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COMMUNICATIONS in CUMBRIA : an Overview
Cumbria County History Trust (Database component of the Victoria Country History Project) About the County COMMUNICATIONS IN CUMBRIA : An overview Eric Apperley October 2019 The theme of this article is to record the developing means by which the residents of Cumbria could make contact with others outside their immediate community with increasing facility, speed and comfort. PART 1: Up to the 20th century, with some overlap where inventions in the late 19thC did not really take off until the 20thC 1. ANCIENT TRACKWAYS It is quite possible that many of the roads or tracks of today had their origins many thousands of years ago, but the physical evidence to prove that is virtually non-existent. The term ‘trackway’ refers to a linear route which has been marked on the ground surface over time by the passage of traffic. A ‘road’, on the other hand, is a route which has been deliberately engineered. Only when routes were engineered – as was the norm in Roman times, but only when difficult terrain demanded it in other periods of history – is there evidence on the ground. It was only much later that routes were mapped and recorded in detail, for example as part of a submission to establish a Turnpike Trust.11, 12 From the earliest times when humans settled and became farmers, it is likely that there was contact between adjacent settlements, for trade or barter, finding spouses and for occasional ritual event (e.g stone axes - it seems likely that the axes made in Langdale would be transported along known ridge routes towards their destination, keeping to the high ground as much as possible [at that time (3000-1500BC) much of the land up to 2000ft was forested]. -
THE GREAT BATH ROAD, 1700-1830 Brendaj.Buchanan
THE GREAT BATH ROAD, 1700-1830 BrendaJ.Buchanan The great turnpike highway from London to the spa city of Bath is surrounded by legend and romance, 1 which have come to obscure the fact that at no time in the period studied was there any one single Bath Road. Instead, from the beginning of the eighteenth century there were created over the years and in a patchy, disorganized sequence, some fifteen turnpike trusts which with varying degrees of efficiency undertook the improvement of the roads under their legislative care. Not until the mid-eighteenth century was it possible to travel the whole distance between capital and provincial city on improved roads, and even then the route was not fixed. Small changes were frequently made as roads were straightened and corners removed, the crowns of hills lowered and valley bottoms raised. On a larger scale, new low-level sections were built to replace older upland routes, and most significant of all, some whole roads went out of use as traffic switched to routes which were better planned and engineered by later trusts. And at the time when the turnpike roads were about to face their greatest challenge from the encroaching railways in the 1830s, there were at the western end of the road to Bath not one but two equally important routes into the city, via Devizes and Melksham, or through Calne and Chippenham along the line known to-day as the A4. This is now thought of as the traditional Bath Road, but it can be demonstrated that it is only one of several lines which in the past could lay claim to that title. -
Brunel's Dream
Global Foresights | Global Trends and Hitachi’s Involvement Brunel’s Dream Kenji Kato Industrial Policy Division, Achieving Comfortable Mobility Government and External Relations Group, Hitachi, Ltd. The design of Paddington Station’s glass roof was infl u- Renowned Engineer Isambard enced by the Crystal Palace building erected as the venue for Kingdom Brunel London’s fi rst Great Exhibition held in 1851. Brunel was also involved in the planning for Crystal Palace, serving on the The resigned sigh that passed my lips on arriving at Heathrow building committee of the Great Exhibition, and acclaimed Airport was prompted by the long queues at immigration. the resulting structure of glass and iron. Being the gateway to London, a city known as a melting pot Rather than pursuing effi ciency in isolation, Brunel’s of races, the arrivals processing area was jammed with travel- approach to constructing the Great Western Railway was to ers from all corners of the world; from Europe of course, but make the railway lines as fl at as possible so that passengers also from the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and North and South could enjoy a pleasant journey while taking in Britain’s won- America. What is normally a one-hour wait can stretch to derful rural scenery. He employed a variety of techniques to two or more hours if you are unfortunate enough to catch a overcome the constraints of the terrain, constructing bridges, busy time of overlapping fl ight arrivals. While this only adds cuttings, and tunnels to achieve this purpose. to the weariness of a long journey, the prospect of comfort Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway, a famous awaits you on the other side. -
1 England Underwent Substantial Changes in Its Economy and Society
England underwent substantial changes in its economy and society in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. The same is true of England’s passenger coaches. They evolved from slow, heavy vehicles rarely travelling beyond the hinterland of London to swift, elegant stage coaches, reaching all corners of the country. The wealth of contemporary records in trade directories and newspaper adverts has encouraged transport historians to enumerate and list the routes used by these passenger coaches over a period of two centuries prior to the opening of railways.1 The bulk of the records, and hence most published work, relate to coaches to and from London, but where individual provincial towns have been examined, it is clear there were a significant number of provincial coach services by 1830.2 Although simple route maps have been drawn for individual towns, the spatial relationship between routes and the evolution of these over a period of decades has not been practical with traditional techniques. The task of integrating these local patterns into a national network has not been attempted. In this article, we use digital technology to plot routes used by passenger coaching services listed in twenty directories from 1681 to 1835. This gives new insights into the geographic distribution and changes in the pattern of coaching services over time. The core of this new technology is Geographic Information Systems (GIS). As a framework for gathering, managing, and analysing spatial data, GIS has the potential to shed new light on historical trends. One example is the 'Occupational structure of Britain 1379-1911’ research project. -
Stage Operations and the Mails in New Jersey
STAGE OPERATIONS AND THE MAILS IN NEW JERSEY By Steven M. Roth © 2013 Author Steven M. Roth [email protected] & By the New Jersey Postal History Society www.NJPostalHistory.org [email protected] Material may be used with permission of the author, with credit given to the author and to NJPHS STAGE OPERATIONS AND THE MAILS IN NEW JERSEY Table of Contents - click on item to go to that page Pdf Page page No. no. • Introduction 1 5 • Some Questions Concerning Stage 1 5 Lines • Inter-state Stage Operations 13 18 The Bordentown & New York Stage 13 18 Bridgeton Stage 15 20 Burlington Stage 16 21 Trenton‐Brunswick Stage 18 23 Swift Sure Stage 18 23 Map 19 24 The Cumming Stage 24 29 Hoboken Stage 26 31 Moorestown Stage 27 32 Morristown Stage 28 33 Morris & Sussex Mail Stage 30 35 Salem Stage 31 36 • Intra-State (Local Or Accommodation/Feeder) Stage 32 37 Operations Hackensack Stage 32 37 Cape May Stage 33 38 Absecon Stage 33 38 Manahawkin, Mount‐Holly and Burlington 34 Stage 39 Marlton Stage 34 39 Millville Stage 35 40 Mount Holly Stage 35 40 Newark Stage 37 42 Paterson Stage 38 43 Princeton Stage 38 43 Tuckerton Stage 38 43 Union Stage Line 38 43 • Other Local/Accommodation Stage 39 44 Lines • The Symbiotic Role of and Competition 40 45 with Steamboats and Railroads • Conclusion 41 46 • Acknowledgements 41 46 Endnotes 42 47 i ii Steven Roth ~ STAGE OPERATIONS & THE MAILS IN NJ STAGE OPERATIONS AND THE MAILS IN NEW JERSEY©1 By Steven M. -
Trains Galore
Neil Thomas Forrester Hugo Marsh Shuttleworth (Director) (Director) (Director) Trains Galore 15th & 16th December at 10:00 Special Auction Services Plenty Close Off Hambridge Road NEWBURY RG14 5RL Telephone: 01635 580595 Email: [email protected] Bob Leggett Graham Bilbe Dominic Foster www.specialauctionservices.com Toys, Trains & Trains Toys & Trains Figures Due to the nature of the items in this auction, buyers must satisfy themselves concerning their authenticity prior to bidding and returns will not be accepted, subject to our Terms and Conditions. Additional images are available on request. If you are happy with our service, please write a Google review Buyers Premium with SAS & SAS LIVE: 20% plus Value Added Tax making a total of 24% of the Hammer Price the-saleroom.com Premium: 25% plus Value Added Tax making a total of 30% of the Hammer Price 7. Graham Farish and Peco N Gauge 13. Fleischmann N Gauge Prussian Train N Gauge Goods Wagons and Coaches, three cased Sets, two boxed sets 7881 comprising 7377 T16 Graham Farish coaches in Southern Railway steam locomotive with five small coaches and Livery 0633/0623 (2) and a Graham Farish SR 7883 comprising G4 steam locomotive with brake van, together with Peco goods wagons tender and five freight wagons, both of the private owner wagons and SR all cased (24), KPEV, G-E, boxes G (2) Day 1 Tuesday 15th December at 10:00 G-E, Cases F (28) £60-80 Day 1 Tuesday 15th December at 10:00 £60-80 14. Fleischmann N Gauge Prussian Train Sets, two boxed sets 7882 comprising T9 8177 steam locomotive and five coaches and 7884 comprising G8 5353 steam locomotive with tender and six goods wagons, G-E, Boxes F (2) £60-80 1. -
The Development of the Railway Network in Britain 1825-19111 Leigh Shaw-Taylor and Xuesheng You 1
The development of the railway network in Britain 1825-19111 Leigh Shaw-Taylor and Xuesheng You 1. Introduction This chapter describes the development of the British railway network during the nineteenth century and indicates some of its effects. It is intended to be a general introduction to the subject and takes advantage of new GIS (Geographical Information System) maps to chart the development of the railway network over time much more accurately and completely than has hitherto been possible. The GIS dataset stems from collaboration by researchers at the University of Cambridge and a Spanish team, led by Professor Jordi Marti-Henneberg, at the University of Lleida. Our GIS dataset derives ultimately from the late Michael Cobb’s definitive work ‘The Railways of Great Britain. A Historical Atlas’. Our account of the development of the British railway system makes no pretence at originality, but the chapter does present some new findings on the economic impact of the railways that results from a project at the University of Cambridge in collaboration with Professor Dan Bogart at the University of California at Irvine.2 Data on railway developments in Scotland are included but we do not discuss these in depth as they fell outside the geographical scope of the research project that underpins this chapter. Also, we focus on the period up to 1911, when the railway network grew close to its maximal extent, because this was the end date of our research project. The organisation of the chapter is as follows. The next section describes the key characteristics of the British transport system before the coming of the railways in the nineteenth century. -
Learning Project Term 5 Week 2 Year 2
Learning Project Term 5 Week 2 Year 2 Weekly Maths Tasks Weekly Reading Tasks (Aim to do 1 per day) (Aim to do 1 per day) Work on Times Table Rockstars – use Use Oxford Owl or Oxford Reading your individual login to access this Buddy: (https://www.oxfordowl.co.uk/ and (5 sessions on ‘studio’). https://www.oxfordreadingbuddy.com/uk) to Play on ‘The Mental Maths Train Game’ read a new book. Complete the quiz at - practise adding and subtracting. the end. Log ins and passwords are in https://www.topmarks.co.uk/maths- your books. games/mental-maths-train Listen to Mr Hicks read a book (see Practice subtracting these two digit Instagram for this story). Did you like numbers. Keep an eye on Instagram the story? What was your favorite part? for a tutorial on the number line and What parts didn’t you like? partitioning methods to help you. Find a poem you like and read it. You 26 - 12 = 34 - 15 = could have a look here: 36 - 22 = 44 - 16 = https://childrens.poetryarchive.org/) Discuss 45 - 34 = why you like it with an adult or sibling. Complete a page of your Maths SATs Does it have any rhyming words? revision books. Learn part of/all of your poem off by Here are some train parts that Brunel heart and perform it. You could record is going to share equally with his yourself and send it to your teacher on friend Daniel Gooch. Can you find out Instagram. how many they will both have each if The title of a story is ‘The Runaway they share the parts equally? Train’. -
The King's Post, Being a Volume of Historical Facts Relating to the Posts, Mail Coaches, Coach Roads, and Railway Mail Servi
Lri/U THE KING'S POST. [Frontispiece. THE RIGHT HON. LORD STANLEY, K.C.V.O., C.B., M.P. (Postmaster- General.) The King's Post Being a volume of historical facts relating to the Posts, Mail Coaches, Coach Roads, and Railway Mail Services of and connected with the Ancient City of Bristol from 1580 to the present time. BY R. C. TOMBS, I.S.O. Ex- Controller of the London Posted Service, and late Surveyor-Postmaster of Bristol; " " " Author of The Ixmdon Postal Service of To-day Visitors' Handbook to General Post Office, London" "The Bristol Royal Mail." Bristol W. C. HEMMONS, PUBLISHER, ST. STEPHEN STREET. 1905 2nd Edit., 1906. Entered Stationers' Hall. 854803 HE TO THE RIGHT HON. LORD STANLEY, K.C.V.O., C.B., M.P., HIS MAJESTY'S POSTMASTER-GENERAL, THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED AS A TESTIMONY OF HIGH APPRECIATION OF HIS DEVOTION TO THE PUBLIC SERVICE AT HOME AND ABROAD, BY HIS FAITHFUL SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. PREFACE. " TTTHEN in 1899 I published the Bristol Royal Mail," I scarcely supposed that it would be practicable to gather further historical facts of local interest sufficient to admit of the com- pilation of a companion book to that work. Such, however, has been the case, and much additional information has been procured as regards the Mail Services of the District. Perhaps, after all, that is not surprising as Bristol is a very ancient city, and was once the second place of importance in the kingdom, with necessary constant mail communication with London, the seat of Government. I am, therefore, enabled to introduce to notice " The King's Post," with the hope that it will vii: viii. -
The Royal Mail
THE EO YAL MAIL ITS CURIOSITIES AND ROMANCE SUPERINTENDENT IN THE GENERAL POST-OFFICE, EDINBURGH SECOND EDITION WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBURGH AND LONDON MDCCCLXXXV All Rights reserved NOTE. It is of melancholy interest that Mr Fawcett's death occurred within a month from the date on which he accepted the following Dedication, and before the issue of the Work. TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE HENEY FAWCETT, M. P. HER MAJESTY'S POSTMASTER-GENERAL, THE FOLLOWING PAGES ARE, BY PERMISSION, RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. PEEFACE TO SECOND EDITION. favour with which 'The Eoyal Mail' has THEbeen received by the public, as evinced by the rapid sale of the first issue, has induced the Author to arrange for the publication of a second edition. edition revised This has been and slightly enlarged ; the new matter consisting of two additional illus- " trations, contributions to the chapters on Mail " " Packets," How Letters are Lost," and Singular Coincidences," and a fresh chapter on the subject of Postmasters. The Author ventures to hope that the generous appreciation which has been accorded to the first edition may be extended to the work in its revised form. EDINBURGH, June 1885. INTRODUCTION. all institutions of modern times, there is, - OF perhaps, none so pre eminently a people's institution as is the Post-office. Not only does it carry letters and newspapers everywhere, both within and without the kingdom, but it is the transmitter of messages by telegraph, a vast banker for the savings of the working classes, an insurer of lives, a carrier of parcels, and a distributor of various kinds of Government licences. -
Lens of Sutton Association List 1A GWR Locomotives
Lens of Sutton Association List 1A GWR Locomotives Neg No Class Number Period Date Location Notes Name 30000 57xx class 3702 GWR ukn 30001 57xx class 3702 BR c64 Swindon Works Yard ??? 30002 57xx class 3705 GWR ukn 30003 57xx class 3710 BR ukn 30004 57xx class 3711 BR c62 Swindon Works Yard 30005 57xx class 3712 BR c58 Truro 30006 57xx class 3713 BR c62 Swindon Works Yard 30007 57xx class 3714 GWR 12.11.35 Swindon Works Yard 30008 57xx class 3715 BR c60 30501 also in frame 30009 57xx class 3721 BR c50 Didcot Shed spark arresting chimney fitted 30010 57xx class 3722 GWR ukn 30011 57xx class 3723 BR c58 Reading Shed 30012 57xx class 3730 BR c58 30013 57xx class 3743 GWR ukn 30014 57xx class 3745 BR c58 Gloucester Horton Rd Shed 30015 57xx class 3752 BR c55 30016 57xx class 3758 BR c64 30017 57xx class 3765 BR c55 30018 57xx class 3766 GWR ukn 30019 57xx class 3776 BR c55 30020 57xx class 3788 BR c58 30021 57xx class 3794 BR c58 Exeter St Davids 30022 57xx class 4600 BR c62 30023 57xx class 4606 BR c58 30024 57xx class 4610 BR c55 30025 57xx class 4612 BR c60 Swindon Works Yard 30026 57xx class 4613 BR c55 Worcester (Shrub Hill) 30027 57xx class 4615 BR c55 30028 57xx class 4628 BR c62 Swindon Works Dump 30029 57xx class 4629 BR c58 30030 57xx class 4631 BR c62 30031 57xx class 4632 BR c62 30032 57xx class 4634 BR c60 Clapham Jcn 30033 57xx class 4643 BR c62 30034 57xx class 4644 BR c55 Old Oak Common Shed inside roundhouse 30035 57xx class 4649 BR c55 Swindon Works Yard 30036 57xx class 4652 BR c63 30037 57xx class 4654 BR c60 30038 57xx -
Battle Civil Parish
Battle Civil Parish Neighbourhood Plan 2019-2028 PLAN PROPOSAL SUBMISSION Published by Battle Town Council for the Regulation 15 Plan Proposal Submission under the Neighbourhood Planning (General) Regulations 2012 and in accordance with EU Directive 2001/42 NOVEMBER 2020 Table of Contents FOREWORD 4 SECTION 1: Introduction and Background 5 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Neighbourhood Area 1.3 The Planning Policy Context SECTION 2: Process Summary 9 2.1 The Plan Process 2.2 Community Engagement 2.3 Evidence Base Overview SECTION 3: The Parish background 11 3.1 Spatial Characteristics of the Parish 3.2 Economy 3.3 Population and households 3.4 Households 3.5 Transport 3.6 Conservation Area 3.7 Development from an Historic Perspective – The Town of Battle 3.8 Facilities and Services 3.9 Constraints 3.10 SWOT Analysis of Battle SECTION 4: Vision and Objectives 35 4.1 Vision 4.2 Objectives SECTION 5: Neighbourhood Plan Policies 38 5.1 Housing and Development 5.2 Infrastructure 5.3 Environment 5.4 Economy and Tourism SECTION 6: Implementation, Monitoring and Review 60 SECTION 7: Community Aspirations 61 For purposes of this Plan the use of appendix, annexe and schedule are used as follows: An appendix is included at the end of the plan because it is too large for the body of the plan but needs to be referenced for clarity. The aim of the appendices is to add greater details, visuals and aid for better understanding. An annexe is a standalone document/report which can be read in its own right but supports the main document.