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WA History: 1830-1855

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WA History: 1830-1855 WA History: 1830-1855 Background leading up to the Whitman Massacre & Trial But first a recap! WA History Recap 1800 - 1830 1800-1810 – Sea exploration turns to land exploration – Louisiana Purchase -- Lewis & Clark Expedition 1810-1830 – Beaver fur trade – Trappers & Soldiers (the first settlers to the West) – Forts & Trading posts • Trappers and soldiers are from Britain as well as the US. What about the Native People from 1800-1830? Pacific Northwest 1810 - 1830 1810-1830 – Fur Trapper Era What about the Native People in 1800-1830? • How does a fur trapper live on the land? • How does she/he use the land? How does a fur trapper live on the land? • Lives in a small cabin • Lives away from other people so there are animals to trap. • Forages wild plants & berries to add to the menu • Likely has a small garden. It’s a fairly peaceful co-existence • Trappers live much like the Indians • Relatively few trappers in the West, so no real competition for land. – One estimate has 1,000-2,000 trappers living in the Rocky Mountains and the NW. • Plus, trappers have things Indians will trade for. How much of an impact do the trappers have on the Indian way of life? • The one downside: – Continued exposure to European diseases N America in 1830 – Who claims what? N America in 1830 – Who claims what? Britain US Territory Spanish US Territory US in 1830 -- What happens next? 1) Religious Fervor & Missionaries • Rising interest in religion in the US in the early 1800’s • Membership in most Protestant religions rises dramatically. • Attendance in church and in revival meetings surges. – Finding religious and spiritual meaning in everyday life . Indians become interested in Christianity as well. • In 1831, the Nez Percé tribe send a delegation to St. Louis requesting white teachers and Christian ministers for their people. • Why? – To learn of the white people’s ways. – Many Natives believed that the white person’s god was more powerful than their gods. – Natives hoped to become more powerful by adopting Christianity. Religion in the East – Missionaries go West • For many people who were trying to find religious meaning in their lives, the idea of becoming a missionary takes hold. • What is a missionary? – A member of a religious group sent into an area to serve the local people. – A significant number of people decide to serve as missionaries to the Indians (& pioneers) out West. Religious fervor in the East – impact out West • Most missionaries serve in 2 ways. 1. Evangelism -- religious teaching 2. Service – working in various ways to improve the welfare of those in the area (schools, health care, family support) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJqTMW_Pmi8 Whitman Mission at Waiilatpu, 1836-1847 Narcissa & Marcus Whitman Whitman Mission at Waiilatpu • He was a doctor as well was a minister. • They established a mission near Walla Walla • They minister to the nearby Cayuse – Convert individuals to Christianity – Teach the tribe how be farmers – Minister to the needs of tribe members Where exactly is Waiilatpu? Where exactly is Waiilatpu? Whitman Mission to minister to the Cayuse Tribe Waiilatpu Mission So…..It’s Waiilatpu, what? What do the maps tell us, in terms of the locality surrounding Waiilatpu? Is it • United States? • Britain? • Cayuse Territory? US in 1840’s -- What happens next? 2) From Furs to Farming the Great Migration West • By 1830, fur trading has almost disappeared – The beaver has been driven to near extinction. – Styles changed, so fur in less demand. • AND ..word gets out back east about the open lands of the West 2) Great Migration • Pioneers take advantage of the trails and trading posts established by the trappers. • They move west not to trap, but to farm. • Instead of the solitary trapper, these settlers bring their families and their neighbors. • Instead of living light on the land, they have come to farm and build. • Over 300,000 settlers over 25 years. Oregon Trail • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AHDhDqOfk_o Oregon Trail Whitman Mission -- Waiilatpu Waiilatpu becomes a waypoint on the Oregon Trail Oregon Trail Whitman Mission Early On • They are first welcomed by the Cayuse. • Cayuse take on some of the Whitmans’ religious teachings and rituals. • Cayuse help the Whitmans get the mission and their farm started 1) Brewing Resentments at the Mission • Whitmans not tolerant of Cayuse customs. – Whitmans ban gift-giving among tribal members. – In Cayuse culture, your house is open to anyone at any time, but Cayuse were never allowed or invited into the Whitmans’ home. 1) Brewing Resentments at the Mission • Most Cayuse not interested in fully converting to Christianity. – They wanted to blend Christianity with their own religion. – The Whitmans wanted the Cayuse to fully convert. • Very few Cayuse take up farming. 2) Brewing Resentments at the Mission • Whitmans lose their daughter to accidental drowning, creating a deepening depression for the couple. • Whitmans become more frustrated, as the Cayuse are turning away from their teachings. – The Whitmans choose to spend less time with Cayuse and more time with the settlers who are traveling on the Oregon Trail and stopping over at the mission. – This builds even more anger among the Cayuse. 2) Brewing Resentments at the Mission • Cayuse become dismayed and alarmed at the number of settlers pouring into the NW – In 1847, 4,000 settlers stopped over at the Whitman Mission on their way west. – Many families settle nearby. Resentment Boils over….. • By the summer of 1847, the Cayuse were done. – They asked/demanded that the Whitmans leave. – The Whitmans continue to stay on. Resentment Boils over….. • In fall of 1847, a measles outbreak runs through Cayuse tribe • Dr. Whitman can do very little. • Nearly half of the Indians near the mission die from the outbreak, but only one non-Native dies from it. Resentment Boils over….. • Joe Lewis, a Cayuse tribe member, spreads a rumor that the Whitmans are poisoning the Cayuse, so that arriving settlers can take their land. • With so many Native deaths from the measles, it was easy for the rumor to take hold. Resentment Boils over….. • In Cayuse culture, it is allowed that a shaman or doctor can be killed, if their healing powers fail and their patient dies. • Whitman knew of this tradition. Tomahas Resentment Boils over….. • Worried of the risk the Whitmans were facing, Henry Spalding, missionary to the Nez Perce and friend of the Whitmans advises them to leave. • John McLoughlin of the Hudson Bay Fur Company does the same. • The Whitmans still refuse to leave. Tiloukaikt Resentment Boils over….. • Resentment boils over into rage. – The mission is attacked by 14-18 warriors. – 11 are killed the first day, including the Whitmans. – 2 are killed the following day. 1 more dies several days later. Resentment Boils over….. • 49 hostages (mostly women and children) were taken from the mission. • They were held for a month – Their freedom was paid for by the Hudson Bay Company Tomahas 1) Cayuse War • Volunteer militiamen seek revenge against the Cayuse, harrassing them into hiding for weeks at a time. • The Oregon Territorial Governor offers peace if the tribe will surrender the guilty attackers. • If they don’t, he promised the Cayuses a war which would lead to their “total destruction.” 2) Cayuse War • Months later, Young Chief (Tauitau) surrendered five men for trial on charges of murder in connection with the Whitman attack. • Among them was Tiloukaikt, the "kind, friendly Indian" who had christened the Whitmans' infant daughter as a "Cayuse te-mi" when she was born, welcoming her into the Cayuse tribe. Whitman Massacre Trial • The prisoners were sent 250 miles away for their trial. • The trial was set in Oregon City, the capital of Oregon Territory • They were found guilty of murder, and sentenced to death by hanging. • The sentence was carried out on June 3, 1850 Cultural Fact • In Cayuse culture, if a shaman or doctor fails to heal a patient, and the patient dies, family members have the right to kill the doctor. • Whitman was well aware of this tribal practice. Historical Facts • Months before the attack, Cayuse leaders repeatedly ask the Whitmans to leave and abandon the mission. • John McLoughlin of the Hudson Bay Company urged them to leave for their own safety. • Henry Spalding, a fellow missionary from Idaho, urged the couple to leave as well. Cayuse War 1847-1855 • The trial did not end the conflict. • Skirmishes, and raiding parties continued between the military and the Cayuse for 7 more years. • Cayuse were finally defeated in 1855. • With their numbers significantly reduced by the war, the Cayuse were placed on a reservation with the Umatilla Indians and their tribal lands were confiscated. Long-term Consequences • The war had significant long-term consequences for the region. It caused the United States government to pursue a policy of treaty-making with many tribes of the Pacific Northwest. Traditional Native Homelands of Oregon Indian Reservations of Oregon Today .
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