014). A review Incorporation of Sustainability on removing pharmaceutical Criteria and Experts’ Opinion. Status Report”. Chapter-8 in contaminants from wastewater Int. J. Sust. Innov. 2, 11-17. SaphPani Handbook entitled by constructed wetlands: “Natural Water Treatment Design, performance and Kalbar, P. P., Karmakar, S., Systems for Safe and mechanism. Sci. Total. & Asolekar, S. R. (2012). Sustainable Water Supply in Environ. 468-469, 908–932. Technology Assessment the Indian Context”, IWA for Wastewater Treatment Publishing, London SW1H Lloret, L., Eibes, G., Lú-Chau, Technologies Using Multiple 0QS, UK. T. A., Moreira, M. T., Feijoo, -Attribute Decision-Making. G., & Lema, J. M. (2010). Technol.Soc. 34, 295-302. Kumar, D., & Asolekar, S. R. Laccase-catalyzed degradation (2015). “Experiences with Kovalova L., Siegrist H., Laboratory and Pilot Scale estrogens. Biochem. Eng. J. von Gunten U., Eugster J., Constructed Wetlands for 51(3), 124–131. Hagenbuch M., & Wittmer Treatment of Sewages and A. (2013). Elimination of Luo, Y., Guo, W., Hao, H., Micro - pollutants during SaphPani Handbook entitled Duc, L., Ibney, F., Zhang, Post-Treatment of Hospital “Natural Water Treatment J., Liang S., & Wang, X. C. Wastewater with Powdered Systems for Safe and Sustainable (2014). A review on the Activated Carbon, Ozone, Water Supply in the Indian occurrence of micro- and UV. Environ. Sci. Technol. Context”, IWA Publishing, pollutants in the aquatic 47, 7899-908. London SW1H 0QS, UK. environment and their fate and removal during wastewater Kumar, D., Asolekar, S. R., Kumar, D., Asolekar, S. R., treatment. Sci. Total & Sharma, S. K. (2015a) & Sharma, S. K. (2015). Environ. 473-474, 619–641. Post-treatment and reuse of Constructed Wetlands to Makvana, K. S., & Sharma, natural treatment systems: Enhance Reuse of Treated M. K. (2013) Assessment of the Indian practices. Environ. Sewages In India”. Chapter-10 Pathogen Removal Potential Monit. Assess. 187, 612. in SaphPani Handbook of Root Zone Technology entitled “Natural Water from Domestic Wastewater. Kumar, D., Chaturvedi, M. K. Treatment Systems for Safe Univers. J. Environ. Res. M., Sharma, S. K., & Asolekar, and Sustainable Water Supply Technol. 3, 401–406. S. R. (2015b) Sewage -fed in the Indian Context”, IWA aquaculture: a sustainable Publishing, London SW1H Matamoros, V., Arias C., approach for wastewater 0QS, UK. Brix H., Bayona J. M. (2007). treatment and reuse. Environ. Removal of pharmaceuticals Monit. Assess. 187, 656. Kumari S., Anwer Z., Sharma and personal care products P. K., Garg V. K., and Kumar (PPCPs) fromurban wastewater N. (2010). A Review on Pharma

264 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story constructed wetland and Reungoat, J., Escher, B. I., and SWOT Analysis of Macova, M., Argaud, F. Non-Technical Aspects of Technol. 41, 8171–7. X., Gernjak, W., & Keller, Natural Wastewater Treatment J. (2012). Ozonation and Systems”. Chapter-17 in Molleda, P., Blanco, I., Ansola, biological activated carbon SaphPani Handbook entitled G., & de Luis, E. (2008). “Natural Water Treatment Removal of wastewater Systems for Safe and pathogen indicators in a Water Res. 46, 863–72. Sustainable Water Supply in constructed wetland in Leon, the Indian Context”, IWA Spain. Ecol. Eng. 33, 252–257. Santosa, I. J. S., Grossmana, Publishing, London SW1H M. J., Sartorattob, A., Ponezib, 0QS, UK. Nam, S. W., Jo, B.-I., Yoon, A. N., & Durranta, L. R. Y., & Zoh, K. D. (2014). (2012). Degradation of the Starkl, M, Brunner, N., Occurrence and removal of Recalcitrant Pharmaceuticals Amerasinghe, P., Mahesh, selected micro-pollutants Carbamazepine and 17ß J., Kumar, D., Asolekar, S. in a water treatment plant. Ethinylestradiol by Ligninolytic R., Sonkamble, S., Ahmed, Chemosphere, 95, 156–65. Fungi. Chem. Eng. Trans. 27, S., Md. Wajihuddin, A., 169-174. Pratyusha, S., & Sarah Purnell, S., Ebdon, J., Buck, S. (2015). Stakeholder A., Tupper, M., & Taylor, H. Seeger, E. M., Braeckevelt, Views, Financing and Policy (2016). Removal of phages M., Reiche, N., Müller, J. A., & Implications for Reuse of and viral pathogens in a Kästner, M. (2016). Removal Wastewater for Irrigation: A full-scale MBR: Implications of pathogen indicators from Case from Hyderabad, India. for wastewater reuse and Water, 7, 300-328. potable water. Water Res. 100, 20-27. approaches. Ecol. Eng. 95, Sutar, R. S., & Rathod, V. K. 635-644. (2015a). Ultrasound assisted Rattier, M., Reungoat, J., & enzyme catalyzed degradation Gernjak, W. (2012). Organic Smith, E., Gordon, R., of Cetirizine dihydrochloride. Micropollutant Removal by Madani, A., & Stratton G. Ultrason. Sonochem. 24, Biological Activated Carbon (2005). Pathogen Removal 80-86. Filtration : A Review. Urban by Agricultural Constructed Sutar R. S., & Rathod V. K. Water Security Research Wetlands in Cold Climates. J. (2015b). Ultrasound assisted Alliance Technical Report No. Environ. Inform. 6, 46-50. Laccase catalyzed degradation 53. pp. 1-38. Sndeyink V. L., & Chen, A. S. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 31, Reddy, L. D., Kumar, D., C. (1985). Removal of organic 276-282. & Asolekar, S. R. (2014). micro-pollutants by coagula- Typologies for Successful tion and adsorption. Sci. Total Sutar R. S., & Rathod V. K. Operation and Maintenance Environ. 47, 155-167. (2015c). Ultrasound assisted of Horizontal Sub-Surface enzymatic degradation of Flow Constructed Wetlands. Starkl, M., Amerasinghe, P., diclofenac sodium: Optimization Int. J. Eng. Res. 3, 147-154. Essl, L., Jampani, M., Kumar, of process parameters and D., & Asolekar, S. R. kinetics. J. Water Process Eng. (2015). “Rapid Assessment 9, e1-e6.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 265 Co er Story Thebault P., Cases J. M., & peroxidase. J. Hazard. Mater. to the USA to obtain his M.S. Fiessinger F. (1979). Mechanism 176, 1089–1092. and Ph.D. in Environmental underlying the removal of Engineering from Syracuse organic micro-pollutants Zhang, D. Q., Gersberg, R. University (1987) and M., Hua, T., Zhu, J., Tuan, University of Iowa (1991), aluminum or iron salt. Water N. A., & Tan, S. K. (2012). respectively. After pursuing Res. 15, 183-189. Pharmaceutical removal his postdoctoral studies at the Harvard University in Boston, Wintgens, T., Nättorp, A., constructed wetlands at he returned to India in Lakshmanan, E., & Aselokar, varying hydraulic loading January 1993 to teach at the S. R. (2016). (Editors) rates. Chemosphere. 87, IIT Bombay. SaphPani Handbook entitled; 273–277. “Natural Water Treatment Systems for Safe and Sustainable Brief Biodata : Water Supply in the Indian Dr. Shyam R. Asolekar is Context” IWA Publishing, currently a Professor at the London SW1H 0QS, UK. Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering in Wintgens, T., Plattner, J., Indian Institute of Technology Breitenmoser, L., Lakshmanan, Bombay. He also served as E., Aselokar, S. R., Sandhu, the Head of the Department C., & Nättorp, A. (2015). during May 2006 and June “Introduction to Natural 2009 and the President of Water Treatment Systems in “Indian Environmental the Indian Context”. Chapter-1 Association” during 2003- in SaphPani Handbook 2005 term. Since 1997, entitled; “Natural Water Dr. Asolekar has been the Treatment Systems for Safe Member of “Dahanu Taluka and Sustainable Water Supply Environmental Protection in the Indian Context”, IWA Authority” constituted by the Publishing, London SW1H Honorable Supreme Court of 0QS, UK. India and entrusted with the conservation and sustainable Yang, W., Zhou, H., & Cicek, development of the eco- N. (2014). Treatment of fragile region of Dahanu Organic Micro-pollutants Taluka in Thane District. in Water and Wastewater by Prof Asolekar holds two UV-Based Processes: A degrees in chemical Literature Review. Environ. engineering: an undergraduate Sci. Technol. 44, 1443–1476. degree from the Institute of Chemical Technology, Zhang, Y., & Geißen, S. U. Mumbai (1980) and a (2010). In vitro degradation master’s degree from Indian of carbamazepine and Institute of Science, Bangalore diclofenac by crude lignin (1985). Subsequently, he went

266 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Cleaning Godavari – The Carrier of Faith Ms. Rekha Somayaji Director Ms. Rekha Somayaji Naik Environment Research Institute Ltd Photo and data from PIL Credits: Shri Devang Jani President Goda Seva Samitee Introduction : Nashik is considered to be one - India. The sacred Godavari, as rivers of Maharashtra, originate in this district. to the south, which according books] gives its water a divine being the abode of Lord Rama Trimbakeshwar. The River is together with Trimbakeshwar, The Godavari River originates near Trimbakeshwar and drains eastwards to meet the

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 267 Co er Story In the river bed of Godavari, between Govardhan about NERILcarried out a south- west of Nashik, there of Godavari and most of the situation, short term The Ram Kunda area on the ghats of Godavari is an ensure restoration of water immersing the ashes of the the dead on to the heaven. In addition to this, Kumbha of mankind on earth.During and women visit here and take

268 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Details of Kunds at Nashik :-

S.No. Name of the Kunds Size (in meters) Year of Construction

--

Ram Kund

6.

9.

Dashashvamedha Kund

Peshwas Kund

Oak Kund

Mukteshwar Kund

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 269 Co er Story ix. Mahadev Kund: This i. Ramkund: The Ram x. Ahilya BAII Kund: This c. The PIL states that the xi. Sarang Pani Kund: Indra kund to Ram kund is This was made from Indrakund and entering into it due to the contents of xii. Donmukhi Hanuman Ramkund through the Kund: Ramkund. xiii. Panch deole Kund: This was made by d. ii. Lakman Kund: Govind Kakide constructed xiv. Khande Rao Kund: This water. This is dangerous and iii. Sita Kund: - This Kund Trimbak Chandwadkar. devotees. Our Observations a. e. iv. Dhanushya Kund: This there is a huge gathering in arrived at the Indrakund. It v. Surya Kund: This was made by f. vi. Tatya Kund: This Kund b. Kund. Indra kund to Ram kund. g. vii. Dashashvamedha Kund concretized the Ramkund in water course, has caused viii. Ramgaya kund: Kund of the Ram Kund. The concretization.

270 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story offerings, emersion of ashes, use.

Sewage discharge in Godavari River:- sewerage scheme. The MLD of sewage of which more which were to be conditions of river water h. i. enter into the River Godavari during the worst draughts. j. The aforesaid activities, The right bank of river concretization and construction within the River Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 271 Co er Story Key Issues leading to degradation of Kunds at Nashik are • • river bed • Godavari has eight • Correlation studies : - Manur.

Water Quality Report:- Sr. Parame- Sampling Temp pH TDS TS D. B.O. TA TH Ca2+ Cl- No ters points O D Month 00 C ---- mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ mg/ lit lit lit lit lit lit lit lit as- as- Ca- Ca- CO CO 1. June 2. August 3. October

Ref : Research Inventy : International Journal Of Engineering And Science,

272 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Result: - in the kund is stagnated during non-monsoon months. It can treatment has to match the using fountains and under water diffusers. The remedies meet this requirement as said diffuser and fountains. iii. Re-opening the blocked springs by arrangements for this work concreted bed from the This is an essential step to restore Long Term Solutions : i. Hydrology : River bed to increase the cross of water in the kund area of waters of Godavari in this area for centuries. The action said that the River water domestic and drinking the river in the kund area. minimize the Contamination treatments to minimize the ii. Preventing Sewage from contaminations of River water entering the River: of Godavari at Ramkund Suggested Action Plan for aquifers. This action has to Nashik Kund Immediate Measures of Aeration and construction of washing place: The water

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 273 Co er Story recommend that the funds coordinate reuse of that water for irrigation downstream of Government of Maharashtra. to issue directions to Nashik iv. Recommendations for Execution: in a time bound manner. manner. to be formed to undertake Government of Maharashtra measures needed for the Director and Chief Engineer Kund areas.This amount can Godavari Irrigation funds. “Trimbak – from NERIL, NEERI, Nashik Swachha Godavari Mission” of Maharashtra. Godavari is not just another river. Her water not only from the river bed and carries life for many across the peninsular India, but also the devotion and faith of crores of people from across the world. tributaries.

-

274 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Water Conservation

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 275 Co er Story

Community Endeavours towards Water Resource Management : Resultant Social Entrepreneurship

Dr. Radhika Lobo Dr. Radhika Lobo Professor, School of Business Studies and Social Sciences, Christ University, Bangalore. Her area of expertise are international economics and social entrepreneurship.

Mr. Sanjeev Prakash Associate VP, Production Planning and Control, Blossom Kochar Beauty Products Private Ltd, Roorkee.

Mr. Sanjeev Prakash onservation measures is another effort towards water save the dam itself is always Cto be sustainable need conservation. Most of these a nightmare for the engineers wholehearted acceptance and efforts fall dismally short in responsible for the safety of participation of tho seconcerned. achieving the desired volume the dam. Sermonising, appealing to of water or have harsh sensibilities or legislation Ecosystem - based enforcing the same will have fauna that are native to the Adaptation some, but only a limited place, or are a cause of social Ecosystem - based adaptation impact. One of the more disturbance consequent to (EbA) is the use of biodiversity displacement of the populace. and ecosystem services as compliance and achieve Whilst roof top rain water part of an overall adaptation results is to make it lucrative, harvesting legislation makes strategy to help people adapt something that will provide a sense, the results achieved in to the adverse effects of continuous source of income. terms of volume harvested is climate change. It involves a dismal story. Big dams on the integrated management Lack of adequate water as the other hand do bank huge of land, water and living a natural resource is a major volumes, but have a negative resources that promotes concern and reason for strife. - conservation and sustainable Working towards overcoming na of the region. The cost of use in an equitable way. It the shortages are the displacement and relocation is is becoming popular as it is a government and non quite large, with no guarantee low cost, peoples’ participative government social and that the displaced population method for the rural poor voluntary agencies, through will actually stay in the areas in developing countries. The a myriad of projects of various allotted by the government Working Group II of the magnitudes, ranging from in its wisdom. The fear of Inter Governmental Panel on small to big dams, digging Climate Change (IPCC), in its wells and ponds et al. the eventuality of the dam report titled, “Climate Change Municipality legislations gates being opened post 2014: Impacts, Adaptations mandating rainwater harvesting unexpected heavy rainfall to and Vulnerabilities”, has

276 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story acknowledged that EbA to Conditions Prior to the CCT by the forest climate change is a lower implementation of the department. Separately, under risk option as compared to EbA the Social Forestry project, engineering options, such as The village has a population planting and raising of dams. The objectives of the of about 3200. About three- 1,10,000 trees by the village approach are therefore to fourths of the total land of panchayat was undertaken. promote the resilience of the village was cultivable and As far as structures are livelihoods, to reduce the held by small land holders concerned, eighteen soil impacts of natural disasters who depended on a single bunds, three loose boulder crop per annum of Jowar bunds, three underground on vulnerable people and or Bajra. Hardly any other bunds, one Gabion structure, ecosystems and to build the crops were able to survive on capacity of civil society and account of low moisture percolation tanks and one government institutions to conditions. It may be Vanarai bund were constructed. support integrated approaches mentioned here that after These watershed structures to adaptation. The most the drought of 1972-73, the helped to halt the water so obvious advantages of EbA village was dependant on that the same can percolate are that the various options water tankers for the supply into the subterranean region. available allow a lot of of potable water. Further, Apart from the above a large proportion of the measures, a blanket policy of responsive to unexpected population migrated to Pune no grazing and no cutting of change in the seasonal or Mumbai in search of trees was followed. environment, and above all, it livelihood and survival. is a cost effective method. The expenditure for the Modus Operandi of construction of the watershed Gawadewadi Village and EbA at Gawandewadi structures was a meagre EbA : Community The EbA project modus Rs. 60 lakhs and an additional Initiative operandi was based on that amount of Rs. 1 lakhs for Generally, Ralegan Siddhi of Ralegan Siddhi village. training lectures, was incurred. and Hiware Bazar villages of Vanarai, a Pune based volun- These expenditures incurred Maharashtra are discussed as tary organization helped out. during 1991 and 1997 may success stories of sustainable Technical inputs needed for be in the range of Rs. 120 village development through the watershed development lakhs in today’s time period. soil and water conservation works were given partly by It will still be far lesser than works. A lesser known success Irrigation department construction of a dam in story is that of Gawadewadi, and partly by Agricultural terms of direct monetary Ambegaon taluka, Pune department. cost; not considering the district with a total area of social cost of displacement 1243 hectares located on the Various measures towards associated with construction Pune-Nashik road and 70 water conservation were of dams. Km away from Pune city. It adopted, that included making is a rain fed watershed lying of boulder and stone bunds Primary resources required in the rain shadow region of along the Continuous for such a venture viz., Maharashtra state. Contour Trenches, (CCT), boulders, stones, soil, making planting of trees along contours and gradients, are

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 277 Co er Story not required to be purchased jowar. Now, the crop diversity generation too. The cost of or manufactured. They just includes tomatoes, potatoes, emotions at play in such a have to be arranged / laid groundnut, wheat, sugarcane scenario is probably, priceless. etc. It also produces and With these families now manner. The cost of exports fruits like custard becoming productive, they manufacture of resources, apples, pomegranates and cement, iron etc, therefore grapes. The Area under of producers for the nation, was non-existent. No cost of horticulture increased from rather than a burden for the transportation of resources to 11 hectares in 1991 to 142 various government and semi the location is also a saving, hectares by 2014. What is government bodies. The with the added advantage of worth mentioning is that there psychological impact on this conservation of fuel burnt to are around three harvests in a populace is tremendous- a transport. year! The economic impact is major step towards the dream measurable and visible. of “Swawlamban”, self-reliance. The Resultant Change Gawadewadi Village has pin off enefits oial Entrepreneurship EbA project. There is a sea success of a scheme. In 1991 With the increase in change in the water availability the village had approximately availability of water in situation from one, where 500 daily wage earners, Gawadewadi village, cultivation two to three water tankers of currently there are none. It is of fodder crops became potable water per day was understood that 165 families easier. This led to increased provided by the government have since returned to the capability of livestock to one, where the village is village resulting in a situation maintenance. Milk production completely “tanker free”. of reverse migration. This by was at 200 litres in 1991 and Wells in the village that, default would have reduced the same increased to 12000 did not have water from the burden on the city from litres per day by 2014 with December onwards, now have where they have returned. there being nine dairies in water up until the end of May They no longer are a drain the village now. The earlier too. The savings of money on the resources, like water, dependency on a government and fuel, for the next decade electricity, primary health, dairy in Pune to sell the milk or longer would probably sanitation, living space, food produced has also shifted satisfy the return on the and all sorts of civic amenities to a privately owned one. investment aspect of the of the city. On the contrary Thus, not only has the village expenditure, by itself!! The they have now become old adage, a penny saved providers to the city in terms has also created the business of dairy and agricultural opportunities for the non- situation. produce. residents.

A second part of the success The reverse migration has the The augmentation of fodder story has to do with the cultivation which resulted number of crops and merely the economic ones, in increased population of harvests. In the pre EbA but it also enhances the social livestock has also enhanced period there was just one environment. Its impact the availability of cow dung. harvest of only bajra and will be seen on the next The same along with the

278 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story construction of toilets that number of SHGs have taken and conducted training were connected to Bio Gas over the operations of the programmes for developing plants provided the fuel sericulture and vermicompost different skills as also worked for cooking purposes, thus, activities. From a scenario of for empowerment of women reducing the usage of migration to the city in search through the formation of of livelihood and survival, the SHGs that are completely sources of fuel. Environment village has experienced not self-sustaining. conservation, reduced only economic development, smoke emission and green but also a far more effective cover maintenance are the move towards women’s by - products automatically emancipation. This change in generated. Increased dung the social fabric of the society availability has now encouraged vermicompost production. Vermicompost is a recognised, naturally Conclusion balanced fertilizer. The To conclude, whilst mega local production alleviates the projects may have to be undertaken in certain areas, of using chemical fertilizers. which have their own role in Reducing dependency on the nation building process, chemical fertilizers will automatically also contribute minor projects such as these, to the learn from them, and emulate and sustained vitality, thus the concept and processes contributing to the many times over. Thousands commercial viability of of such low cost projects intense farming over long which require minimum periods of time. This physical resources all over the country will have in an exponential manner. far reaching positive Punjab, which was referred to consequences. From an as the wheat granary of India, economic perspective, the today suffers from depleting return on investment, would yields and the primary reason be the highest and is a is the intense use of chemical perfectly logical and optimal fertilisers and drawing of option. It is particularly ground water from deeper important to mention the and deeper levels, with a role of Vanarai that has complete disregard to played a role of a facilitator. It recharge obligations. synchronized the operations of the village with Finally, with increased water availability, the village has now ministries and departments, also introduced sericulture. A encouraged local leadership

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 279 Co er Story

INDIA’S WORSENING WATER CRISIS Need to intensify water conservation & harvesting Dr. S. D. Naik Former Chief, The Economic Times Research Bureau, Mumbai and onois ditor, he indu usiness ine, uai ffie Dr. S. D. Naik

he water situation in regional variation in its water number of tankers deployed TIndia today is much situation. Nearly one-third of to fetch and sell water to worse than in many other the country is drought-prone, residents in many areas of countries because of decades while one-fourth of the country major cities in the country. of mismanagement, political Companies selling water and institutional incompetence, surface water logging after and indifference at central, normal monsoons. water do roaring business. state and municipal levels In many rural areas of the despite steadily increasing Not only is there a growing country, women have to walk population and urbanisation. shortage of irrigation water, up to 3 km to reach up to a Huge amounts spent by the even safe drinking water is source of water. They are government over more than becoming increasingly scarce. required to carry heavy pots two decades for cleaning up In many districts in the of water on their heads the country’s major rivers country, including those and devote a long time and have gone down the drain in Orissa, West Bengal, energy to fetch water for because of rampant Maharashtra, Karnataka, cooking, drinking, washing, corruption, poor governance Gujarat and Rajasthan and cleaning etc. and lack of follow-up even in Kerala, drinking water measures. scarcity is becoming a major Ground water Depletion problem. Even in many areas Around 70 per cent of While the development and in Punjab, which once enjoyed India’s irrigation needs and 80 equitable distribution of water abundance of water, the per cent of its domestic water has become a global challenge situation is getting critical supplies come from ground today, the situation in India due to excess withdrawal of water. The water table in appears more precarious. It ground water for a prolonged many states has been falling has roughly 4 per cent of the period. at an alarming rate because of world’s fresh water resources excessive exploitation. To add and 2.4 per cent of the world’s In major cities like Chennai, to the problem, many farmers total land area on which it Bangalore, Mumbai and Delhi, switched to water-guzzling supports 17 per cent of world’s water is being rationed. crops such as paddy and human population and 15 per Slum-dwellers have to spend sugarcane from wheat cent of cattle. According to hours at odd times and nights and have been using water the World Watch Institute, to collect water from common indiscriminately. The low India suffers from massive taps. There are also a large levels of groundwater storage

280 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story and indiscriminate use by (2) Narmada : Between cleanup capacity. To treat the farmers in many states is Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, 12,000 million litres per day because of free or cheap Maharashtra and Rajasthan. (MLD) of sewage emptying electricity given to farmers. (3) Krishna : Between, into the river which travels Even in a State like Punjab, Andhra and Karnataka. through 11 states, there is only which once enjoyed abundant (4) Periyar : Between Tamil a capacity of 4,000 MLD and supply of groundwater, the Nadu and Kerala. of this only one plant with water table has gone down at (5) Godavari : Between 1,000 MLD has been working. an alarming rate. Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and MP. Recently, the Prime Minister India is the world’s largest has advised the states to user of groundwater and its Water disputes across the follow the example of Madhya groundwater levels have been country (and even beyond) Pradesh (MP) to breathe life dropping since the 1980s. are only going to escalate with into rivers. MP’s action plan The severity of the problem increasing demands and also for river Narmada includes: is particularly acute in the rising pollution and losses (1) Rs.1,500 crore allocation northwest, where levels have reducing the available supplies to set up sewage treatment plunged from 8 metres below of water. plants (STPs) in 18 towns ground to 16 metres. What is along the river; (2) two-year worse, much of this is non- Polluted Rivers deadline to complete STPs renewable since recharge rates Recently, Prime Minister and zero discharge of sewage are less than extraction rates. Narendra Modi lamented that into the river; (3) Massive Hence, there is a need to though India has many rivers, plantation drive to be encourage more cost - effective they exist only on a map. launched along the river and and sustainable ways to Almost all the rivers are highly catchment areas of the river; alleviate groundwater demand, polluted because of continuous (4) All panchayats along the dumping of untreated sewage river will have Narmada Seva irrigation, growing less water in them for years. For Samitis; (5) Farmers will be - intensive crops in the dry instance, the ambitious Ganga compensated for carrying out season and transitioning away clean-up programme has been plantations on their farmlands from irrigation intensive going on for decades without and encouraged to undertake systems where there is less any tangible results despite organic farming in villages water. spending thousands of crores along the banks of Narmada; of rupees. (6) Complete ban on mining Inter-State Water Disputes activities in and around Due to severe water shortages, The new Modi Government Amarkantak, from where the there have been and there had set a deadline of October river originates. are ongoing inter-state water 2018 to meet the target of disputes over the sharing of comprehensive clean up of Water harvesting and river waters passing through the river. However, only 9.78 conservation various states. Some of these per cent of the proposed Studies and real-life examples disputes include : clean-up target has been have shown that relatively (1) Ravi and Beas : Between achieved so far. Lack of simple methods of water Punjab, Haryana and sewage treating capacity has harvesting and water Rajasthan. been slowing down the Ganga conservation can ensure

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 281 Co er Story from Ayyappa Masagi, more with unprecedented response all regions of the country in popularly known as the from the local people. “water doctor” of India. On a Several water-starved rural land in one of the driest parts From three talukas, Paani areas in the country, either of Andhra Pradesh, Masagi Foundation extends to 30 with the help of non- dug four lakes and 25,000 talukas this year and a governmental organisations sand pits to capture every (NGOs) or through individual drop of rainwater that falls When that happens, initiatives, have shown the in the region. Whenever Maharashtra is villages will merits of water harvesting, necessary, the percolated be water-rich, cotton farmers water conservation efforts, water is retrieved from sand will make more money, cotton and prudent water usage. pits using bore-wells. The harvests will increase, and entire area is covered by trees spinning and weaving units In Rajasthan, multiple villages and crops, turning it into an follow a traditional concept organic farm that is self-suf- of water harvesting and its Naam Foundation success is encouraging its Water Literacy Foundation, he Movie actors Nana Patekar revival in neighbouring areas is training more people whom and Makarand Anaspure as well. Structures known as he calls “water warriors” have set up the foundation ‘beris’ are dug up at varying in his techniques of water for betterment of farmers in depths in strategic locations harvesting. the drought-prone areas of to access rainwater trapped Marathwada and in the soil. This naturally In Maharashtra, actor Amir regions in Maharashtra replenished source provides Khan and his wife Kiran for helping the families of families with year-round Rao have started the Paani farmers who had committed water in the arid regions, even Foundation NGO, along with suicide in 2015. Initially, this during a drought. a couple of friends and team help was at a personal level members from the television with a help package of The Deshpande Foundation, show Satyamev Jayate. a cheque for Rs.15,000, an international NGO, Unlike the Maharashtra blankets, clothes and a through its water programme Government’s Jalayukt Shivar medical kit to around 230 ‘Neer Sinchana’, ensured the Yojana which has been families. Soon, donations construction of more than involved in water harvesting poured into the foundation 1,700 farm ponds in villages in 5,000 villages initially, Amir and it collected Rs.6.5 crore in Northern Karnataka. The Khan’s initiative has tried within two weeks. A bank ponds collect and store water to involve the local people account has been opened with precipitation throughout the in each selected village by the State Bank of India where year and have the capacity to announcing Water Cup Prizes people wanting to help can deposit money for the noble each pond and grow four second prize of Rs.30 lakh and cause. short-term crops over six third prize of Rs.20 lakh. The months. competition precedes with NABARD’S INITIATIVE residential training camps of Ahead of the monsoon Another good example of four days each. The results this year, the National Bank water conservation comes have been quite encouraging for Agriculture and Rural

282 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Development (NABARD) rainwater harvesting has been 45 per cent is generated from will be reaching out to made compulsory for any metro cities alone. However, 100,000 villages with its water new housing society to be a collection system exists for conservation programme. It registered. In Mumbai city, only about 30 per cent of will be working with villages rainwater harvesting is being waste water through sewer on better use of water for considered as a good solution lines, while treatment capacity agriculture and household to solve the ongoing water exists for only about 7,000 purposes. It has also asked crisis. mld. banks to provide advances to farmers if any demand There is a plan to make Technological attempts are comes for irrigation after the rainwater harvesting mandatory needed in industrial pollution campaign. for large housing societies. management. The application When rainwater is harvested of eco-friendly inputs such as “NABARD-trained volunteers in a housing complex, it bio-fertilisers and pesticides will go to 100,000 villages can be utilised for assorted in agriculture and use of across India and conduct water non-drinking functions that natural dyes in textile conservation programmes call for substantial volumes of industries can help reduce in the gramsabhas”, said H.R. water. Because rain water can pollution load. Waste water Dave, Dy. Managing Director complement the traditional generated in urban areas of NABARD. Currently water supply system, this can be used for suburban NABARD is providing training means considerably reduced agriculture, industry and to 8,000 volunteers. The utility bills for residents. even sanitation and certain campaign which started in domestic applications after the middle of May will end Rainwater harvesting is treatment. in mid-June. These volunteers equally appropriate for large will select 11 people from manufacturing units that use each village and will train up huge quantities of water. them. This in turn, will create Such industries can reduce a force of 1.7 million for the pressure on groundwater programme. by making use of rainwater for all their requirements. In Rainwater harvesting fact, the government should Urban centres in India are consider making this facing an ironical situation mandatory for all large today. On the one hand, there industrial complexes. is an acute water scarcity and on the other, streets are often Exploiting waste water Opportunities exist for One of the solutions to exploiting safely managed the urban water scarcity is waste water which can be a rainwater harvesting. This is already being practiced on a 29,000 million litres per day large scale in cities like Chennai, (MLD) of waste water is Bangalore and Delhi. At generated from class I cities present, in Pune city, and class II towns, of which

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 283 Co er Story Water Management – The holistic Way Ms. Chitralekha Vaidya Founder & CEO – Varshasookt Consultants Ms. Chitralekha Vaidya

arth covers more than and implement the same from Facility water audits include E70% water. Out of total community side also. accurate measurement of all water available only 3% water water entering the facility, is fresh water. Out of total 1. Water Accounting and the inventory and calculation fresh water; only 10% water is Audit on micro & macro of all on-site water uses, any available for actual use. India level unused water sources or waste is the country which inherits In simple language; audit is streams that may be available, great water culture over means objective examination calculation of water related thousands of years. and evaluation of various Unfortunately ; the heritage is records. Water audits are broken into pieces. It is need effective methods to account measures. The information of time to have a complete for all water usage within a from the water audit should holistic approach to facility in order to identify then form the basis for a understand every arm of this opportunities to improve comprehensive conservation multifaceted issue. program to implement from implementation of the This depicts water as one of water audit may include lower throughout the facility. In the topmost complex subject utility costs, energy savings, water auditing; the sources on ecological, engineering, and reduced process costs. of water, the quantity and cultural, agricultural and ultimately on economic front. As an active and responsible citizen; it is high time to understand this complex chemical; H2O from different perspectives. The optimum water management can be a key to the successful and sustainable economy. No government can alone handle this challenge without active public participation. In order to understand the water management; it is necessary to understand the action plan

284 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story quality, various uses of water, 3. Rainwater Harvesting of ground water and scanty distribution of water for ‘Catch Water Where It Falls’ rainfall in recent years have various applications and shall be the motto behind resulted into alarming drop the leakages in the system the success of this age-old in water table. The high are mapped. This can be concept of water harvesting population growth of urban implemented at individual through implementation of areas has further increased the house level, society, complex, new technologies/ methods gap between availability and industries, schools, recreational requirement of fresh water. spaces, institutions etc. The it as an ideal solution to the To bridge this gap, various problems of water stressed techniques are now being conditions usually occurred practiced. Water harvesting is organization to trace the in arid and semi-arid areas of also one of these techniques, loopholes in the system and the country like India. which can be used to bridge minimize the water losses by India with deep historical this gap. minimum 15%-20%. roots and strong cultural Collection, transportation, 2. Vegetative Cover and social fabric and institutions and Implementation of Ground Water Conditions - of community life has been various harvesting techniques Relation practicing water harvesting which includes storage and Human activities have exerted for more than 4,000 years recharging and optimum small to large scale changes through following one combination of both techniques on the hydrological cycle. The important tradition of for maximum results as per current scenario regarding collecting, storing and various local and geological groundwater resources suggests preserving water for various that globally there is a uses. In view of the vital Rainwater harvesting. water crisis in terms of importance of water for quantity (availability) and human and animal life, for India receives more than quality. Therefore there is a maintaining ecological balance average rainfall every great need for the assessment and for economic and and monitoring of quality developmental activities of conserved and runs down and quantity of groundwater all kinds and considering its the drain as early as possible. resources at local level. the increasing scarcity, the In order to help institutions quantity of groundwater planning and management of self sustainable; rainwater increased with the help of this resource and its optimal, harvesting can play an economical and equitable use important role. Rainwater due to change in land-use and has become a matter of the harvesting can be achieved land-cover pattern (increased utmost urgency. through area of fallow land). The quality of groundwater An age-old practice/ tradition - Ground Water recharging deteriorated due to input of of collecting, storing and through bore wells and dug fertilizers for enhancing the preserving water for various wells short-term soil fertility. uses is deeply rooted in Indian culture. However, - Water storage deviating from the old - Combination of recharging traditions the over extraction and storage

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 285 Co er Story 4. Soil & Water Conservation Sustainable approach towards conventional treatment Program Implementation Wastewater Management technologies. We propose The soil and water conservation Waste water consists of more are inseparable aspects. than 95% water, which can Treatment and Recycling Hence, the soil and water be recycled and reused after technology for treatment conservation solution should treatment. As the actual of waste water. It is a viable go hand in hand. With current potable water requirement is option with reliable long drought background and very less compared to total lasting and affordable many farmers suicide cases water requirement, the techniques. It also forwards followed; it is necessary to recycled water can be reused alternative solution, where no re-think of our current farming for so many applications traditional form of sanitation with onset of current global system is present or viable. warming impacts in rainfall pattern, changes in weather, untreated wastewater is major humidity etc. Let us try to cause of water pollution simplify the thinking with in India. The wastewater following methods of soil and treatment are often seen as water conservation especially expensive and energy intensive in rural areas.

• • • Soil • • • Conservation •

• • • • Water • • Conservation • • •

286 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story While selecting wastewater treatment technology, following 6. Black Water Treatment parameters should be considered. & Reuse As black water contains high amount of dissolved and suspended solid particles; lot of varieties of bacteria and viruses; the water should be isolated and treated with extreme care. The water must be treated with primary, secondary, tertiary treatment which must be followed by dis-infection. The cost of black water treatment for recyclable quality is relatively high compared to grey water recycling. 5. Wastewater Treatment & bodies / streams or canals; Reuse as it will bring back the 7. Grey Water Treatment & Out of the total water contamination which was Reuse consumed; more than 95% thrown out. The wastewater Kitchen and bath water can water is converted as waste contains grey water and black be separated and treated in water; which runs down the water. Grey water is water isolation from black water. drain. Hence, it is extremely from kitchen, bathroom i.e. This water mainly contains important to restrict use for water except from latrine. soap, food particles etc. This fresh potable treated water for non-potable purpose wherever quality and amount of washing and gardening with possible. To understand the contaminants and hence relatively simpler treatment. water economics; Mumbai should be isolated and treated receives around 4000 Million in order to maintain economic 8. Community Participation litres water per day; out of No scheme or program can which around 3200 Million highest amount and be successful participation litres of water meet Arabian concentration of contamination. without local community sea every day. If this is treated There are various technologies getting involved for and reused; it will drastically construction, operation and bring down the daily maintenance and monitoring water consumption. As the treatment, UF, RO which can of system. The feeling of wastewater contains lot be adopted as per the current ownership of our water of contaminants including water rates, water demand, bodies should be experienced suspended and dissolved purpose of water application, by citizens’ right from solids, bacteria like E-coli, availability of skilled operation dissolved soap contents; the and maintenance, electricity “Jal-swarajya” were based into water should not be recharged consumption and cost of the the same; which got huge in ground water directly; or technology. success in many parts of discharged into nearby water India. The community

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 287 Co er Story participation can be started wastewater treatment and ! It is important to understand by connecting the water re-use efforts of a single that the current worse conservation to various institution and incentives the picture can be repaired and cultural activities, religious reverse with help of effective festivals, recreational programs local or municipal team of implementation of water etc. That will provide huge experts can form a local body conservation program platform for awareness, which can act as single point which will lead to ultimate incentives and technology contact for citizens for transformation of this great for reaching into the masses. all technical support for country! Also, that will create an implementation of water emotional connect to society conservation techniques. for this transformation. 10. Proposed Action plan for 9. Policy Support for Water Conservation encouragement of water It is evident that it is need of conservation time to come together and It is really important that respond to this multi-faceted policy / govt encouragement issue of water conservation; and penalty structure should which is not limited to only go hand in hand for effective human life with dignity; but implementation of any it also has huge impact on system. There is no common sustainable economy, sustainable system which can monitor agricultural production, all aspects of water public health, overall management including water productivity of country in auditing, rainwater harvesting, current scenario and in future

288 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 289 Co er Story Water For All And All For Water Dr. K. K. Banerjee Ph.D in Chemical Engineering He has been pursuing the subject with a lot of interest even though, he retired from engineering activities.

When we realize that around Broadly water is used for augmentation of power seventy percent of a human agriculture, industries and generation and these units are body is water only, we feel that domestic. The percentage of high guzzlers of water. This usage is as follows : The doctors advise us to drink enough water so that we don’t Usage Worldwide Low/medium High income Water usage get dehydrated. Water is the Income countries in India main medium of our blood. countries It is the blood which carries Agriculture 70 82 30 80 all the nutrients, oxygen and Industry 22 10 59 15 essentials to all parts of our Domestic 8 8 11 5 body and also brings the waste products to our kidneys Water usage in India shows The domestic use shows a so that the health of the body some peculiarities. The major shortfall. Even though the is maintained. Our body is part of the water is being used large cities and towns are a microcosm of the world for agriculture and is similar having organized water around us. Water is required to those of the low and supply system for the domestic, to sustain the life on earth. All medium income group of the villages lack such facilities. the living beings need water, countries. However, it is This use has to rise so that without water living things tending to decrease. there is adequate supply of will die. potable water for the domestic consumers. As human beings we have showing an upward trend. various other needs of water. There has been a large scale

290 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Rainwater D. Areas of Scanty Rainfall good monsoon is what the Rainfall is the most important (Less than 50 cm): Northern Indians want for a good element of Indian economy. part of Kashmir, Western harvest and a boost to the Although the monsoons Rajasthan, Punjab and economy. effect most part of India, the Deccan Plateau. The two amount of rainfall varies from As the monsoon rainfall heavy to scanty on different rainfall is that: is only seasonal, Indian parts. There is great regional agriculture was mostly and temporal variation in the i. in the north India, rainfall dependent on the monsoon distribution of rainfall. Over decreases westwards and crop. The farmers sowed 80% of the annual rainfall ii. in Peninsular India, except paddy at this season and is received in the four rainy Tamil Nadu, it decreases reaped their harvest in months of June to September. eastward. October/November. The average annual rainfall is about 125 cm, but it has great The Indian economy largely But this gave rise to shortages spatial variations. depends on the monsoon. A of food as the population of A. Areas of Heavy Rainfall (Over 200cm): The highest rainfall occurs in west costs, on the western Ghats as well as the Sub-Himalayan areas in North East and Meghalaya Hills. Assam, West Bengal, West Coast and Southern slopes of eastern Himalayas.

B. Areas of Moderately Heavy Rainfall (100-200 cm): Such rainfall occurs in Southern Parts of Gujarat, East Tamil Nadu, North- eastern Peninsula, Western Ghats, eastern Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orrisa, the middle Ganga valley.

C. Areas of Less Rainfall (50-100 cm): Upper Ganga valley, eastern Rajasthan, Punjab, Southern Plateau of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 291 Co er Story the country went upwards. important to meet the local For this purpose, one has With green revolution, the needs. The existing ones are to conduct a survey of the farmers were able to sow a probably silted and have lost ponds and tanks and prepare second paddy crop, besides water holding capacity. The a total census of the same. All wheat and other kharif crops. land around in many places data needs to be used for the They would initially use has been used up for making preparation of a comprehensive irrigation water from the homesteads. The tanks have plan for the restoration these dams. These dams of course, become mostly shallow and minor water bodies. The collected the water during in many locations they have land around should be made rainy season. The DVC, squatter - free. The tanks Bhakra-Nangal dams, Narmada, generated has gone either should be desilted. dams of the Deccan rivers for farming or for building helped in the venture. construction. Telengana, as we see from the rainfall map above is a rain The water in tanks shall be into the farming lands by able to meet the requirements being slightly better off in gravity. Therefore, the lands of drinking water specially at this respect. But even then will have to be located at locations where the ground it is seasonal and obviously lower levels. Obviously this water is unusable (like in poses a great problem for the puts a limitation on the water West Bengal where at many farming community. As this is availability. Pumps could raise locations, UG water is having a new state and this problem the water to a higher level. high Arsenic content). It stared them right at the start For electricity driven pumps, could be used for other they made a census of the there has to be a supply line domestic use besides irrigation total problem. The data is available. In the absence of of the near-by lands. So it was summarized below : electricity, the farmer has to necessary to rejuvenate these be have a diesel driven pump. smaller water bodies. This needs expenditure for purchasing the pump set and Percent planned to be revived every year : 20% cost of diesel for running the engine, besides the maintenance Phase I of the unit. Diesel driven pumps are few in number as the cost seems to eats up the income. Sometimes, when the are unable to catch enough water and the irrigation Phase II capability is adversely affected. Cost : Rs 3,071 Crores Minor irrigation projects Work started at : 8,272 tanks and ponds (Rejuvenation) Silt removed so far estimate at : 10 Crore cubic meters In many areas, there are village Estimated water holding capacity added : 377 TMC ponds, tanks, minor dams, Estimated no of tractor loads of silt removed : 3 Crores bunds etc. These are very

292 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story The farmers have used their lect all the water required for be owned on a cooperative own tractors to take the silt the whole year. But efforts basis when the land belongs should be made to do whatever to a few collectively. With is practicable. In some cities suitable survey, there could effort. These are : this is becoming compulsory be a bund that would be like for new housing estates. a mini dam and could provide • Wherever possible they water for irrigation on slightly should be persuaded to reuse bigger scale. In such cases, and hand pumps will work the water so that the fresh it may be necessary to uninterruptedly. water intake is reduced. acquire the land especially for this purpose. Here also the • There are some other ownership of the facility could micronutrients required. The be on a co-operative basis. farmers are not to depend on of water body. Water bodies fertilizers and chemicals so keep the area cool. It cools There are a large number of much. air by selfevaporation. Water rivers where the stream is • absorbs large amount of heat. carrying only monsoon water. farming. It has the highest heat capacity. For the rest of the year the The trees, if planted around bed is almost dry. The bed • the water body, are helpful in is full of sand for the entire the water body. recharging of underground length of the river. Many of water besides keeping the these seasonal rivers play This should be a lesson for shaded area cool. They help havoc during the rains, as the the other states where large in making the air fresh. draining capacity has been number of such minor water reduced by the load of sand bodies exists. If necessary, New Water Bodies in the stream bed. To stop some new ones may be Besides de-silting of the water created. The old rulers, big bodies and repair of various bund all along the length. landlords had the wisdom to associated facilities, it is There is tremendous possibility dig them. There are many possible to start the to remove sand from the beds central schemes that might construction of new ones and then construct barrages come handy to plan and wherever possible. In the across the river bed so that execute such useful olden days the big landlords rain water could be held in rejuvenation schemes. and sometimes the rulers them for use during the rest thought of digging tanks and of the year. These would be Rain water harvesting is ponds at suitable locations. constructed at many locations slowly catching up. Actually With the modern machinery, across the country. These for safety, all human habitation it would take very little effort would help in reducing the should have catchments to make new ones. These pressure on the underground so that the domestic water could be smack in the water resources which are requirements are met being overused to the point of internally. But in cities the land water lost during transit will criticality at many locations. is very costly and the houses be minimal. These could be would become too cost- individually owned for big ly if they are forced to col- farmers, but the same could proposition and has to be

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 293 Co er Story built and maintained by the water alone. This is largely authorities. These need to Setting aside 35 BCM for because the resource allows be taken up over a period of natural discharge, the net farmers greater control over time. The projects that are in annual ground water availability arid or semi-arid areas needs for the entire country is 398 and how much water to use to be implemented on priority BCM. each time. basis. Also where the underground water is Despite the valuable nature contaminated, these barrages irrigated agriculture and 85% of the resource, 29% of would come in handy. The of drinking water supplies are groundwater blocks are dependent on groundwater. semi-critical, critical, or helped by such projects. Here Urban residents increasingly overexploited, and the situation again a survey or census is rely on groundwater due to is deteriorating rapidly urgently needed to make unreliable and inadequate a comprehensive list of the municipal water supplies. Moreover, aquifers are possible locations where these depleting in the most could be constructed. A large The largest use of underground populated and economically proportion of the rain water water is for the irrigation productive areas. Climate runs back to the sea as there sector (about 91%). The stage change will further strain are no holding capacities for of ground water development groundwater resources. this valuable asset. for the entire country has This will have serious Ground Water Use utilization pattern is however implications for the Ground water availability uneven across the country sustainability of agriculture, as of April 2015, the water resulting in ground water long-term food security, resource potential or annual stressed conditions in some livelihoods, and economic water availability of the parts of the country while growth. It is estimated that country in terms of natural in other areas, ground water over a quarter of the country’s utilization have been sub- harvest will be at risk. optimal. (BCM)/year). A complex web of factors Groundwater acts a critical determines groundwater However, the usable wa- buffer against the variability extraction: the size of ter resources of the country of monsoon rains. For landholdings, density of have been estimated as 1,123 population, water-intensity of BCM/year. This is due to con- crops planted, water users’ straints of topography and food production by 20% but behavior, legislation and uneven distribution of the a similar drought in 1987-88 administration of groundwater, resource in various river ba- had very small impact on food power subsidies for pumping production largely due to the irrigation water, and economic to extract the entire available widespread use of groundwater policies. by that time. Farms irrigated 1,123 BCM/year, the share with groundwater have twice India has both hard-rock and of surface water and ground the crop water productivity alluvial aquifers which differ of those that rely on surface- considerably in their physical

294 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Ground water is available at a tion. How to set up, how to and require very different lower level in the northwestern measure its capacity and life, sets of solutions at both the region of the country. There maintenance required if any macro and micro levels. As and maintenance methods, global experience offers few across the country where the etc. We should not waste time comparable models, home depth of the water level is in taking steps in preserving grown solutions are needed. more than 10 metres. This and augmenting our most implies that one has to dig important national asset. It The World Bank report deeper to reach the water has sustained our agricultural provides a menu of table in these regions. When production even in years of practical and noncontroversial the ground water level crosses less rainfall. This freedom is interventions which can be 10 metres, sophisticated becoming very important as implemented in the current equipment is required to the vagaries of monsoon is environment. Amongst its extract it. The states of Punjab becoming more frequent and several suggestions, the report and Haryana are examples prominent. calls for community of states where the sub-soil management of ground water water level is going down to Conclusion wherein the user community critical point. There are a lot We Indians need to wake up is the primary custodian of of discussion regarding the to the fact that the need for the resource and is charged electricity subsidy, pumping water is increasing by leaps with implementing management cost, the cost of the pump and bounds. Our population measures. sets and the HP of the motor is increasing, power plants for the pump. We shall not go and other industries, even The report showcases a model into those in this article. agriculture will ask for more adopted in the drought-prone water. The supply is limited areas of the Indian state of rtifiial eharin f Andhra Pradesh. The state he Water necessary that we take heed This aspect of the of all aspects water for our example of large scale success replenishment of the depleted sustenance. The quicker we in self - regulation of water stock is gaining wake up the better. groundwater use. At the importance. It is easier to cost of US$2,200 per village think of the same for alluvial Courtesy : “Originally published in per year, communities have regions, because of the easy Water Today - e Magazine, July permeability. The users of 2016.” example of selfregulation of UG water is to be made to groundwater. Farmers have understand the importance doubled their income, while of recharging and trained in bringing their groundwater setting up easy, effective and use close to sustainable levels. cheaper recharge systems. In many cases, farmers have The expertise available should voluntarily reduced their be used to set up these devices water use, while continuing to wherever possible. It could safeguard their crops. unknowns in this direc-

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 295 Co er Story Paper on Working of Brahmaputra Board Mr. Iltaf Hussain Secretary, Brahmaputra Board

1 Constitution : The Ministries of Government of • Brahmaputra Board was India namely Water Resources permanent invitee constituted in 1980 by an Act River Development & (c) A Standing Committee of Parliament Brahmaputra Ganga Rejuvenation, Finance, of Brahmaputra Board to Board Act, 1980 (No. 46 Agriculture, Power, Surface examine the Annual Action of 1980) with the objective Transport; and Organisations Plan / Budget Allocation, of planning and integrated of Government of India, priority of works and exercise implementation of measures namely Central Water Commission, Central Electricity bank erosion in Brahmaputra Authority, India Meteorological • Valley and matters connected Department and Geological as Chairman therewith, operationalised Survey of India. • w.e.f. January 11, 1982 with Water Commission, New headquarters at Guwahati, (b) A High Powered Review Delhi, Secretary Water Assam. Board to oversee the work of Resources Department, the Brahmaputra Board Government of Assam and 2 Jurisdiction : All North • Financial Adviser, Brahmaputra Eastern States including Resources RD & GR as the Board as Members Sikkim and a part of West Chairman • General Manager, Bengal (Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, • Brahmaputra Board as Alipurduar, Darjeeling and Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Member Convener Kalimpong districts falling Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland in Brahmaputra Basin). 4 Major functions : Minister / Ministers of State The main functions 3 Organization : for Finance, Transport, Power, of Brahmaputra Board (a) The Board consists of- Agriculture, Water Resources, stipulated in the Act are – • RD & GR, Secretary, Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Ministry of Water Resources, (a) Carry out surveys and General Manager and Financial RD&GR, Chairman, Central investigations in the Adviser Water Commission, as Brahmaputra Valley (within • Members its jurisdiction) and prepare • a Master Plan for the control North Eastern Region; North Board as the Member- Eastern Council; concerned Secretary and improvement of drainage

296 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story in the Brahmaputra Valley. maintenance of such dams 6. The details of activities Board shall have regard to the and other projects. are as under : development and utilization A. Preparation of Master of water resources of the (e) Construction, operation Plans : Brahmaputra Valley for and maintenance of irrigation, hydro power, multipurpose and other Brahmaputra Board took up navigation and other Water Resources Projects, preparation of Master Plans of the main stem of rivers as far as possible, indicate on approval of Government Brahmaputra and Barak and in such plans the works and of India; their tributaries along with other measures which may 68 (including Majuli Island) be undertaken for such (f) Perform any other major tributaries of the region development; function which may be in three parts and status as prescribed for the proper under- The Master Plan shall be implementation of this Act. submitted to the Central • Government as soon as may (g) Perform such other Basin Part- I Main Stem and be after it has been prepared functions as are supplemental, Master Plan Part-II Barak or, as the case may be revised incidental or consequential Basin approved by Govern- and the Central Government ment shall, after consultation section 12 or in clauses (a) to with the State Governments (d), or prescribed under clause concerned, approve the same (e), of this sub-section. • 47 Sub-Basin Master Plans approved by Government 5 Main activities of India between the period undertaken: (b) Formulation of programme, o Since inception, the in consultation with State Board has carried out detailed • 8 Master Plans approved Government(s), for construction planning and documentation by Board are under further / implementation, in phases, of the water resources of the of dams and other projects North Eastern Region and of MoWR, RD & GR for related problems and obtaining approval of approved by Government of potentials, which includes Government of India India; survey and investigations, preparation of Master Plans • 1 Master Plan completed (c) Preparation of Detailed and DPR etc. and circulated to Board Project Reports (DPRs Members and estimates including o Board has taken up apportionment of cost among execution of various proj- • 4 Draft Master Plans States in respect of the dams ects in the areas of drainage circulated to team of and other projects; development and erosion and members of Meghalaya (d) Finalization of standards onwards. • 8 river Basins have been construction, operation and Master Plans.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 297 Co er Story

B. Preparation of Detailed hees identified ased upon findins of 41 Project Report (DPR) for Master Plans Multipurpose Projects: hees thus far leared y W 13 Brahmaputra Board took up (a) Execution completed 2 (b) in Brahmaputra and Barak (c) Execution suspended 2 (d) Handed over to State 3 rivers of Meghalaya for (e) 2 ‘Survey & Investigation’ and Schemes (DPR) under compliance of Observations 5 preparation of DPRs. The of CWC status, in brief, is as under – Schemes under Preparation of DPR 6 i DPRs completed and Schemes under Survey and Investigation and 14 handed over to other Preparation of DPR hees dropped fro the list of identified 3 schemes of Brahmaputra Board ii DPRs completed and taken up by Board 1 7 North Eastern Hydrau- Resources, RD & GR, lic and Allied Research In- Government of India iii Draft DPRs completed stitute (NEHARI): assigned ‘Protection of and under appraisal of CWC 2 This institute was established and river bank erosion’ to iv Handed over to Government under the Brahmaputra Board Brahmaputra Board which of Arunachal Pradesh after at Rudreswar, North Guwahati took up protection works of completion of Survey and as per the Assam Accord Investigation by Board 2 and operationalised during Broadly, protection works 1996. The main functions of encompass ‘Raising and v Handed over to private NEHARI are material testing, Strengthening of embankment’, developers by Government carrying out Hydraulic model plugging of breaches, casting of Meghalaya 2 studies etc. Facilities such as and laying of permeable RCC Hydraulic Laboratory with porcupines screens, spurs and dampeners, construction Investigation’ and preparation Laboratories for testing soil, of boulder spurs, river bank of DPR in Brahmaputra concrete and other construction revetment and construction Board 3 materials and foundation rock of raised platforms. The C. Preparation of DPR are available. Board executed works in of Drainage Development Phases. Schemes (DDS): 8 Flood Protection and Anti-erosion Schemes- In the Master Plans prepared Protection of Majuli sland fro ood and drainage congested areas have erosion- At the request of Government as under- of Assam, Ministry of Water

298 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story

The works which have been completed or are under execution by Brahmaputra Board are as follows:-. Rs. in crore Sl. No. Description Estt. Cost Expdr. Remarks (Rs.in crore) (Rs in crore) 1 6.22 6.09 Completed 2 Completed 3 Emergent Measures (Year 2008) Completed Phase-II & Phase-III 120.81 ( Started in 2009 and continuing) achieved Total Brahmaputra at Dhola- Outcome Plan Ahead : Hatighuli (Measures for o Anti-erosion works carried A new proposal for Protection diversion of River Lohit out resulted in containing of Majuli Island on the basis and Dibang to their original of recommendations of the courses) with ancillary reclamation of land. As a 8th & 9th visit of the Standing anti-erosion measures” was result of the works, the total Committee of Experts on approved by Ministry of area of Majuli Island has Protection of Majuli Island Water Resources, Government increased by 22.08 sq km and Technical Advisory of India in the Technical Committee of Brahmaputra Advisory Committee (TAC) 2016. Board (TAC-BB) has been meeting held in May, 2002 approved by Govt of India and Brahmaputra Board was o Plugging of breaches and entrusted with the responsibility R/S of embankment resulted for execution of the scheme. The status of implementation entire Majuli Island within of the Scheme is as under- the embankment. Also, it Avulsion of Brahmaputra resulted in improvement of at Dhola - Hatighuli The scheme “Avulsion of season. Sl. No. Description Estimated Actual Remarks Cost Expenditure (Rs in crore ( Rs in crore) 1 Phase-I Completed 2 Phase- II Completed 3 Phase-III Completed Phase-IV Completed Total

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 299 Co er Story Outcome : had already been completed. • erosion of river Puthimari Revenue Circle in an area of completed at the cost of breach occurred in the IBB Link road which necessitated construction of a retirement bund and work has been of retirement bund at Protection of Kusiabil, taken up accordingly. Hatighuli area on Left bank Durgajan, Nagarjan under However, Brahmaputra Board of Lohit river. Phase –I and Mao Colony, was struggling in construction of the retirement bund for the • Transit camp area in Phase -II reason that availability of land just behind the tie-bund, on at Dimapur from erosion of that had been promised by country side, was secured Dhansiri (south) completed at the land owners has not been a cost of Rs 2.39 crore given effect. Of late, Board construction of tie-bund in has awarded the work of plugging of 362 m breach as has started, afresh, in the area emergent work and completed between the tie-bund and the Protection of Mankachar, it. Remaining work of a Ghoramora channel. Kalair - alga international rising and strengthening of Border area from erosion of embankment is in progress. Plan Ahead : river Brahmaputra- Estimated Bank revetment work with During the 8th visit of geobag as per revised estimate Standing Committee of process is for implementation Experts for Majuli Island, The area is subjected to they visited Dhola-Hatighuli severe erosion of river area also. Based upon the Brahmaputra threatening the An anti-erosion measure recommendations, estimate existing IBB link road, border in aslaari in ssa near was formulated as Phase –V. fencing and border road as International Border- Poor well as adjoining area of response of contractor Out of above works a part Hatsingimari, the district for implementation delayed of work under restoration of H.Q. of South Salmara. The work. rivers Dibang and Lohit to their original courses Phase-V now under implementation. Bank protection work at a part of the work viz Bhajaner Charra, Nishiganj Conversion of the existing tie Works envisaged under the under Cooch Behar Block bund across the spill channel scheme (a) RCC Porcupine No alon left an of river of river Dibang in to a full- screens for diverting the river Mansai at Cooch Behar away from the erosion prone District, West Bengal; Bahbari and construction of bank and (b) Bank revetment new embankment is proposed for a reach the 2 km erosion Bank Protection work at to be implemented during prone bank. Brahmaputra hodei area on the riht Board has taken up the an of river ansai in P execution of the scheme in Sitalkuchi, Cooch Behar Protection of Nagrijuli, District, West Bengal ; Rangia Town, Mukalmua and of RCC porcupine screens

300 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story DPR for above two schemes 10 Construction of Raised 11 Monitoring of Schemes in the state of West Bengal Platforms under Flood Management has been revised and included On the request from State Programme (FMP) - a in the proposed EFC for the Government of Assam, State Sector Scheme under Brahmaputra Board completed Central Plan- in Brahmaputra construction of 18 raised Protection of Balat and Barak Valley platforms at different Brahmaputra Board is entrusted Village in Meghalaya on locations to facilitate logistic with monitoring of schemes River Umngi under Flood Management Part –I of the scheme at a cost Humans and livestock. In Programme in respect of the report of performance entire North Eastern Region evaluation study carried out including Sikkim and part through an independent of West Bengal falling under 9 Pagladiya Dam Project agency, it is advocated to Brahmaputra Basin since X construct more raised Plan. Scheme undertaken by platforms for shelter of Government of India during marooned people during X, XI, XII Plan under Flood Management Programme and power generation of 3 MW, at Satrakanara area in Barpeta monitored by Brahmaputra is proposed across Pagladiya District, Assam was taken up Board is shown below – River at Thalkuchi in Baksa District of Bodoland Territorial Autonomous Plan No of Central Remarks Districts (BTAD) in Assam. schemes assistance in The project envisages (Rs crore) X Plan and 21 km long earth dam XI Plan 201 with a concrete spillway. Due XII Plan 61 Rs. 118.2 crore for spill to inability of Government of over schemes + Rs. Assam to acquire the required land for R&R purpose, the work was held up and as per of Brahmaputra Board, all activities are closed from 1st June 2013.

Through D O letter dated 28th April 2016, the Special Secretary, MoWR, RD & GR requested the Chief Secretary, Government of Assam for taking up the matter so that the work of the project can be started soon.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 301 Co er Story Rain Water Harvesting in Urban & Rural Area

Mr. Ulhas Paranjpe Vice President -Ferrocement Society (India), Trustee--Jalvardhini Pratishthan, Mr. Ulhas Paranjpe RWH-Cell Head IWWA-Mumbai Centre

Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) age rain fall on 7/12 Extract purpose we have developed is process of collecting and at village level and on concept of rain rain water storing rain water either in Property card in Urban Area. utilization Index. surface reservoirs or in sub .Once Potential of rainfall is Rain Water Utilization Index surface reservoirs / aquifers recorded everyone will know ( RWUL ) = Rain water used during year so that we can use it as and how much water is available Total Rain fall during Year when required.. with them.

Rainfall (precipitation) is a Rain Water Potential This index will help us to source of water for river, • know how much water is stream, well, bore well, pond Potential. A 100mm Rainfall being used and how much is etc. or is a source of all other on one Hector of Land will wasted either by farmers at sources. Rain water as a source yield 1,000 cum of Water. villages or by citizen in urban of water is decentralized Every year the availability of area. as rainfall occurs almost at water on any land is as per the every place. Hence we should annual average rainfall. In India rainfall occurs as have R.W.H. structures / per annual average Rainfall system maximum possible • at most of the places locations. In short when for solving our water need ( Except at few places) o source is decentralized, Whether it is urban or rural. Water availability is as per storage arrangement (R.W.H. annual average Rainfall. Structures) should also be at • various places (decentralized). water as a source of water for For proper designing of This paper tries to show that all our activities or we will be RWH , Scheme, following are rain water can be used as an the requirements alternative source of water or water need either individually 1) Annual water requirement or at village level or at city of that area under source of water and then if level as a alternative source of consideration needed we can tap any other Water. sources. 2) Survey Details : Survey • Map, Contour Plan and area To quantify rain water there is principal source of water we under consideration a need to record annual aver- need to quantify it.For this 3) Rainfall Data

302 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story 100 X 2 X 0.75 = 1,50cum ------150 cum Rain Water Potential of Plot--- -- 340 X 2=680 cum ------680 cum Rain Water Utilization Index = 150 680 = 0.22 or 22 % ------0.22

Rain fall Utilization----22% This water is used for Flu shining Purpose This means that IWWA is utilizing 22% Rain fall Potential. 4) Hydro geological The following examples Rain Water storage Tank investigation will be useful to understand 5) Site observation and and develop this concept 50mm Rain fall over. collection of information of Rain Water utilization Index Terrace from which Rain from people living around Water is collected Urban Area A) Rain fall over open 2) JAMANABAI NARSI portion of plot following 1) IWWA--OFFICE BLDG. SCHOOL AT JUHU, VILE options are available for R AT VAKOLA SANTACRUZ - PARLE-WEST, MUMBAI W H -EAST, MUMBAI (i) Recharge of subsoil Plot Area------6,896.2 or (ii) Recharge of Aquifer Plot Area------34 sqm. say about 6.900sqm (iii) Recharge of bore well / Open Well Total Roof Top No Student and Staff----4,000 Area------200 sqm (iv) Storing it in a Pond Daily Flushing Water or italics Roof Top Area from which Requirement------40,000 litres water is collected Total Roof Top Area B ) Rain fall over Terrace or is------1,00sqm about------1.500sqm Roof portion of Buildings Rain Water storage Tank within the plot following capacity------5,000 litres Roof Top Area from which options are available for water is collected is----8,00sqm RWH Annual average Rain Fall in I) For Non potable Mumbai------2,000 mm Rain Water storage Tank purpose in urban area capacity------1,00,000 litres ii) For Drinking purpose Assuming 75% Rain fall Annual average Rain Fall in in Rural Area can be effectively collected Mumbai------2,000 mm total Rain Water available iii) Recharge of Well / Assuming 75% Rain fall can Bore well / Aquifer during monsoon period will be

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 303 Co er Story be effectively collected capacity------10,000 litres This land is used for Total Rain Water available Annual average Rain Fall in Horticultural Purpose during monsoon period will Mumbai------2,000 mm Farmer has planted 100 be Assuming 75% Rain fall can mango and 50 cashew trees. 800 X 2 X 0.75 = 1,200 cum- be effectively collected total Let us assume each tree ------1,200 cum Rain Water available during requires 3 litres of Water Rain Water Potential of Plot monsoon period will be after monsoon, say for 240 -- 6,900 X 2=13,800 cum------100 X 2 X 0.75 = 1,50 cum-- days ------13,800 cum ------1,50 cum Hence water requirement of Rain Water Utilization Index Rain Water Potential of Plot 150 Trees will be = 1,200 ---- 1,161 X 2= 2,322 cum--- 150 X 3 X240 = 1,08.000 litres 13,800 ------2.322 cum = 1,08 cum = 0.0869 ------0.0869 Rain Water Utilization Hence RWUI = 108 Index = 150 35326.5 Rain fall Utilization---8.69% 2322 =0.00305 = 0.064------0.064 This stored Water is used for Flushing / Non potable If the farmer is not Purpose Rain fall Utilization---6.4% cultivating anything, then RWUI will be 0 ( zero ) This means that JNS is This water is used for recharge of Bore well utilizing 8.69% Rain fall 2) Village--Palgad, Taluka Potential. Intake capacity of Bore -Dapoli, Dist--Ratnagiri well is 10,000 litres per day. Rain Water storage Tank A farmer owns 2-77-4HR ( This means that Tirupati 27,740sqm ) land out of 0-42-0 120mm Rain fall over Developer is utilizing 6.4% is under Paddy crop and Terrace from which Rain Rain fall Potential balance is Varcus land Water is collected Rain Water storage Tank Annual average Rainfall is 3,500 mm 3) TIRUPATI 100mm Rain fall over Terrace Potential of Rainfall = 27740 DEVELOPERS from which Rain Water is X 3.5 = 97,090 cum MANDPESHWAR ROAD collected Paddy requires about -BORIVALI-WEST B) Rural Area MUMBAI 1,500 mm Rain fall 1) Village - Kondhane, Plot Area------1,161sqm Hence quantity of water used Taluka-, Dist-Raigad Total Roof Top Area about--- Farmer owns 1-07-05 HR for Paddy = 4200 X 1.6 ------2,00sqm ( 10705Sqm ) land = 6720 cum Roof Top Area from which Annual average Rainfall is On rest of the land Farmer is water is collected is--1,00sqm 3,300mm not cultivating any thing Rain Water storage Tank Potential of Rainfall = 10705 Hence RWUI = 6720 X3.3 =35,326.5 cum 97,090 = 0.0692

304 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Co er Story Recharge Of Bore Well bore well water quality, which Here again collecting Water is being drawn from is being used otherwise. information from local people bore well for all Human needs about general behaviour of including agricultural and Quality of Roof top Rain dug well & bore well will help water requirement of water which is comparable to industries. Source of this that of drinking water. Hence well in take capacity. water is stored water in only roof top rain water aquifer. This water gets stored should be used for direct bore At few places even Dug in aquifer over a long period well recharge all other source of time. ( By process know as of water should be used for during monsoon or even after Natural Recharge of aquifer ) Indirect method of bore well monsoon for few days. or aquifer recharge. Natural recharge of Aquifer Summary and Conclusion In case of natural recharge In take capacity of Bore From above examples it is of aquifer by surface runoff, well is calculated by clear that very few are using surface runoff passes through a) Pumping Test rain water as a source of certain depth of soil cover, b) Packer permeability Test water. Authorities should before it reaches the aquifer. c) Open end pipe test insist that minimum 10 % Here ground water recharge or more depending upon takes advantage of subsoil General whether it is urban or rural. is natural ability for bio As a thumb rule intake Rain Water Potential should capacity may be taken as same thereby providing in situ as drawl capacity. Rain fall source of Water. Then treatment of surface runoff. occurs during short period and then only rain water This soil cover acts as a Hence we need to store water harvesting will have some even to recharge bore well meaning .From 5 Case studies Drawl of water from aquifer or aquifer. Capacity of Rain it is clear that a lot of rain for our need exceeds natural Water storage tank will vary in water Potential remains recharge of water practically each case. untapped or unused. Proper in every case. Hence water guidelines are required for level goes on decreasing In Konkan region or even implementing rain water (depleting ) and after few in Mumbai at some places. harvesting. we have observed that water years in many cases bore well References do not yield any water. level in open well (Dug well) or bore well is close to ground 1) Various State Govt Hence we need to recharge level during monsoon. 2) Guidelines for Rainwater method Hence we should have water Harvesting for large level data of previous years i construction Quality Water e recording water level daily www.wbpcb.gov.in/html/ Quality of water use for at the same time & recording downloads/RWH.pdf recharge in bore well or daily drawls of water. This 3) Govt. of Maharashtra, aquifer should be comparable data will speak for itself or we Urban Development Dept. to that of Drinking water can understand many things quality or comparable to the provided we have data. 4) MCGM_web site

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 305 Success Story Kagal a journey towards zero waste Mr. Saikiran S Prabhu Director of Exalt Enviro Exalt evniro and kagal A master plan was made municipal council started this journey 4 years ago in 2012. goal. Starting with a strong machine designed, installed, Kagal city has a population and effective awareness commissioned, operated and of 35000 souls with 7000 programme. Perfect door to properties creating total waste door collection, at source of 12 tons. This mission of segregation and transport in Kagal is a Odourless, making kagal a zero waste strategy was made and noiseless, leachate free implemented. Latest, state of process, plug and play model art technology for processing completely enclosed and swm work force, consisting of wet waste. Strict work aesthetically designed. No of 80% staff dedicated for fresh water required. Fully road sweeping and remaining maintained. All these factors automated process with no worked for collection human intervention. This transportation and segregation reach this goal. machine produces 500m3 of of waste i.e., 20 workers The major factor in SWM is 0.5 megawatt of electricity. wet waste. This waste when The electricity produced can mixed with dry waste makes it is how things are supposed to work. This project was to segregate and process the successfully completed under total waste. Wet waste was the leadership of Hon. Minister collected in 250 litres plastic of electricity is produced Mr. Hasan Mushriff and with drums. A total of 4 tons wet everyday from 7pm to waste was collected. This 7am. The end product after digestion remains only 10%

306 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story of input i.e., 400 ltr of liquid 1 acre land is designed for organic fertilizer. This plastic furniture, sanitary walking and jogging track. fertilizer is 3 times more ware, housekeeping items, enriched in NPK compared to vermicomposting. The is totally organic and is grown on our own liquid organic in 5 ltr cans and sold to the toys, clothes, sacs, medicine fertilizer. Today the dumping ground is converted in a zero plant remains clean,neat and tidy. This plant has opened mats, auto and industrial parts. no smell and no smoke. a new source of income for electronic and electrical, steel, selling the fertilizer making iron, aluminium, glass, leather, earnings of 2 lac rupees per month. items are stored in mesh wired This zero waste park has its the items they need directly a guest room, reception reduced the dry waste and pantry. Weight of the incoming waste is measured of these 70 species attract waste is segregated in 30 insects etc. this plantation also different types. PLASTIC works as an oxygen pocket.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 307 Success Story C-Tech Process for Treatment and Recycle of Sewage in Nagpur – A Success Story Dr. Satya Narayana Working for design & engineering of wastewater treatment plants with Cyclic Dr. Satya Narayana Activated Sludge (C-Tech) Technology in SFC Environmental Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Navi Mumbai, India.

INTRODUCTION : If we value our own future on meet their water needs. Also, Water is the lifeline of all this planet, we should sit up sewage is a perennial source. living beings. All human and take notice of the many With the availability of settlements on earth are ways we can conserve water modern sewage treatment developed near the source of and live in a way that does not technologies, it is very easy water. Even though two third pose a danger to the delicate to treat the sewage to the of earth is covered with water, natural climatic processes of required quality. As many only a small fraction of total the earth. of the industries are located water is actually usable by near cities or towns, reuse of mankind. As the population When we look at the water sewage can be seriously and industrialization is scenario in India, it has 16% explored. increasing, demand for water of world population and is also increasing. This is only 4% of its fresh water SEWAGE TREATMENT exerting more stress on the resources. In 1955, per capita AND ITS REUSE : existing water resources. With availability of water was 5300 Sewage contains more than changes in climatic conditions, m3/capita/year which came 99% of water and less than and steadily declining rainfall down to 2200 m3/capita/year 1% of unwanted material in many areas, the problem in 1996. It is expected that by or pollutants. If we can treat is further aggravated. Many 2020 India will become water sewage effectively to remove major cities in India are stressed with water availability these pollutants, we can under severe scarcity of water. of only 1600 m3/capita/year. recover water which can be The stress on water resources reusable in industries. Sewage results from an imbalance In addition to water supply reuse and recycle is not new. between the consumption of to domestic consumption, Many industries are already water and the available water industries also consume a practicing it all over the world resources. The time has come major portion of water including India. Case studies to understand the root cause supplies. While industrial such as reuse of sewage of the problem and address growth is equally important by Chennai Petroleum the impending threat of a for development, using of Corporation Limited, Madras water crisis which jeopardizes alternative sources of water, Fertilizers Limited, RCF the existence of millions of particularly sewage water, Mumbai, etc. are well people around the world. A leads to sustainable development documented in India. catastrophic water shortage of the region. Sewage water is Treatment technologies are could prove the biggest threat one of the cheapest options available to treat sewage to to mankind in coming years. available for industries to any degree of purity. New

308 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story Water in Singapore is treating TREATMENT OF SEWAGE agreement with Nagpur sewage to drinking water BY C-TECH PROCESS Municipal Corporation to standards before discharging FOR RECYCLE IN treat 130 MLD sewage and into their water reservoirs. KORADI THERMAL use the treated sewagein their POWER STATION, A power plant. It is one of the As many technologies are SUCCESS STORY IN best examples of sustainable available for treatment of NAGPUR: water recycle model in India. sewage for reuse the following Sewage treatment reduced points need to be kept in Koradi Thermal Power the pollution in the city of mind while selecting the Station, a state owned power Nagpur and the treated technology: generation company of water solved the water Maharashtra, has taken problems of Mahagenco’s - Highest organic and initiative to set example for new power plant. Besides, it suspended solids removal recyle of treated sewage in saved valuable drinking water in biological treatment for power plants. for use in the city of Nagpur. economical sizing of tertiary Additionally, the city of treatment One of the power plants of Nagpur is getting revenue Mahagenco, Koradi Thermal from Mahagenco to the tune - Nutrient (Nitrogen & Power Station (KTPS),is a of Rs. 15 Cr per year for Phosphorous) removal to coal based power plant with providing land and raw avoid growth of algae and installed capacity of 1100 sewage. other aquatic plant growth. MW and is located near This is also required for Nagpur. When Mahagenco Modern and proven treatment minimizing fouling of wanted to expand the power technology in the form of membrane/ resin based plant capacity by 1980 MW Cyclic Activated Sludge tertiary treatment plants. to meet energy needs of the (C-Tech) process is used to treat the sewageto remove - Degree of tertiary treatment water source to meet their all pollutants such as BOD, if needed to meet the quality needs. Pench dam, which is COD, TSS, Nutrients, etc. requirement of the user the main water source for Many C-Tech plants are city of Nagpur, could not already in operation in India - Lowest area requirement to provide the required water to treating sewage to high Mahagenco’s new power plant. quality treated water with The region is already suffering values up to BOD < 5mg/L, - Lower power consumption with frequent draught TSS < 10 m/L, Ammonia < conditions and could not 1 mg/L & Phosphates < 1 - Lower overall operation spare water from any other mg/L. This further reinforced and maintenance cost conventional source. As a solution to water problems, in implementing sewage - Modular design for easy Mahagenco has explored the recycle plant. Besides expansion use of sewage generated from performance, C-Tech consumes Nagpur city as its alternative less power, occupies less area, source of water to meet its requires less manpower and expansion plans. Accordingly, operates automatically. Sludge Mahagenco made an digesters are also provided

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 309 Success Story to generate biogas which can As shown in the treatment be used to generate power. scheme, the raw sewage is up useful process volume of biological treatment tanks. Also, heavy grit will cause before pumping into power like plastic and big size objects excessive wear and tear of plant. and thereby avoiding choking equipment and reduce their of pumps and pipe lines. useful life. Characteristics of raw sewage A grit removal system is as received at the C-Tech provided after screens to process based sewage treatment remove heavy silt material to remove settleable & recycle plant are given in such as sand. If not removed, suspended solids to reduce Table 1. this silt material may clog organic and suspended solid load on biological process. Table 1: Raw Sewage Characteristics for C-Tech based The solids separated are sent Sewage Treatment & Recycle plant to anaerobic digester along with excess biological sludge S.No. PARAMETER UNIT VALUE generated from biological 1 Design Flow MLD 130 treatment process. 2 pH 6.8 - 7.8 3 BOD mg/L 250 4 COD mg/L 500 process. The success of the 5 Total Suspended Solids mg/L 300 whole plant depends on this 6 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen mg/L 45 process. Treatment is done for 7 Total Phosphorous mg/L 8 the removal of organic matter which is measured in terms TREATMENT SCHEME: of BOD/COD. Treatment Based on the raw sewage characteristics and the treated water is also done for removal of quality requirement, a most cost effective treatment scheme is nutrients in the form of developed as shown in Figure 1. Nitrogen and Phosphorous. Cyclic Activated Sludge Technology ( C - Tech ) is adopted for this process. A detailed description of the process is given below.

C-Tech is a Cyclic Activated Sludge process. It provides possible in a single – step biological process. The Fig. 1: 130 MLD Capacity C-Tech based Sewage C-Tech System is operated Treatment and Recycle plant in a batch reactor mode.This of the continuous process.

310 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story

A batch reactor is a perfect in this process. The complete FILL / AERATION reactor, which ensures biological treatment is divided (F/A): 100% treatment without into Cycles with each Cycle This refers to the process short-circuiting. The complete is of 3 hrs duration, during loading time in the cycle. process takes place in a single which all treatment steps take Loading occurs outside of reactor, within which all place. A basic Cycle comprises the designated settle and biological treatment steps take of the following phases which decant sequences during place sequentially. Eight such take place independently in tanks are provided to ensure sequence to constitute a Cycle into the basin through an continuous treatment of and then gets repeated: admixture (selector) reactor. sewage. Biomass from the main • aeration zone is admixed with No additional Settling Unit, • • selector reactor. Complete - mix reaction conditions prevail in the main reaction zone during this variable volume operational sequence, being typical of a fed-batch reactor operation. Aeration can be regulated to maximize and to ensure the aerobic uptake of phosphorus previously released during anaerobic operation. Ferric Chloride is added in the aeration phase to further reduce phosphorous to required level of less than 0.5 mg/l. The process typically employs a nominally constant rate of recycle from the main reaction zone that is pumped to a zone at the inlet end of the admixture reactor. Fig. 3 : C-Tech cycle

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 311 Success Story SETTLING (S): decant sequence terminates of the project for Koradi The air is turned off and the designated use of the Thermal Power Plant, Nagpur. The plant is commissioned and generating sequencing begins while the very good quality water the residual mixing energy decanter is travelling to its meeting the requirement of within the reaction basin is upper rest position. the power plant. Fig. 5 shows consumed. At this time gentle the actual treated water quality After above treatment, C-Tech generated from the C-Tech place, a solids-liquid interface is designed to produce treated based Sewage Treatment & forms under partially sewage quality of BOD < 5 Reuse plant. hindered settling conditions. mg/L, TSS < 10 mg/L, Total Rising sludge does not occur. Nitrogen < 10 mg/L and Figure 6 shows the actual Total Phosphorous < 0.5 photographs of the treated mg/L. water quality after Chlorine Contact Tank (and before Sand Filtration) from the provided after C-Tech for plant. Figure 7 shows the removal of suspended solids quality of treated water after from 10 mg/L to 5 mg/L. Filtered water is disinfected drinking water supplied by with chlorine and pumped to Nagpur Municipal Corporation. Power plant for various uses. DECANTING (D): This sequence is an extension Anaerobic digester is provided of the settle sequence and is to stabilize sludge from also totally quiescent whereby a moving weir lowering biogas. decanter is used to take the operating liquid level in the PERFORMANCE basin to its designated bottom OF PLANT IN water level reference position. OPERATION: In this way supernatant is Biological treatment process withdrawn from a subsurface is the main treatment process Fig.6: Treated water from that is key to the success Chlorine Contact Tank conditions. This allows optimum removal over the decant depth without entrainment of settled solids completion of the supernatant liquid removal sequence, the moving weir decanter returns to its rest position located out of liquid. Completion of the Fig. 5 Treated sewage water quality at the outlet of the plant

312 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story plant in drought prone region plants to get reliable alter- of Vidarbha native water source and help 2. Independent and reliable nearby cities in combating water supply source for problems of water pollution expansion of power and water scarcity. generation plant 200 MLD SEWAGE 3. Generation of 875 kW of TREATMENT & RECYCLE power from biogas PLANT IN NAGPUR: 4. Potential to generate or- Based on success story of ganic sludge of 21,000 kg/day 130 MLD plant, Nagpur Fig.7 : Comparison of for use as manure or fuel with Municipal Corporation has treated sewage water and NMC Drinking Water taken initiative to develop Kcal/kg when dried to 15% another project of 200 MLD ADDITIONAL BENEFIT moisture content OF GAS GENERATION: capacity with an intent to As shown in the treatment BENEFITS TO recycle the total water. The scheme, the plant is designed NAGPUR MUNICIPAL revenue generated from the to produce biogas from CORPORATION (NMC): 130 MLD plant is used to primary and secondary sludge 1. Revenue of Rs. 15 Cr per generated from the C-Tech annum The plant is in advanced stage based Sewage Treatment 2. Relief from burden of of completion and is expected Plant.Considering the raw setting up and operating 130 to be commissioned by sewage characteristics, it is MLD STP which is a cost August 2017. The water from estimated that around 8,400 center to NMC this plant shall be used in m3 of biogas will be generated 3. Availability of 130 MLD another power plant. Also, the per day. The methane content of raw water for city supply plant is expected to produce of the biogas is expected to which otherwise would have around 22,000 Nm3/day of be around 60%. Assuming been supplied to Mahagenco. biogas which will be used either for supply of CNG for BENEFITS TO CITIZENS for the biogas engines, the urban transportation or for OF NAGPUR CITY: generation of Electricity. power generation potential of 1. Availability of more water the plant with biogas available for household use CONCLUSIONS : is around 875 MW. This 2. Reduced water pollution as It is possible to treat the is equal to the 75% of the the sewage is not discharged sewage by C-Tech process to power requirement of STP into river or lake. a quality required for recycle without pumping stations. 3. Better civic facilities in power plants or in any BENEFITS OFC - TECH with the additional income other industries. Where ever BASED SEWAGE generated to NMC domestic sewage is available, power plants or other TREATMENT & RECYCLE Koradi Thermal Power PLANT IN NAGPUR: industries should make efforts Plant’s C-Tech based Sewage to use it as a source of water BENEFITS TO KORADI Treatment & Recycle plant THERMAL POWER for their plants. The Koradi g Thermal Power Plant’s model PLANT: holders. The plant stands 1. Availability of 130 MLD as an example which can be should be adopted to generate of treated water for power followed by many power Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 313 Success Story Citizens demonstrate solutions the city can learn from:Rainbow Drive Layout and its water reforms over a decade Mr. Avinash Krishnamurthy Mr. Avinash Krishnamurthy Executive Director, Biome Environmental Solutions Private Limited Abstract plants constructed by the shown that such integrated This paper chronicles the builder were dysfunctional. management can be water story of an urban The Plot Owners’ implemented at relatively community called Rainbow Assocition (POA) has decentralized scales. Through Drive. responded to these various these measures the layout water problems of the layout has successfully moved The Rainbow Drive in a very enlightened and from being dependent on layout is a private gated exemplary manner. Over a groundwater overdraft to residential layout that is decade the POA has representative of an tirelessly worked with the wider rainwater recharge in excess increasingly - resident community of of withdrawal. use pattern in growing cities the layout to implement like Bengaluru. Rainbow various measures geared What the story also raises Drive is 34-acre layout which are critical questions about has a total of about 360 and sustainability of water how we can re-imagine urban housing plots. At the time of water management. It shows writing this paper (August engaging with the community us that citizens have the 2015) 127 plots are still vacant. is important and that such capability to act as responible On all the built up plots, a total long term engagement is stewards of water rsources. of 258 households are residing necessary to effect change. It It begs the city’s institutions and around 90 households are has also shown what to rethink policy so as tenants.The layout has integrated urban water to encourage all urban absolutely no formal water management is all about : communities to emulate supply from the Bengaluru’s Demand management Rainbow Drive. It begs water utility, the BWSSB. through education and the city’s institutions to be The layout is completely appropriate tariffs on water, thoughtful when they do dependent on its borewells as rainwater harvesting and enter new areas with their a water source. Groundwater for services – so as not to kill in this area has been stressed and make irrelevant all the since early 2000’s creating groundwater sustainability, good work that has been water scarcity problems in and, wastewater treatment done by the different the layout. In addition, the and reuse to reduce Rainbow Drive’s of the city. freshwater demand and ensure responsible discharge Key words : Intergrated and the Sewage treatment of waste water. It has also urban water management,

314 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story citizen stewards, groundwater paper tells, that of a private rapidly developing since 2000 management, recharge, gated layout in Bangalore and is now home to waste water reuse, Rainbow called Rainbow Drive, perhaps multiple apartments, layouts Drive, decentralized water has many lessons to teach. and large software technology management. campuses. This part of Above all it is a story that Bangalore does not receive Introduction demonstrates that citizens any formal supply of water Bengaluru Context and communities can become or sanitation services from Today the challenge of water the centre of urban water Bangalore’s utility – the governance in India cannot management. Rainbow Drive Bangalore Water Supply and be overemphasized. Urban can be interpreted as a story Sewerage Board (BWSSB). regions in India are growing of how “coping strategies” All real estate development and with them, urban water – when adopted by a water and occupied properties in demand. Across cities and literate citizenry with a sense this area depend on private towns in India water of responsibility – has the borewells and/or tanker governance is becoming a potential to contribute water markets – most often subject of debate. While positively to urban water both sources. Tanker investments in water management. operators get water from infrstructure and institutional borewells both within this models of service delivery Rainbow Drive layout : A area and outside this area, are being debated, cities brief history from further away from the continue to suffer from The Rainbow Drive layout city. Tanker water rates have water shortages and have is a private gated residential steadily risen as demand for increasing wastewater layout that is representative water has increased. People’s management issues. People of an increasingly common narratives in the area make it of the city have respond- land-use pattern in growing clear that borewells have been ed to this situation on their cities like Bengaluru. The drying up and new borewells own – various coping layout is situated on Sarjapur have to be dug to greater strategies have emerged Road in Bangalore not far depths for them to yield water. and urban water markets from the Kaikondrahalli are growing. Bengaluru is a Lake. The layout is The development of the particularly telling case of such technically out of the Rainbow Drive layout by the a situation. The single largest Municipal area of Bangalore builder began around the coping strategy of people in (Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara year 2000. The plots in the Bangalore has been recourse Palike or BBMP) and comes layout began to be occupied to groundwater. With a po- under the Halanayakanahalli by around 2002. The layout is litical and ecological limit to Panchayat though it is a 34-acre gated community what Bangalore can avail from pratically a part of Bangalore. which has a total of about the River Kaveri, its current The BBMP limits end very 360 housing plots. At the primary water source, the close to the Rainbow Drive time of writing this paper search for an alternative layout on Sarjapur Road (August 2015) 127 plots are paradigm of urban water and most properties before still vacant. On all the built management is of para- Rainbow Drive on this up plots, a total of 258 plots mount importance for Ban- Road are a part of BBMP. are occupied by residents galore. The story that this Sarjapur Road has been out of which around 90

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 315 Success Story c) Two overhead tanks in the layout d) Piped water supply connections to all plots from these overhead tanks e) Piped sewage connection to each plot f) Two Sewage Treatment plants where the sewage is supposed to be treated.

By around 2004 the Plot owners association (POA) was formed and started taking over the maintenance of the layout.

The POA as water utility: The early years

The POA took over the maintenance of the layout in September 2004 with 12 elected members. The builder began to make his exit – this usually is a process that is staggered in time, as the occupancy of the layout increases. By 2006 the layout had nearly 60% occupancy. As occupancy increased, the layout began to face a number of challenges with rspect to water and sanitation. Fig 1 : A Layout map depicting locations of STPs, borewells and recharge structures as of 2009 These challenges, which now the POA had to respond to, households are occupied by The builder had provided can be summarized as below: tenants. The builder had the following water related 1. The area had already begun drilled six borewells which infrastructure for the layout: to experience water shortages. were the source of water a) A storm water drain Community borewells left by for the layout. When the network that carried the the builder began to dry up. builder ran the services of the storm water to leave the layout 2. Individual households layout hepromised and supplied b) 6 community yielding that were being built in the water to the houses in the borewells (of depths varying layout began to dig their own layout free of cost. from 200 ft to 800ft) borewells. Further individual

316 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story households had to call in 2004 to 2006 :Communitzing the layout and household water tankers – which were borewells and introducing not always reliable. consumption meters regularity, water was used 3. The Sewage treatment The early pioneers in the indiscriminately by construction plants were dysfunctional and POA realized that controlling crews building new homes, did not treat the waste waters private drilling of borewells and household construction generated adequately. Some and making people realize of the waste waters stagnated the value of water are critical in the low end of the layout to solving problems. One of that were not promptly (which was also the entrance the earliest moves Rainbow replaced. It was in this to the layout). Drive residents took toward context that consumption 4. During heavy rains achieving water sustainabilty meters for each and every upstream storm waters was to ban the digging of household and a tariff of 6 entered into the layout and private borewells. This Rs / KL were introduced. originated with the builder’s Meter reading and billing were initial encouragement that done once in two months. the layout. This got mixed residents depend on with the stagnating sewage community borewells alone. and caused a lot of problems. When some residents sought was a growing water to sink private borewells, management challenge. In short, the POA which was the POA and concerned Rainbow Drive, like many effectively the layout’s water residents insisted that private other Bangalore developments, utility faced problems of borewells would increase water was built in the midst of a wastage and reduce the natural water drainage path and waste water management. community borewell yields. At one point a group of residents Water Reforms undertaken prevented a borewell truck from for the villagers outside the by Rainbow Drive Layout entering the layout. layout, because Rainbow The Rainbow Drive layout The POA called upon a Drive’s peripheral wall effectively POA responded to these hydrogeologist who problems in an exemplary reported that the During one heavy rainfall, the manner. It went about community could sustain homes outside the layout were building its own capacity by 10-15 borewells at most, completely submerged in the seeking expertise from the and any more would outside but more importantly lead to faster depletion villagers to knock down the learning from each of its of the water table. This peripheral wall. Within a half attempts to solve these argument eventually prevailed. hour, Rainbow Drive’s front prolems. The history of these responses and the In the early years of the feet deep, and residents were POA’s learning process is as decade, some residents unable to exit the layout for below. observed that water wasage work. throughout the layout was rampant – many people These incidents, – having to hose-washed their cars each block a borewell rig at the morning, overhead tanks at

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 317 Success Story and observations that some potable, which is not residents were wasteful with and sustainability of the necessary for construction. their water despite water layout’s water management This immediately led to scarcity problems, – taught were enacted. These were: the banning of community the POA a very important water use for construction. lesson.The POA and A. Being data driven and ar- All construction therefore, concerned residents were had to rely on water tankers convinced that all residents tariffs whose water costs were much needed to be a part of the B. Banning of borewells higher prompting owners to solution. The importance of for all construction purposes take more care that water use consensus building and the C. Communicating and optimized. This was relatively acceptance and enforcement educating all residents of the easy to implement. of POA’s codes of conduct layout – building a larger wa- through social regulation ter consciousness 2. Analysis of consumption became very clear – especially D. Introducing the idea patterns revealed that roughly in the context of many of the of rainwater harvesting and one-third of the residents POA’s rules unable to belegally consumed 50% of the layout’s enforced. This observation The new POA took a year the rest of the POA’s water to thoroughly investigate the pricing was far too low. The reform trajectory. It als layout’s water management meant that the POA had practices and their sustainability. not provide any incentive for to try and deliver water The data from this exercise water conservation. The POA services to its residents to their would inform the process of member also found that water satisfaction or else enforcing developing necessary reforms. tariff only accounted for the these rules would become The most critical element of electricity used to pump this research was to scrutinize borewell water.It did not consumption data that came account for the maintenance 2006 - 2008 : Water Reform from the water billing that was costs of bore wells, or the begins in earnest earlier done – having installed costs of cleaning the water The water problems the consumption meters experienced during these and therefore was critical. This previous years set a crisis like research led to some major importantly, it was found that context that made it very realizations and implementation the cost of treating sewage amenable for vigorous of new rules. was not accounted for in the water reforms to begin in household water bill at all. earnest. Water was the biggest Rather, sewage treatment problem faced by the layout. that an enormous amount of costs, which are much more A group of residents led by water was used for new home costly than supply costs, one individual particularly construction, – construction were rolled into the layout committed to managing water crews had no incentive to maintenance fee that was sustainably in the layout got save water and plot owners divided equally among elected into the POA. Upon were absent during the the residents. This was being elected a number of construction process. inequitable billing, however, innovative practices intended Moreover, thiswater was since the sewage output per

318 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story household is proportionate to ing and its role in the layout. Rainbow Drive. The purpose its water consumption. The It was in this exploration of this was to make everybody POA determined that the that Biome Environmental aware of all the water true production cost of Solutions (Biome) started problems, introduce the idea water was Rs. 16-17 per engaging with Rainbow of sustainability practices kilolitre. In addition to the Drive Layout. Biome helped such as rainwater harvesting under-pricing of its water design and evolve a rainwater and build a larger water supply and treatment, the harvestingstrategy for the consciousness.This exercise payment recovery was poor layout. Biome also helped was intensive. The driving due to defaulting and lax think through and catalyse POA member organized enforcement of bills. These some of the aforementioned multiple meetings where two factors led to cash reform agendas as well as in Biome presented the crunches in 2007 and 2008 communicating the role of that required the POA to break rainwater harvesting to the harvesting and controlling demand. He also made many this study a new tariff regime was a big problem, community door to door visits to enroll was arrived at and the POA recharge wells were proposed people to do household level had to try and implement the rainwater harvesting. The data new tariff regime.For this, – with runoff from road and research done was extensively engagement with the common area catchments. shared through emails community was necessary. Along with this, rooftop and and discussed across the plot level rainwater harvesting community. was proposed for the was that the four unused households - where 2008 - 2010 : Implementation borewells, intended as households could harvest reforms – New Tariffs, backups to the two functional rainwater and use stored Ground-water recharge and borewells, were in fact dry. rainwater or households could digging of new borewells In the subsequent years the also recharge rainwater. The All the research and commu- POA would then conduct primary tool for recharging nication done during the years hydrogeological studies rainwater was the “Recharge 2006 to 2008 helped the POA to identify new points for Well”. Most recharge wells to actually implement the borewells to be drilled. It proposed were around 3 feet reforms. In 2008 the main was also found that the in diameter and 20 feet in things that were implemented POA did not document and depth. These wells could were maintain borewell data (depth, easily integrate with storm borewell logs, casing depths water drains. Each well had New water pricing : From etc). Currently work is New water tariffs were ongoing to establish all this chamber before the water introduced based on the data. production cost of water. Billing cycles were changed 4. As the above research was 5. Subsequent to all this to monthly billing cycles. underway, the POA searched research the POA then Water pricing was based for sustainability practices and undertook an outreach and on the “source to sink” investments. This led them engagement program to the production costs (Rs 16-17) to explore Rainwater harvest- wider resident community of calculated which included

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 319 Success Story cost of sewage treatment. or sintex tanks and used for Sewage treatment was clearly domesticnon-potable purpoes. control and groundwater the costliest component of The 20 recharge wells were recharge. the production cost of water. timed well for the 2008 Further, there was a monsoons. This immediately The primary tool used to penalty of Rs 10/- per day of demonstrated the of recharge implement all recharge delay in payment of water bills. wells in flood control. The was the “Recharge Well” a Penalties were also applied recharge well caught the simple well which is 3 feet in when a household water imagination of the residents of diameter and around 20 feet meter remained faulty for the community. In this context, in depth. The community more than a month. The new households were given the has 3 recharge wells which water pricing was designed option of “sponsoring” a are 5 feet in diameter and with the following objectives: well in the storm water drain around 30-40 ft in depth. The a) To cover the production if they preferred to do so recharge well allows the water costs of water instead of doing Rainwater to percolate into the “shallow b) To incentivize frugal use of harvesting/recharge within water and penalize wasteful their plots. By 2010, the POA is still not yielding water in use and individual households Rainbow Drive). This was c) To incentivize households together had invested in some the preferred method of that do rainwater harvesting 60 recharge wells in the layout recharge because this method is the safest from the Table 1 : The tariff regime implemented in 2008 perspective of ensuring Water consumption level Tariff contamination of First 10,000 litres (0-10KL) Rs 10/KL groundwater quality – it en- Next 10,000 litres (11-20KL) Rs 15/KL sures that the recharge water Next 10,000 litres(21-40KL) Rs 25/KL does not directly enter deep- Next 10,000 litres(41-60KL) Rs 40/KL er aquifers but only indirectly through the shallow aquifer. Above this i.e. >60KL Rs 60/KL The recharge well as a re- All households that have done household level rainwater charge technique also lends harvesting or groundwater recharge get a discount of Rs 100/- on the bill. itself to be “plugged” into Implementation of ground water recharge: Parallelly the POA invested in community recharge wells across these two years. This began with the demonstration of around 20 recharge wells community level. Around 5 households invested in household level rooftop rainwater harvesting in which rainwater was stored in sumps Fig 2 : Three Types of Recharge wells in Rainbow Drive

320 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story every household, integrated striking water. The other two 2010 - 2015 : Demand with drains and be largely wells struck water, though management, Driving location independent. It the yields were relatively low recharge compliance and is also more cost-effective compared to the other waste-water reuse than deeper aquifer recharge yielding borewells. Due to techniques. the high cost of sinking a By 2010, by far the mo motor and laying the water important impact of the By 2010, enough recharge pipeline from the borewell to earlier years of water reform wells were dug that the the overhead tank, only one of was that the POA and the estimated annual rainwater the two wells was connected wider community had far recharge capacity was around to the system. The other well more water champions than 10 Million Liters a year. served as a backup should it the one individual who drove become necessary. the earlier stages of water Studies are still ongoing to reform. The data driven estimate the impact of the In addition attention was arguments, the demonstration recharge on borewell yields if turned towards the high cost any. of the Sewage Treatment had appealed greatly to many plants (STP). It was found and the idea of sustainability Additional Investments in that the STP were not fully was now much more widely water infrastructure : functioning. The STP was understood. The POA In 2008 and 2009, the POA clearly underperforming and therefore had multiple commissioned surveys by a the quality of treated water members whose thought borewell specialist, a water was hardly better than raw processes were aligned to the diviner, and a hydrogeologist sewage. The layout then overall purpose and direction for the purpose of tightened contracts with the of all the reforms undertaken. pinpointingnew borewell STP operator and refurbished This allowed the POA to locations. The rationale for some of the motors in the continue to constantly push new borewell exploration was Sewage treatment plant. The for more sustainable water that the layout was entirely POA soon began to take management. dependent on only two the responsible treatment of borewells, and a back-up waste-water very seriously. Demand Management and borewell was deemed a Recharge Compliance: necessity in case either of At this stage with the help The POA learnt that for them were to experience of Biome, a demand study augmenting and securing technical or supply problems. was done in 2010 based on water supply with Additionally, the POA noticed data of 2008 and 2009. It increasing occupancy and the that the supply from the two was found that at this point cost of maintaining all water of time, the per capita infrastructure was higher than as people at the end of the demand of the layout was what the initial tariff regime distribution network were 246 Liters per capita per was able to recover. This not receiving as much as day. was especially true if costs other residents. Consequently, of new borewells were to be three borewell locations were accounted for in the tariff regime. The fact was that attempt failed without borewells yields were fall-

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 321 Success Story ing and new borewells were 2. The benchmark for what the “highest slab” has changed not necessarily yielding well from 60 KL & above to 25 KL & above despite the investments in recharge. This was a result 3. In the 2014 Tariff change, any household which had not of real estate development undertaken groundwater recharge at the household level happening around the layout was charged at the highest slab rate for every KL consumed in and around Sarjapur Road. irrespective of how much they consumed. The need to manage demand became the most important thing for the POA. The Supply side interventions were simply not enough.

The basic exercise of designing tariff based on consumption and production cost data was now a familiar exercise to both the POA and the larger community. Thus changing and implementing new tariffs became a regular and accepted process. Thus Fig 3 : Tariff revisions from 2005 to 2015 the POA during the 2010- The combined outcome of the above tariff changes over these 2015 period revisited the periods are depicted in the below two graphs. tariff multiple times – knowing Outcome 1: Increase in households compliance in doing that tariffs were the key lever household level groundwater recharge different tariff changes were designed not only to cover costs but also primarily to drive household compliance in groundwater recharge and control demand.

The following graph summarizes all the Tariff changes from 2004 to 2015. As can be seen, as time progressed, the water got more expensive for the residents. More importantly Fig 4 : Compliance with household level rainwater harvesting 1. It got very expensive and It can be seen from the above that the last tariff change has equal to the tanker water ensured 100% compliance of household level recharge. Therefore currently, Rainbow Drive layout has around 300 costs at the highest slabs of recharge wells (in 34 acres)! This is perhaps the highest density consumption of recharge structures anywhere in urban India.

322 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story Outcome 2: Decrease of per-capita-demand on community The treated water was mostly water supply from 246 LPCD to 150 LPCD discharged outside into storm water drains. infrastructure to handle the load of the layout, especially at the earlier levels of water consumption. The designed capacities of the STPs itself was unknown.

The POA also realized that wastewater treatment is a very critical component of its Fig 5 : Reduction in POA supplied water to households overall water management, and reusing treated The POA continued to try Waste water management wastewater could greatly and dig more borewells to and reuse: contribute to the layouts augmentwater supply. As of As the POA became successful self-reliance on water. The 2015 the layout totally has a in achieving demand POA also realized that given total of 10 borewells out of management and recharge that demand management which 4 borewells are yielding. across the layout, the POA practices were in place and The experience of digging began to turn its attention people had begun to reduce new borewells has reinforced more and more towards the demand, it was not appropriate that only supply side interventions waste water of the layout. do not have great impact. to investigate and implement improvements in waste water At the same time the The Rainbow Drive layout management. The POA effectiveness of controlling had two STPs. Analysis began to investigate different demand has been very evident of these STPs by the POA investment options for waste over time. Currently indicated that: water treatment – preferably observations by the POA 1. Nearly 50% of the options that allowed easy reuse suggests that the shall ower production costs of water of waste-water for gardening borewells are yielding better was contributed through the purposes, had simpler operations because of the combined operations of the STP at and costed less to operate. effect of nearly a decade of Rainbow Drive. Among the options the POA community recharge and 2. The quality of waste water seriously investigated were increased compliance of treatment was very poor. 1) Soil-Bio Technology (SBT) household level recharge. Expert consultation indicated – an innovative soil based water Studies are ongoing to that the state of affairs was treatment technology developed establish the hydrogeological “sewage in sewage out”. The by Professor Shankar of Indian impact of this recharge. treated waste water did not Institute of Technology. meet the Karnataka State Professor Shankar and the Pollution Control Board’s (KSPCB) discharge norms. down to Bangalore for

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 323 Success Story discussions and presentations investment costs for waste-water gardening. Each household to the community. Select treatment were much lower. was charged a one time fee of members of the POA actually Rs 500/- to get a connection This construction of this STP to this treated waste water. Municipal 1 Million Liter began in mid 2014. The STP per day (1 MLD) SBT was inaugurated on World Water The STP cost the community plant that was operating. Day 2015. At the time of a total of Rs 85 Lakhs. It 2) NEERI’s Phytorid writing this paper (Aug 2015) has achieved a savings of Technology used anaerobic the STP has been in operation Rs 80,000/- per month on digestion, followed by a root for three months. Quality operations costs. It isobserved zone treatment to treat the monitoring of the water currently that around 100 - waste water. The root-zone is quality from the STP is 150 KLD of waste water is a select species of plants that ongoing and has so far received for treatment can become a landscape feature. indicated improvement from (the current occupancy of This technology requires earlier STP. It has been found the layout is around 258 minimal energy input. The to be conforming to the households). The extent of POA engaged extensively Karnataka State Pollution reuse of this waste water for with a company that Control Board’s discharge gardening and consequent implemented NEERI’s norms. This STP has now reduction in use of fresh phytorid technology. become a part of the water for gardening is still landscape of this layout. The being studied. The POA After around three-four years treated water from this STP also supplies 10-20 KLD of of due diligence and consideration is passed through an ozonizer this waste water to a nearby of various options, the POA and pumped into the farmer @ Rs 25 / KL. decided to invest in NEERI’s overhead tank of the old STP The POA is now closely Phytorid technology. The where it is further aerated. As monitoring the quality of POA found its operations simple and cheap and the STP could be integrated into the park of Rainbow Drive.

The POA was able to community to contribute to a 250 Kilo Liter / Day Phytorid bed Sewage treatment plant. This design capacity was arrived at in the light of the new reduced demand of 150 C. Thus the capacity Fig 6 : Pictures of the New Phytorid STP necessary was far less than would a part of these investments treated waste water – so have been necessary if the house- the POA invested in a PVC far it has conformed to holds continued to consume the pipe network that carries KSPCB’s discharge norms. earlier amounts of water of around the treated waste water to Recharge of excess treated 250 C. This meant that every household to be used for waste water is being

324 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story considered upon satisfactory groundwater overdraft to urban water management is all results from quality monitoring. about : Demand management The POA is now in conversa- positive. The total estimated through education and tion with the KSCB to get all recharge of the layout now appropriate tariffs on regulatory clearances. exceeds the groundwater water, rainwater harvesting withdrawn from its and groundwater recharge for Conclusion sustainability, and, wastewater The story of Rainbow Drive’s engaging with the community treatment and reuse to reduce response to water scarcity is is important and that such freshwater demand and ensure exemplary. Over a decade long term engagement creates responsible discharge of the community has changed multiple “water champions”. It waste water. It has also has also shown what integrated shown that such integrated management can be implemented at relatively decentralized scales.

This story therefore raises critical questions for urban water management. Can a decentralized strategy for urban water management be imagined? One in which responsible and enlightened citizen driven water management is at the heart of the strategy. How can the city catalyse the replication of the principles Rainbow Drive has demonstrated across different urban communities and what would be the effect of such large scale replication? Do the answers to the city’s this?

When the city’s utility does enter a Rainbow Drive with its services, how should it do so? Should it just make all the good work done by Rainbow Drive irrelevant with its piped water supply or is there a more Fig 7 : Estimated water balance of Rainbow Drive layout in 2010 and 2015 imaginative role for the city’s

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 325 Success Story formal institutions as they all worked as a team to engage engage with pro-active with this layout and contribute communities like Rainbow to demonstrating exemplary Drive. decentralized water management in the city. Acknowledgements : The Author of this paper 5. Mr. M S Sunil, ex -colleague gratefully acknowledges : Biome Environmental Solutions Pvt Ltd was a part 1. The Plot owners Association of the team that helped of Rainbow Drive Layout : implement all the recharge In particular Mr Jayawanth structures in Rainbow Drive. Bhardwaj, Mr K P Singh, Mr K Gopinath, Mr Anand 6. Mr Muniyappa, Mr. Chitti and Mrs Bharati. They have Babu and Mr Pedanna been the real heroes of this have done a great job story and their help has been implementing the Rainwater critical to ensure data harvesting and digging wells gathering, analysis and in Rainbow Drive. engagement of Biome with the Layout. References : “When Pigs Fly: Citizens 2. Mr Satyabrata Rout, Mr at the centre of Integrated Varghese, Mr Manjunath, urban water management” Mr Vinod, Mr Jayasimh all authored by Mr Avinash estate management staff of Krishnamurthy, Mr Rainbow Drive who have Nate Stell, Mrs Shubha Ramachandran, Mr Karan and in data gathering. Singh and Mr M S Sunil. This gives a detailed view of 3. Miss Sandipa Baidya Rainbow Drive efforts as of colleague at Biome the year 2009-2010. Paper Environmental Trust who supported by Arghyam helped gathering data and Foundation, Bangalore and writing this paper. published on India water Portal by Arghyam. Paper can 4. Mr S Vishwanath, Mrs be downloaded from here: Shubha Ramachandran, Mr http://www.indiawaterportal. Rajeev Hemanth, Mrs Aditi org/articles/when-pigs-fly- Hastak, Mr Kunal Mathew rainbow-drive-layouts-ef- and Mr Siddarth Seshan forts-towards-water-sustain- all colleagues at Biome ability-citizens-centre Enviornmental Trust and Biome Environmental Solutions Pvt Ltd. We have

326 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 327 Success Story New Challenges And Innovations In Cooling & Chilled Water Management Mr. Charuchandra Dewasthale Director – Sales and Marketing ,at Eximious Ventures Pvt. Ltd. handling all India Mr. Charuchandra Dewasthale operations along with Exports. He has wide experience in water-related issues in the factory and he has come out with easy solutions for the same.

India will be a water scarce country by 2050 Table 1 : Water Availability in India especially cooling water and chilled water management. Water Available in INDIA Quality of recycled water is a Total (Rain + Snow) 4000BCM prime concern as it contains Available water 1869BCM heavy amount of water Utilizable Water 1121BCM impurities which have serious Table 2: Water Consumption in India impact on entire treatment of cooling water and chilling Water Year 1999 2010 2025 2050 water treatment. Therefore Consumption Industrial 39 56 100 151 new technologies which BCM BCM BCM BCM consume less water without Total 593 710 843 1180 any negative impact on BCM BCM BCM BCM processes need to be introduced and encouraged. Growing urbanization and management and usage by industralisation in India will implementing various programs Cooling Water System be resulting in gap between for domestic, agricultural and Problems water demand and availability. industrial sectors. There will Almost every industry needs In 2050, India will be having be continuous rise in water population of 1.66 billion pricing and restriction on operations in the plant at all plus, more than 55% water usage in coming years. times. Cooling water is used urbanization and GDP to remove process heat from growth by 40%. Water out non-conventional methods the plant by transferring it to availability in India will be a cooling water through various serious challenge in future. types of exchangers. This Recycle, reuse and reduce warm cooling water returns India is low due to higher are three keywords in every back to the cooling tower and water foot print. aspect of water management. gets cooled by evaporative But such recycling and cooling in cooling tower. Lots of efforts are being reusing have serious impact Impurities in cooling water made for better water on industrial operations get more concentrated along

328 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story with increased pH due to sold mass of impurities in Problems like corrosion, scale evaporation of water from water act as a growth enhancer formation and biogrowth cooling tower. Atmospheric for bio-growth. contamination also keeps on entire cooling water system. adding more suspended solids Cooling tower also acts as an Scale and deposit contribute in the cooling water system. excellent air stripper. Water to 7.5% of total maintenance Several physico - chemical coming to sump get saturated cost of utility. Cooling water reactions like reverse solubility with dissolved gases like system performance gets of carbonate and sulfate salts, oxygen, carbon dioxide, affected as these problems conversion of bicarbonate atmospheric polluted and salts into carbonate, acidic gases and may increased pumping, fan and precipitation of super- become corrosive. Increased cooling energy requirement, saturated salt, accumulation concentration of aggressive of suspended solids, ions like chlorides, sulfates damage to cooling tower, dissolution and diffusion of also add up to this corrosion. piping, heat exchangers, dissolved gases, formation It is also a good habitat for pumps, plant breakdowns, of carbonic as well as other biological growth due to frequent descaling, unwanted corrosive acids result in nutrients, warmth and shutdown and more downtime, corrosion and scale-deposit sunlight available in cooling decreased productivity and formation in the cooling tower. Biological growth can water system. Warm further result in accelerated due to scale & deposits is temperature, sunlight, water corrosion and fouling. (See approximately 0.12% of the soluble salts and accumulated Table3) nations GDP.

TABLE3: EFFECT OF WATER IMPURITIES ON SOME INTERESTING COOLING WATER SYSTEM FACTS

CORROSION Scale-Deposits Bio-growth • Low pH, High Alkaline Temperature in compressor intercooler : pH 0.36% excess power Very High alkaline pH, More alkalinity Sunlight Low or no TDS High Hardness Suspended • Solids refrigerant condensing High TDS Higher TDS Dissolved solids temperature : 1.8% more power Low or no hardness Sulfates Sulfate Low alkalinity, Silica Phosphate • Higher alkalinity Suspended solids Low velocity backpressure : @1.5% more /fuel consumption Chlorides High temperature Sulfates Low velocity • Dissolved Gases backpressure : 0.2% less heat transfer : Loss of 2.68MW Dissimilar metallurgy Velocity

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 329 Success Story • both chemical and mechanical philosophy, this program addresses all concerns related to cooling water system. It is from such plant, handling and the most comprehensive, real maintenance of these plants green treatment program. It emphasizes regular and real • monitoring of actual concerns varying dosing patterns and like corrosion, scale-deposits, biological growth and for chemical treatments, ill fouling instead of water effects etc analysis, chemical dosing and all other present monitoring • parameters. analyze water quality, monitor operating parameters and Philosophy of New Cooling accordingly change treatment Water Management schedule. Termed as ‘CHDC Program Therefore objective of cooling this innovative concept has a water management needs to different working philosophy. • Mechanical water only minimizing corrosion, conditioning to control Present Limitation of scaling, and biogrowth corrosion, scale formation Cooling Water Treatment but also controlling same and biological growth Programs with minimum effort, less The more you reuse or recycle monitoring, optimum water • water or more the impurities usage at lower cost, and across of water to minimize in the water source, more is wide operating parameters. corrosion the criticality of problem, • dissolved gas content of water management and more New technologies in cooling water will be the cost for same. Cooling Water Management There are several limitations Eximious has innovated new • for reusing and recycling technology based on physico free from suspended solids water with the help of -chemical and mechanical • present available treatment, actions to address all above favorable for biogrowth to methodologies, and options. make cooling water system Some of the limitations are objectives of cooling water management. The technology biostatic • • its depleting sources, varying principle of constant total to control biogrowth and quality of water and seasonal using alternate methodology changes. of impact & temperature effect mechanism. Being based on

330 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story • 8. Much better control on 12. Minimal human dependence away from metal surface corrosion, scale - deposi or interference eliminating of cooling water system by formation and biological chances of errors in treatment using multifunctional single growth operations chemical based organic 9. Highly reduced frequency forming chemical. of descaling and improved on any cooling water system MTBF management Advantages of ‘CHDC 10. Maintains cooling water 14. Lower installation cost, Program for Cooling Water system to have continuous Management’ most cost effective program The treatment program offered by CHDC is having a 11. Elimination of harsh and 15. Easy to install, simple to number of advantages over all multiple chemicals handling, operate and maintain. present chemical treatment pro- usage as well as end of grams. confusing dosing methods 1. The most comprehensive, and costly infrastructure yet simple, easy and cost required for same. effective, real green treatment COST COMPARISON program Case 1 : High TDS water with makeup rate of 5 cubic meters 2. Highly compatible with per hour make up rate. In conventional treatment water treated wide range of water, almost all metallurgies and cooling tower operating parameters Cost Conventional CHDC (5COC) (5 COC) 3. Can handle seasonal Capital Cost 15,00,000 8,00,000 variations in water quality, External Treatment 4,32,000 nil varying conditions of cooling Cost water operational components Internal Treatment 1,80,000 1,20,000 Cost external treatments plants like ETP cost 1,00,000 nil Water Cost 2,16,000 2,16,000 saves huge capital, operation Power cost 1,80,000 1,80,000 and maintenance cost 1,00,000 50,000 5. Better use of available 27,08,000 13,66,000 water sources as make up 12,08,000 5,66,000 water generation therefore reduces Savings @ 6lakhs per year. Savings in ETP treatment cost not considered 7. Increased cycles of concentrations, reduced blow down and water saving

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 331 Success Story Case 2: High TDS water with makeup rate of 8.5 cubic meters Most of the treatment per hour make up rate for conventional and 5 cubic meter for comprises programs based CHDC on nitrite, molybdate and silicate based chemicals. Cost Conventional CHDC (5COC) (5 COC) program acts as a food for Capital Cost 5,00,000 8,00,000 rapid bio-growth, whereas External Treatment nil nil molybdate is a heavy metal Cost and may not be acceptable Internal Treatment 3,80,000 1,20,000 in some industries. The Cost limitations for such type of ETP cost 3,00,000 nil treatments can be listed as Water Cost 3,67,200 2,16,000 follows Power cost nil 1,80,000 1. Availability of good quality 1,00,000 50,000 water 16,47,000 13,66,000 2. External water treatment 16,47,000 5,66,000 cost to remove impurities from raw water ( Capital + Savings @11 lakhs per year. Savings in 3. Adverse effect of present not considered treatment chemicals like pitting, biogrowth etc. Chilled Water Problems in huge increase in energy Chilled water systems are bills. But many a places, 4. Failure to maintain closed systems. Generally instead of proper treatment required pH due to continuous utility engineers are under chilled water is being changed depletion of same. impression that chilled water completely at least once in a year resulting in loss of huge chemicals to treat multi-metal management program. Even water quantity. Hospitality system industry alone consumes water is being used considering more than 70 lakhs liter water 6. Varying dosage level for it as a water having no effect per year due to water different metallurgies on system metallurgy. But changeover practice in Pune 7. Higher chemical both chilled water and brine city. Therefore chilled water consumption system reported problems management is also having a of corrosion, biogrowth and great importance. mainly deposition of metallic in accumulation of solid in- salts. Biological and metallic Present Limitations and organic, organic and biolog- deposits have more negative Challenges in Chilled ical mass within the system impact on chiller operations Water Treatment further leading to serious Very few chilled water systems Even a small drop in are treated chemically to drop control water related problems.

332 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Success Story 9. Continuously operating removing any suspended rosion,scale formation and system contamination from the biological growth 10. Cost of treatment system • programs against performance and thus improves chiller • All Organic Clean Surface away from metal surface of Chilled Water Management chilled water system by using • Eximious introduced an and maintain as traditional innovative concept of treating forming chemical. monitoring of regular water chilled water to have better analyzing practices not • required cost and without any adverse favorable for biogrowth to effect. The treatment program make chilled water system • biostatic frequency and improves of solid contaminants and MTBF Advantages of New Chilled treatment program effectively Water Management controls problems like • corrosion, deposit and eco-friendly, cost effective biofouling. It also addresses and simple treatment module problems created by not having blow down facility in • Soft water, thus eliminates highly pure form or water, need of costly external water still system is kept away from treatment plants corrosion and fouling without any ill effects. • system without any shutdown Philosophy of New Chilled Water Management • Philosophy of new chilled operating parameters and water system is quite differ- almost with all metals ent from conventional anodic inhibitor and is based on • minimal and less frequent dose level for all metallurgies chemical dosing. This working principle can be summarized • as follows:- chemical depletion • of water to control corrosion, • scaling and biofouling chemicals, only single • chemical use approach by continuously • -

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 333 Success Story The Story of Ezy Cooler

Ms. Ritu Malhotra Mr. Prateek Malhotra Mr. Prateek Harde

Ezycooler - Worlds First water is consumed by cooler thought of designing a low Smart Cooler a days Cost of 1 mm3 cost cooler which can consume National Water Mission which (multimillion cube) water less water and cooling pads. was initiated by Ministry of is approx. 1 cr to irrigation Our team started working Water Resources govt of dept. In survey we also found on this technology from last India with the objective of something related to forests, 6 months and designed a http://wrmin.nic.in/forms/ cooling pads (khus) which is most advanced cooler. With list.aspx?lid=267 - link of used in cooler are made of trees following features above objective. and for that lets check some 1) Consumes 2 ltr of water a day Searched where maximum kg of cooling pad (thus) every 2) No need of cooling pads amount of water is wasted year. So 5cr kg of thus is used across India. After few 3) Consumes 50% less power every year. By 1 tree approx. months our survey was than conventional cooler 50kg material for cooling pads complete with a shocking 4) Available in 2 models – (thus) is separated. 1Acres result. In this survey we found i) movable n portable = 500 trees. 2000 acres of cooler a basic need of Indian ii) wall mounted deforestation every year due to families now days but if we 5) Interior matching colours see on other side water usage cooler for cooling pads. 6) Smart Cooling technology of coolers are very high. Lets In India maximum population works with smart phone is middle class so they cannot app we found in our survery. With afford AC so they use cooler a minimum percentage we but if we see consumption 7) Less noise. calculated approx. 5cr coolers of water and cooling pad. 8) Humidity less cooling in in are used in India. And every Looking at this big issue we door also. cooler consumes 60-150 ltr of water every day depending upon size of cooler. So we are considering average 90 ltr of water is consumed by 5cr coolers a day That is 4500000000 ltr of water is consumed by coolers a day. In 1 season means for three months 405000000000 ltr of

334 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest 2MaharashtraMay 2017 Economic Development Council,Maharashtra Monthly Economic Economic Development Digest Council, Monthly EconomicJuly 2017 Digest335

Add.indd 3 4/1/2017 2:24:21 PM Global Trend Global Trade and Investment Trends Dr. Prakash Hebalkar a strategic consultancy Dr. Prakash Hebalkar

This column focuses on years, according to the report. Ascena is facing a “persistent trends in global trade and Source: https://www.wired. investments in the past month. com/story/amazon-whole- that to remain a “major foods-acquisition-grocery One of the dramatic -shopping? developments in the bid=nl_61617_p3&CN Ascena is far from the only international e-commerce DID=45202914 company feeling the pressure. sector was the acquisition by Stores that were once staples Amazon of Whole Foods, This same clicks versus of American malls are failing an elite grocery store with an bricks coopetitiontrend is rapidly, largely because of emphasis on fresh groceries, also reeted in the decline increasing competition from with several hundred outlets. in the number of retail jobs digital retailers like Amazon. Earlier, Walmart, with in the developed countries. thousands of stores had Earlier this week, Hudson’s bought an e-commerce Ann Taylor, Dress Barn, Bay (HBAYF) -- owner of company. The Amazon Loft, Lane Bryant: Store Saks Fifth Avenue and Lord move was the reverse. Is closures on the way & Taylor -- said it is cutting e-commerce bending to the its workforce by 2,000 jobs. strength of the traditional by Jackie Wattles Macy’s (M) said earlier this store idea? @jaciewattlesJune 10, 2017: year that it will close 68 stores 2:36 PM ET and cut 10,000 jobs. The data based rationale explains: Ascena Retail Group (ASNA) Related: Robots could wipe A recent report from the -- which owns the Ann out another 6 million retail Food Marketing Institute and Taylor, Dress Barn, Loft, jobs Nielsen found that the US Lane Bryant, Justice, Maurices grocery sector could grow and Catherines stores -- plans JCPenney (JCP) is shutting to shutter between 250 and down 138 stores by August. with consumers spending Bebe said it planned to shut upward of $100 billion by two years. down all of its stores by the 2025. While around a quarter end of May. of US households currently The CEO said that the shop online for groceries— move is necessary to help the Game Stop (GME) said in up from 20 percent just three company traverse the deeply March it will close more than years ago—more than 70 troubled brick-and-mortar 100 retail locations. percent will do so within 10 retail market. Jaffe said 336 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Global Trend The parent company of write their own laws, they also Kmart and Sears (SHLD) said interpret these laws and enforce Doing Business. them in their own courts with in January it will shutter 150 stores. Source: https://www.wsj. com Finally, the change the world /articles/the-tyranny-of-the- is looking to with considerable And without their thriving administrative-state- 1497037492 apprehension is the Trump tenants, malls have been hit policy on foreign trade and hard by the retail woes. A Indians who are familiar with international arrangements. June 2 report from Credit the voluminous “subordinate This analysis is not at all Suisse estimates 20% to 25% comforting even if hardly of American malls will close surprising: relatively short and perhaps deliberately ambiguously A shift in U.S. trade policy that The election of Donald wordedlaws that in the follows the outline presented Trump as President was subordinate legislation get today to Congress would driven in no small part by translated into concrete upend the foundations of the frustration of small and terms asinterpreted by the global trade as it is currently medium businesses as well bureaucracy, will readily conducted. The biggest change as ordinary citizens with appreciate this concept. This in the approach that the overbearing and politically is particularly so as both the administration of President correct rules and regulations Donald Trump may take is its that they encountered day Appellate authorityagainst assertion that U.S. sovereignty orders of the regulator in trade disputes could similar action of a nation are captured by the career empower it to supersede bureaucrats. rulings made by the World Trade Organization (WTO). Philip Hamburger2, an Those that should be American legal scholar, has concerned about India’s “ease At its core, the Trump trade captured this very succinctly agenda aims to return the as the tyranny of the well to read the whole piece United States to the forefront administrative state: and learn where we go wrong of the global system while “Unelected bureaucrats not only and so score very low on the supporting growth in the

2 Philip Hamburger is an American legal scholar. Hamburger holds a Juris Doctor from Yale Law School (1982) and a Bachelor of Arts from Princeton University (1979).[1] Hamburger is the Maurice and Hilda Friedman Professor of Law at the Columbia University School of Law. He is a legal historian and a scholar of constitutional law. Before moving to Columbia, Hamburger was John P. Wilson Professor at the University of Chicago Law School, where he was also Director of the Bigelow Program and the Legal History Program. He was previously Oswald Symyster Colclough Research Professor at George Washington University Law School and, before that, he taught at the University of Connecticut Law School. He has been a visiting professor at the University of Virginia Law School and was the Jack N. Pritzker Distinguished Visiting Professor of Law at Northwestern Law School. Early in his career, he was an associate at the law firm of chnader arrison egal ewis in hiladelphia.

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 337 Global Trend domestic jobs market. trade deals are inadequate. Where Trump’s approach The Trump team wants to differs the most is the leaked copy of the report, it achieve its trade goals through assertion that the United “reject[s] the notion that the bilateral negotiations where it States is not bound by its United States can strengthen can protect its own interests WTO commitments, nor is its geopolitical position by —while also compelling it compelled to comply with other countries to change the group’s decisions on make U.S. industries weaker By reasserting their policies. Its approach trade disputes. globally. This represents a its national sovereignty, the repudiation of the strategy is centered along four major United States wants to take pursued under President policy directions: Barack Obama in which 1. “Strictly enforce U.S. trade process on trade disputes out the pursuit of multilateral of the hands of the WTO. trade agreements such as the 2. “Use all possible sources If the United States chooses of leverage to encourage other that path, it certainly would (TPP) was as much about countries to open their weaken the WTO’s power, achieving regional political inspiring other countries to goals as solely economic ones. goods and services while ignore its rulings as well. But despite its rejection of protecting U.S. intellectual Countrieswith which the UnitedStates has large trade of the policies that the new 3. “Negotiate new and agenda prescribes are not that better trade deals with different from those pursued countries in key markets Ireland and South Korea, by previous administrations. could be the targets of such 4. “Defend U.S. national The objective of the Trump maneuvers. That could lead administration’s initial Trade them to follow a similar Policy Agenda, a document path: First weighing whether not represent much of a to bring a case against the Trade Representative is shift from trade policies United State in the WTO, required to submit annually to under Obama. Since the WTO then deciding whether to lawmakers, does not appear was founded, the United fall back on their own trade to be to work against trade or States has aggressively used laws if Washington did not comply with its decision. institute an entirely its framework to prosecute trade grievances. It has also protectionist stance. The U.S. tried to impel foreign markets Source: https://www.stratfor.com /geopolitical-diary trumps-disruptive trade representative has not -approach -trade?utm_ campaign= And although the Obama LL_Content_Digest&utm_source administration faced criticism =hs_email&utm_medium=email moment. But the document for its pursuit of the TPP, &utm_content=43852418 &_hsenc it was one of the most =p2ANqtz-9jYEo BIga NajlJVCk Trump administration that advanced trade deals in terms Z-4p0bvy Q5RBEQKjFd_PhOkio- wJZXQ2L4GrNs-q2prIte 81QsO4o of the number of issues that hS9frQSur7 AgYV_h2W_sY-MSAa- global trade negotiations and it attempted to address. isCgmYn0K_woSJAq_8&_ the trend toward multilateral hsmi=43867284

338 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Maha Facts & Figures

Water Supply and Sanitation

10.67 Availability of potable the year 2015-16 rainfall has 10.68.3 Water supply drinking water and proper been extremely uneven and through railway wagons: sanitation facilities are inadequate which lead to In 2016, due to acute paucity prerequisites for healthy dearth of water till July 2016. of drinking water in Latur human life. Various schemes city, the State government for providing drinking water Hence the State declared supplied total 2,595 lakh litres and sanitation are being drought in 27 districts and the of drinking water through implemented in the State. water scarcity programme was 5,190 railway wagons. This also extended upto July 2016. arrangement was functioning Water Supply In 2015-16 an expenditure of from 12th April to 9th August ` 459.09 crore was incurred. 2016 and an expenditure of Water Scarcity Programme During 2016 - 17 upto ` 5.23 crore was incurred. 10.68 Water scarcity December an expenditure of programme is implemented ` 514.56 crore was incurred 10.68.4 Setting up of fodder every year from October of which ` 217.01 crore was camps in affected areas : to June in villages and incurred upto July 2016. Inadequate rainfall in various wadis facing water scarcity. The regionwise expenditure parts of the State also The State faced drought for incurred under this resulted in paucity of fodder consecutive years from programme is given in Table for the animals. To make 2011-12 to 2013-14. I n 10.57. fodder available the GoM initiated 431 cattle camps in Table 10.57 Regionwise expenditure incurred 10.68.1 The State has taken Latur, Beed, Osmanabad, under water scarcity programme various measures such as Nashik, Ahmednagar and (` crore) temporary piped water supply, Sangli districts and an rejuvenation of bore wells expenditure of ` 73 crore was Expenditure Region & other water sources, water incurred in 2015-16, and an 2015-16 2016-17+ supply by tankers etc. for amount of ` 255.60 crore was scarcity affected 22,910 released in 2016-17. Konkan 9.25 9.37 villages and 12,098 wadis. Nashik 91.52 44.96 Regionwise villages & wadis National Rural Drinking Pune 25.47 20.40 Water Programme Aurangabad 277.65 326.73 2015 to July 2016 under this programme are given in 10.69 The National Rural Amravati 36.14 65.47 Table 10.58. Drinking Water Programme Nagpur 19.06 47.63 Total 459.09 514.56 10.68.2 Following special programme of GoI, is + upto December measures were also taken: being implemented in the State since April 2009. Source: Water Supply & Sanitation This programme aims at Department, GoM permanently providing safe

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 339 Maha Facts & Figures

ale eionwise villaes wadis enefited durin toer to uly under water scarcity programme Measures/ Expenditure Works Region (` lakh) Konkan Nashik Pune Aurangabad Amravati Nagpur Total Water supply 1,090 2,566 3,369 5,133 419 37 12,614 31,517 by tankers New bore 744 1,318 585 1,774 673 636 5,730 3,508 wells Requisition of 0 0 308 4,846 192 0 5,346 4,131 bore wells Special repairs 8 7 1,377 993 415 230 3,030 286 of bore wells Requisition of 0 525 271 2,515 1,609 279 5,199 3,083 private wells Special repairs 119 48 178 732 691 357 2,125 6,194 of piped water supply scheme deepening and 81 0 212 70 13 73 449 159 mud cleaning Temporary 10 112 9 190 181 11 513 2,104 piped water supply scheme Diving (Budki) 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 25 Total 2,052 4,576 6,309 16,255 4,193 1,623 35,008 51,007 Source : Water Supply & Sanitation Department, GoM and adequate drinking water Table 10.59 Progress of NRDWP in rural areas. During 2015 - 16 under this programme No. of Villages/wadis tackled Expenditure Year 1,566 villages / wadis were Target Achievement incurred (` crore) tackled against the target of 1,611 and an expenditure of 2012-13 5,940 4,638 1,168 ` 1,068 crore was incurred. 2013-14 5,066 4,065 1,225 During 2016 - 17 upto 2014-15 4,200 3,748 1,566 December in all 506 villages/ 2015-16 1,611 1,566 1,068 wadis were tackled as against 2016-17+ 1,891 506 414 the target of 1,891 and an expenditure of ` 414 crore + upto December was incurred. Progress of Source : Water Supply & Sanitation Department, GoM NRDWP is given in Table 10.59.

340 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Maha Facts & Figures Drinking Water Mukhyamantri Rural 44 cities), are included under Sustainability Drinking Water AMRUT. The GoM has 10.69.1 Drinking water Programme (MRDWP) approved 21 water supply projects incurring cost of sustainability a component 10.70 State has decided to ` 1,682 crore in 2015-16 and of NRDWP, is being implement ‘Mukhyamantri implemented with an Rural Drinking Water ` 787 crore in 2016-17. The objective of conservation of Programme’ (MRDWP) for State introduced innovative water by conventional and four years (2016-17 to 2019-20) concept of using solar power non-conventional measures. with provision of ` 2,531 crore plants in water supply Under this scheme measures in order to improve water projects. of strengthening sources supply and to provide clean & of drinking water such as, rooftop rainwater harvesting, rural areas. The programme Maharashtra Suvarna construction of tanks in hilly ayanti Naarotthan areas for storage of rainwater three categories viz., (i) Maha-Abhiyan and similar other measures Implementation of new water 10.72 Maharashtra Suvarna for availability of drinking schemes Jayanti Nagarotthan Maha water on sustainable basis are -Abiyan is implemented in D implemented. Previouslysuch (ii) Rejuvenation of class municipal corporations, type of measures were non-functional regional water municipal councils and implemented under Shivkalin supply schemes and (iii) nagarpanchayats in the State Pani Sathvan Yojana. Since Maintenance plus repairs of since 2010, with a view to inception (2002) upto regional rural water supply create urban infrastructure in November 2016 in all 17,345 schemes. the urban local bodies. In the habitations were selected to State, 30 water supply projects implement 50,806 measures AMRUT Misssion were approved and are under of which 39,186 (66 per cent) progress. measures were completed in 10.71 The purpose of Atal Mission for Rejuvenation 13,206 habitations incurring Sanitation total expenditure of ` 504.07 and Urban Transformation crore. (AMRUT) is a centrally 10.73 Lack of sanitation is sponsored scheme which is directly linked to various 10.69.2 Rainwater harvesting being implemented in the number of water borne is a very popular method of State since 2015. This scheme diseases adversely affecting water conservation. During was introduced to reduce health. Under the Swachha 2016-17 upto November in non-revenue usage of water Bharat Mission, GoI has all 11,607 rooftop rainwater and to improve water decided to take up the harvesting structures were coverage of the city. An programme of constructing built in rural areas. Of these objective of this scheme is latrines and other components 1,034 structures were in to supply 135 litre water per to eradicate the practice of Konkan, 1,176 in Nashik, capita per day to the urban open defecation and thereby 1,279 in Pune, 4,013 in citizens. In the State, 43 promote health and Aurangabad, 2,114 in cities having the population sanitation. Amravati and 1,991 in Nagpur of more than one lakh and division. one special city Shirdi (in all

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 341 Maha Facts & Figures Swachh Bharat Mission at household level. The focus there were in all 1.15 crore (Gramin) point of the scheme is to make households of which 63.67 available the facility of toilets lakh (55 per cent) households 10.74 Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan in every house and make India were without toilet facility. (NBA) has been renamed Open Defecation Free (ODF) In the year 2016-17 as Swachh Bharat Mission by 2nd October 2019. As upto February 12.79 lakh (SBM) on 2nd October 2014 per guidelines under Nirmal individual toilets were and this will be continued for Bharat Abhiyan, the base line constructed and total survey (BLS) was conducted expenditure of ` 656 crore 2019. The objectives of in the State for all 27,902 was incurred till January. the scheme are to ensure grampanchayats during the Categorywise and regionwise cleanliness in rural areas, to period of 2nd October toilets constructed are given stop the practice of open 2012 to 31st January 2013. in table 10.60 & 10.61 defecation, construction & According to this survey, respectively. utilisation of sanitary latrine

Table 10.60 Categorywise toilets constructed 2015-16 2016-17+ Category Target Achievement Percentage Target Achievement Percentage Individual 11.88 6.59 55.5 12.50 9.19 73.5 household latrine- BPL Individual 5.55 2.29 41.3 5.55 3.60 64.9 household latrine- APL Total 17.43 8.88 51.0 18.05 12.79 70.9 Source : Water Supply & Sanitation Department, GoM + upto February

Table 10.61 Regionwise toilets constructed Base line survey 2012 2015-16 2016-17+ Region Total Households Target Achievement Target Achievement Households without Toilet Konkan 13.43 4.97 1.58 1.09 1.38 1.11 Nashik 22.32 14.52 3.45 1.76 3.20 1.99 Pune 24.54 8.24 2.10 1.50 3.29 3.34 Aurangabad 24.76 18.72 5.29 2.04 4.53 2.22 Amaravati 15.83 10.61 3.04 1.35 2.55 1.73 Nagpur 14.33 6.61 1.94 1.16 3.09 2.40 State 115.21 63.67 17.40 8.90 18.04 12.79 Source : Water Supply & Sanitation Department,GoM + upto February

342 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Maha Facts & Figures

Swachh Survekshan Swachh Bharat Mission construction and solid waste Gramin - 2016 (Urban) management. Since inception (2008-09) upto December 10.74.1 The Ministry of 10.74.2 As per census 2011, 2016, administrative approval Drinking Water & Sanitation in all 8,32,672 households in was given to 258 water (MoDWS) conducted Swachh urban area are without toilet supply and sanitation works Survekshan Gramin- 2016. At facility within their premises. incurring cost ` 1,231.29 crore all India level 75 shortlisted In 2016-17 upto December, and an amount of ` 830.77 districts (53 districts in plain about 2.64 lakh individual crore has been disbursed. An and 22 districts in North household toilets were expenditure of ` 106.71 crore East & special category) constructed and 1.26 lakh was incurred during 2015-16 were evaluated at different toilets are under construction. and ` 30.06 crore during 2016- levels of cleanliness, An expenditure of ` 634 crore 17 upto December. hygiene and sanitation. The was incurred for the same survey revealed Sindhudurg upto October 2016. (Maharashtra) as the cleanest Integrated Low Cost Sanitation Scheme district in ‘plain area’ category Maharashtra Sujal and and Mandi (Himachal Pradesh) Nirmal Abhiyan 10.76 Integrated Low Cost Sanitation scheme is being as the cleanest districts in 10.75 The objective of implemented in the State since ‘Hilly Area’ category. In Maharashtra Sujal and 1996-97. This is a demand the State Satara, Kolhapur, NirmalAbhiyan is to achieve driven programme which aims Ratnagiri and Thane are adequate & qualitative at covering all households also featuring in the top ten services at affordable charges having dry latrine as well as districts. to implement technological, those not having sanitation fa- cilities, including those in slum reforms in the sector of urban and squatter colonies. Under water supply, sewerage, toilet Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 343 Maha Facts & Figures this scheme, person belonging pertaining to environment in was 5.58 lakh ( 7.4 per cent) to economically weaker the State. It plays a key role against 1.25 lakh and 4.03 section (whose income from in abatement and control of lakh in the previous year. The all sources is less than ` 3,300/- pollution by generating data on ambient air quality, per month) from urban relevant data, providing reported in residentiala reas areas is eligible to receive at major monitoring grant-in-aid for construction technical inputs for policy stations in 2016 (till October) of latrine. The contribution formulation, training of is given in Table 10.62. for the latrine construction manpower and organising is distributed in the ratio activities for promoting Water Pollution 75:15:10 between the GoI, awareness at different levels. 10.80 Water pollution is the contamination of water respectively. The GoI has Air Pollution bodies (e.g. lakes, rivers, sanctioned 21 proposals of 10.79 Air pollution adversely oceans, aquifers and ground 16 urban local bodies for affects human - beings and water). This form of construction of 39,663 their surrounding ecosystem. environment degradation individual toilets, of which The air polluting agent can occurs when pollutants with 27,184 toilets have been be solid, liquid or gas. Air harmful compounds are constructed and work of (Prevention & Control of directly or indirectly 2,189 toilets is in progress. Pollution) Act, 1981 has been discharged into water bodies enacted for the prevention, without adequate treatment. NNN control and abatement of air Water (Prevention & Control NN pollution. MPCB, with the of Pollution) Act 1974, 10.77 The ecological help of various educational has been enacted for the degradation and environmental institutes is operating air prevention & control of pollution resulting from quality monitoring system water pollution and economic activities has at 77 stations spread in 17 maintaining or restoring to be moderated for districts. Use of low sulphur the water quality. MPCB sustainable development. content diesel, lead free petrol, is executing Globa Rapid industrialisation, CNG/ LPG as an alternative lEnvironmental Monitoring migration, urbanisation, etc. fuel, making PUC mandatory, System and Monitoring of are continuously depleting banning 15 years old vehicles Indian National Aquatic the natural resources and and converting eight year Resources projects under deteriorating the environmental old vehicles to CNG / LPG National Water Quality quality. In order to spread are some of the important Monitoring Programme awareness for environment measures being taken to (NWMP). In the State, the conservation, the State has restrict air pollution. As on monitoring network covers taken special initiative of tree 31st March 2016, out of 156 rivers, 34 creeks/sea, 10 plantation 75.14 lakh CNG/LPG con- drains / industrial drains and vertible vehicles in the State, 50 wells. Amongst these 250 10.78 Maharashtra Pollution stations, 200 are for surface Control Board (MPCB) has with LPG kit was 1.28 lakh ( water and 50 are for ground been established to enforce 1.7 per cent) and number of water. Monitoring of surface various acts and rules water quality is done on a

344 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Maha Facts & Figures monthly basis and for ground water on a half yearly basis. Water quality at 39 spots of Godavari, Krishna, Panchganga and Bheema rivers in the State, under NWMP during 2015-16 is given in Table 10.63. Table 10.62 Ambient air quality at major monitoring stations during 2016 Concentration of air pollutants (µg/m3) Sulphur Dioxide Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Respirable suspended Monitoring (SO2) particulate matter Station Limit 80# Limit 80# Limit 100# Min Max Average Min Max Average Min Max Average Mumbai - Sion 3 34 10 9 218 71 31 374 150 (1) (41) (13) (11) (189) (87) (23) (379) (131) Pune – Swargate 10 44 23 26 323 75 17 190 79 (6) (55) (22) (13) (167) (67) (18) (286) (101) Nashik - NMC Building 5 30 16 9 41 26 22 218 91 (3) (29) (16) (9) (48) (23) (22) (359) (82) Aurangabad -CADA 6 28 15 23 60 41 17 169 73 (9) (18) (12) (34) (57) (41) (21) (161) (68) Amravati - Govt. college 6 14 11 9 15 12 41 93 71 of Engg. (5) (14) (11) (6) (15) (13) (38) (97) (74) Nagpur - Regional 6 15 9 15 56 26 34 86 48 (6) (42) (9) (16) (62) (29) (36) (144) (55) Note : Figures in brackets shows ambient air quality for 2015 µg/m3Microgram per cubic meter # Air quality standard Source : MPCB

Table 10.63 Water quality at 39 locations of rivers during 2015-16 Parameters pH value Bio-chemical Oxygen Dissolved Oxygen Fecal Coliform Demand Not greater than 6.0 to 8.5# 5mg/l# 4.0mg/l# 5,000# Range No. of Range No. of Range No. of Range No. of Spots Spots Spots Spots 5.5 - 6.5 0 2.5 - 5.5 25 3 - 5 1 0 - 100 38 6.5 - 7.5 8 5.5 - 8.5 12 5 - 7 37 100 - 200 0 7.5 - 8.5 31 8.5 - 11.5 0 7 - 9 1 200 - 300 0 8.5 - 9.5 0 11.5 & above 2 9 & above 0 300 & above 1 Source : MPCB Except pH value, all parameters in milligram/litre # Water quality standard

Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 345 Maha Facts & Figures 10.81 The estimated sewage generated in the area of 26 Municipal Corporations during 2015-16 was 6,264.75 million litres/day (MLD) of which about 3,897 MLD ( 62.2 per cent) sewage was treated. The sewage generation and treatment in the area of urban local bodies for the year 2015-16 is given in Table 10.64. Table 10.64 Sewage generation and treatment in the area of urban local Bodies during 2015-16 Local Body No. Sewage Sewage Per cent generated treated Treated Municipal Corporation 26 6,264.8 3897.0 62.2 ‘ A’ Class Municipal Council 12 188.7 42.0 22.3 Class Municipal Council 61 367.6 24.5 6.7 Class Municipal Council 146 421.4 20.9 5.0 Cantonment Board 39.0 7.1 18.2 Nagar Panchayat }13 15.5 2.8 18.1 Total 258 7,297.0 3,994.3 54.7 Source : MPCB 10.82 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) treatment process involves both mechanical and biological treatment. Solid waste generated and treated (MT/day) in the area of urban local bodies for the year 2015-16 is given in Table 10.65. Table 10.65 Solid waste generated and treated in the area of urban local bodies during 2015-16 (MT/day) Local Body No. MSW Generated MSW Treated Per cent Treated Municipal Corporation 26 19,690.0 5,516.5 28.0 ‘ A’ Class Municipal Council 12 579.0 119.0 20.6 ‘ B’ Class Municipal Council 61 1,077.2 }219.6 }10.3 ‘ C’ Class Municipal Council 146 1,065.0 Nagar Panchayat 13 152.5 71.5 46.9 Cantonment Board Total 258 22,563.7 5,926.6 26.3 Source : MPCB

Noise Pollution Limits Zone Code Category of Zone 10.83 As per Noise Pollution Day time Night time (Regulation & Control) A Industrial 75 70 B Commercial 65 55 standards of noise level limits are given in Table 10.66. C Residential 55 45 D Silence zone 50 40 Source : MPCB 346 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Maha Facts & Figures Table 10.67 Day-night noise levels in residential areas in selected cities (decible) Location Non-Working Day Working Day 18-12-2016 19-12-2016 Day Night Day Night Mumbai (-Dadar) 80.2 76.9 88.2 79.3 Mumbai (Vashi Naka-Chembur) 83.5 77.3 89.2 89.4 Thane (Gokhale Road) 83.9 92.9 82.3 71.7 Thane (Wagle Estate) 83.9 92.9 82.3 71.7 Pune (Swargate) 80.2 64.3 81.9 81.9 Pune (Hadpsar) 77.3 62.5 82.8 82.8 Nashik (Dwarka Circle) 79.6 70.1 79.4 69.5 Nashik (UdyogBhavan, Satpur) 71.9 68.4 73.5 67.8 Aurangabad (Nirala Bazar) 73.7 63.5 79.6 64.8 Nanded-Waghala (Vishnupuri) 76.3 58.2 77.4 68.3 Nagpur (Sitabardi Police Station) 76.7 69.5 78.1 74.6 Chandrapur (Jatpura Gate) 75.2 71.0 89.0 77.4 Amravati (RajkamalChowk) 84.2 66.5 80.9 68.4 75.5 58.7 77.0 58.3 Source : MPCB 10.84 In order to assess the air pollution prone, 23 per 10.87 Under Common impact of noise pollution, cent were water pollution Ambient Noise Level prone and eight per cent were Monitoring Programme is hazardous waste generating support is provided to install conducted for two consecutive units. pollution control equipment (one working and one non for treatment and disposal working) days every year by 10.86 During 2015-16 MPCB of hazardous solid waste MPCB in major cities for issued directions to 1,548 generated from small scale a period of 48 hours. The industries under Section industrial units. CETPs are noise levels are measured at 33A of Water (Prevention & commissioned in 24 industrial the same locations on both Control of Pollution) Act areas covering 7,927 days during the same period. 1974 and 335 industries under industries. During 2015-16 Day-night noise levels in Section 31A of Air (Preven- residential areas of selected tion & Control of Pollution) an average was about 200.2 cities are given in Table 10.67 million litres / day. cases in the court against the Industrial Pollution defaulter industries. Number based on the pollution 10.85 At the end of March of cases convicted, dismissed potential for 2015-16 is given 2016, out of the total 83,400 and pending in the court of in Table 10.68. industries under the purview law at the end of November of MPCB, 13 per cent were 2016 are 294, 282 and 303 respectively. Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 347 Maha Facts & Figures ale lassifiation of industries ased on pollution potential for (no.) Industries Regions RED ORANGE GREEN Large Medium Small Large Medium Small Large Medium Small Mumbai 113 30 274 462 80 491 6 17 1,942 Thane 103 45 1,168 9 14 511 33 28 3,145 Kalyan 102 58 1,544 38 26 531 13 8 1,897 Navi Mumbai 158 84 938 131 109 937 37 40 1,309 Raigad 213 83 303 15 41 224 14 18 571 Pune 693 349 2,325 434 317 1,837 200 201 5,011 Kolhapur 211 59 1,682 30 43 1,595 6 11 9,947 Nashik 275 230 2,547 44 79 2,006 22 43 10,381 Aurangabad 237 209 1,862 28 45 1,800 8 43 6,924 Amravati 27 6 856 8 6 1,499 1 1 1,954 Nagpur 185 179 1,894 25 27 2,829 5 12 2,796 Chandrapur 101 15 400 0 1 655 1 0 270 Total 2,418 1,347 15,793 1,224 788 14,915 346 422 46,147 RED - Number of industries having pollution potential 60 and above. ORANGE - Number of industries having pollution potential between 41 to 59. GREEN - Number of industries having pollution potential between 21 to 40 Source : MPCB Hazardous Waste Hazardous waste transporters 42 e-Waste collection centers 10.88 There are 6,496 authorised by MPCB who and 38 industries having hazardous waste generating have installed GPS are 117 as environmentally sound industries in the State. on December 2016. technology with total recycling /dismantling Common facilities for e-Waste management of hazardous capacity of 55,410 MT waste have been set up at four 10.90 e-Waste management per year under e-Waste major sites, namely Taloja& is a global concern. During (Management & Handling) Trans Thane Creek industrial 2015-16 for recycling of Rules, 2011. areas of MIDC in Thane, e-waste MPCB authorised Ranjangaon in Pune and Table 10.69 Hazardous waste treated at common Butibori in Nagpur. facility centers (lakh MT) Information about hazardous waste treated at common Type of Treatment facility centers is given in Year Direct Total after Incinerable Table 10.69. treatment 10.89 Installation of Global 2012-13 2.26 0.76 0.45 3.47 Positioning System (GPS) for 2013-14 0.81 0.99 0.46 2.26 tracking of hazardous waste 2014-15 2.08 0.87 0.49 3.44 transporting vehicles has been 2015-16 6.3 14.1 5.6 26.00 made mandatory in the State. Source : MPCB 348 July 2017 Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest Maharashtra Economic Development Council, Monthly Economic Digest July 2017 349 About MEDC

The Maharashtra Economic Development Council [MEDC] was constituted in 1957, by the prominent Chambers of Commerce and Business and Industries Associations in Maharashtra, as a symbol of social responsibility of business and industry, under the Stewardship of the late Dr. Dhananjayrao Gadgil, eminent Economist and former Dy. Chairman of the Planning Commission, Govt. of India.

MAHARASHTRA ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL

Founder President : Dr. Dhananjanyrao Gadgil Past Presidents Mr. Pratapsinh Mathuradas Mr. Keshub Mahindra Mr. J. G. Bodhe Mr. Subhash Dandekar Mr. N. M. Wagle Mr. V. G. Rajadhyaksha Mr. Rasesh Mafatlal Mr. P. S. Deodhar Mr. Lalchand Hirachand Mr. M. L. Apte Mr. J. N. Guzder Mr. V. S. Palekar Mr. S. L. Kirloskar Dr. B. V. Bhoota Mr. B. R. Sule Mr. Sharad Kulkarni Mr. B. D. Garware Mr. N. A. Palkhivala Mr. Vinod L. Doshi Mr. M. N. Chaini Mr. P. A. Narielwala Mr. Harish Mahindra Mr. Adi Godrej Mr. Nandkishor Kagliwal Mr. Y. A. Fazalbhoy Mr. M. H. Mody Dr. N. M. Dhuldhoya Dr. Vithal V. Kamat