Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 100 ( 2016 ) 947 – 954
&RQIHUHQFHRQ(17(5SULVH,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPV,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ3URMHFW 0$1DJHPHQW&RQIHUHQFHRQ+HDOWKDQG6RFLDO&DUH,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPVDQG7HFKQRORJLHV &(17(5,63URM0$1+&LVW2FWREHU 'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJLQ6RIWZDUH3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQW $6\VWHPDWLF /LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ
-RVp$GVRQ2*&XQKDD +HUPDQR30RXUDD)UDQFLVFR-69DVFRQFHOORVE
aCenter for Informatics - UFPE, Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes, s/n, Cid. Univ., Recife, 50740-560, Brazil bCollege of Computing - UFMS, Cid. Univ., 79070-900, Campo Grande - MS, Brazil
$EVWUDFW
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©7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI6FL.$$VVRFLDWLRQIRU3URPRWLRQDQG'LVVHPLQDWLRQRI6FLHQWLILF.QRZOHGJH Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CENTERIS 2016
Keywords:6RIWZDUH3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQW1DWXUDOLVWLF'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJ6\VWHPDWLF/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO E-mail address:MDRJF#FLQXISHEU
1877-0509 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of CENTERIS 2016 doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2016.09.255 948 José Adson O.G. Cunha et al. / Procedia Computer Science 100 ( 2016 ) 947 – 954
,QWURGXFWLRQ
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¶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
1DWXUDOLVWLF'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJ
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osé Adson O.G. Cunha et al. / Procedia Computer Science 100 ( 2016 ) 947 – 954 949
5HVHDUFK0HWKRG
7KHUHVHDUFKPHWKRGXVHGLVEDVHGRQDV\VWHPDWLFUHYLHZLQRUGHUWRGRDFRPSUHKHQVLYHDQGXQELDVHGVHDUFK GLVWLQJXLVKHGIURPDWUDGLWLRQDOUHYLHZRIWKHOLWHUDWXUH7KHSURFHVVFRYHUHGWKHSKDVHVRIDV\VWHPDWLFUHYLHZ UHVXOWLQJLQDWKHPDWLFPDSZLWKLWVUHVSHFWLYHV\QWKHVLV(DFKVWHSDQGWKHLURXWFRPHVDUHVKRZQLQ)LJ
)LJ5HVHDUFKPHWKRG
3.1. Definition of research questions and searching for primary studies
5HVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVSURYLGHWKHJXLGDQFHIRUWKHUHYLHZ%XLOGLQJIURPWKHDLPRIWKLVVWXG\WKHSULPDU\UHVHDUFK TXHVWLRQLV³How do software project managers make decisions?´7KHSULPDU\VWXGLHVZHUHLGHQWL¿HGE\XVLQJWKH VHDUFKVWULQJVKRZQEHORZZKLFKLVFRPSRVHGE\JHQHUDONH\ZRUGVUHODWHGWR³software project management´DQG ³decision-making´ LQ RUGHU WR LGHQWLI\ DV PDQ\ UHOHYDQW SDSHUV DV SRVVLEOH 7KHWHUP³cognitive bias´ ZDV DOVR LQFOXGHGVLQFHLWLVGLUHFWO\UHODWHGWRWKHSKHQRPHQRQVWXGLHG ("software" OR "information technology" OR "information system" OR "information systems") AND ("team leader" OR "team leaders" OR "project manager" OR "project managers" OR "project management") AND ("cognitive bias" OR "cognitive biases" OR "decision making" OR "decision-making") 7KH VHDUFK SURFHVV ZDV FRQGXFWHG WKURXJK DQ DXWRPDWLF VHDUFK LQ WKH IROORZLQJ ILYH VHDUFK HQJLQHV 6FLHQFH'LUHFW 6FRSXV :LOH\ ,((( ;SORUH DQG $&0 'LJLWDO /LEUDU\ 6LQFH WKH WHUP ³naturalistic decision- making´LVQRWFRPPRQLQWKHSURMHFWPDQDJHPHQWDQGVRIWZDUHHQJLQHHULQJOLWHUDWXUHZHGLGQRWUHVWULFWWKHPDLQ TXHVWLRQ$VWKHWHUP³decision-making´LVUHODWHGWRPDQ\DUHDVWKLVLQLWLDOVWHS\LHOGHG SDSHUVLQFOXGLQJ SDSHUVUHODWHGWRGHFLVLRQPDNLQJIURPDQRUPDWLYHWKHRU\SHUVSHFWLYH
3.2. Screening of papers, Keywording and Data Extraction
7KH VFUHHQLQJ RI SDSHUV ZHUH LQLWLDOO\ EDVHG RQ WKH WLWOH $IWHU WKH SDSHUV KDG EHHQ LGHQWLILHG ZH HOLPLQDWHG GXSOLFDWHGRQHVWKDWZHUHREWDLQHGLQPRUHWKDQRQHVHDUFKHQJLQH,QVRPHFDVHVWKHDEVWUDFWVZHUHDOVRUHDG7KLV LQLWLDOVFUHHQLQJUHVXOWHGLQVHOHFWHGSDSHUV$OOLQFOXVLRQDQGH[FOXVLRQFULWHULDDUHUHVXPHGLQ7DEOH,QWKLV VWHSEHVLGHVWKHLQFOXVLRQFULWHULRQLWZDVDSSOLHGRQO\WKHILUVWH[FOXVLRQFULWHULRQ
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osé Adson O.G. Cunha et al. / Procedia Computer Science 100 ( 2016 ) 947 – 954
7KH VHFRQG WKLUG DQGIRXUWK H[FOXVLRQ FULWHULD ZHUH DSSOLHG GXULQJ WKH IXOO UHDGLQJRISDSHUV UHVXOWLQJ LQ SDSHUV OLVWHG LQ $SSHQGL[ $ 0RVW RI WKH SDSHUV ZHUH REWDLQHGIURPMRXUQDOVDQGRIWKHPZHUH SXEOLVKHGLQWKHODVWWHQ\HDUV7KHWKHPDWLFDQDO\VLVPHWKRGZDVXVHGWRV\QWKHWL]HWKHGDWDH[WUDFWHGIURPWKH SULPDU\ VWXGLHV 7KLV PHWKRG LV XVHG LQ TXDOLWDWLYH UHVHDUFKHV DQG LW LV FRPSRVHG E\ WKUHH SKDVHV SUHDQDO\VLV PDWHULDOH[SORUDWLRQDQGUHVXOWVWUHDWPHQWDQGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ
'LVFXVVLRQVDQG5HVXOWV
7KHWKHPDWLFPDSUHODWLQJWKHFDWHJRULHVDQGWKHUHVSHFWLYHSULPDU\VWXGLHVLVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ)LJDQGGHWDLOHGLQ WKHIROORZLQJVXEVHFWLRQV
)LJ7KHPDWLFPDS
4.1. Agile Development Practices
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¶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osé Adson O.G. Cunha et al. / Procedia Computer Science 100 ( 2016 ) 947 – 954 951
IDFWRUVDVHPSRZHUHGFRKHVLYHWHDPVFDQH[KLELWSUREOHPVVXFKDVJURXSWKLQNRUWKH$ELOHQH3DUDGR[7KHDXWKRUV DUJXHWKDWWKHUROHRISURMHFWPDQDJHULQDJLOHGHYHORSPHQWLQLWLDWLYHVQHHGVWREHUHDVVHVVHGZLWKSURMHFWPDQDJHUV WDNLQJRQWKHUROHRIGHYLO¶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
4.2. Stakeholders involvement
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
4.3. Escalation and De-escalation of commitment factors
(VFDODWLRQ RI ,7 SURMHFWV KDSSHQV ZKHQ UHVRXUFHV FRQWLQXH WR EH GHYRWHG WR D SURMHFW GHVSLWH QHJDWLYH LQIRUPDWLRQLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKHSURMHFWLVLQWURXEOH.RU]DDQHWDO>6@DUJXHGWKDWLPSOHPHQWDWLRQPLQGVHWDQG LQWHUQDOORFXVRIFRQWUROZHUHIRXQGWREHVLJQLILFDQWSUHGLFWRUVRIWKHSURMHFWPDQDJHUV¶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
4.4. Participatory decision-making
,Q D VWXG\ WR LQYHVWLJDWH ZKDW VRIWZDUH GHYHORSPHQW SURMHFW WHDP PHPEHUV FRQVLGHU WR EH D JRRG SURMHFW PDQDJHU0HGLQDHWDO>6@SRLQWHGRXWWZRFKDUDFWHULVWLFVUHODWHGWRGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ WDNLQJDFWLYHUHVSRQVLELOLW\ 952 José Adson O.G. Cunha et al. / Procedia Computer Science 100 ( 2016 ) 947 – 954
IRU SUREOHPV SURPSWO\ DQG IRU WKH FRQVHTXHQFHV RI WKHLU GHFLVLRQV DQG OLVWHQLQJ WR SURMHFW PHPEHUV¶ YLHZV DQG LQYROYLQJWKHPLQGHFLVLRQVDQGWKHSODQQLQJSURFHVVZKLFKLQFOXGHVSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQVWHDGRIRUGHUJLYLQJWDNLQJ DQGWUXVWLQJWKHSURMHFWPHPEHUV¶RSLQLRQV,QDGLVWULEXWHGGHYHORSPHQWSURMHFW$O$QLHWDO>6@SRLQWHGRXWWKDW ZKLOHGHFLVLRQVDUHSUHGRPLQDWHO\PDGHLQFRQVXOWDWLRQZLWKWHDPPHPEHUVWKHOHDGHULVXVXDOO\WKHGHFLVLRQPDNHU UHJDUGOHVVRIWHDPGLVWULEXWLRQRUVL]H 5RVHHWDO>6 @SRLQWHGRXWWKDWLWLVSDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWWKDWWHDPPHPEHUVGRQRWVLWRQWKHLURZQSUREOHPV IRU ORQJ VWUHWFKHV RI WLPH VLQFH LW FRQVXPHV YDOXDEOH UHVRXUFHV EXW VHHN KHOS IURP FROOHDJXHV DQG WKH SURMHFW PDQDJHU 7KH DXWKRUV HPSKDVL]HG WKDW WKH SURMHFW PDQDJHUV KDYH WR IRVWHU D FXOWXUH RI RSHQQHVV DQG D FHUWDLQ DPRXQW RI VKDUHG GHFLVLRQ PDNLQJ 7KH\ DOVR PXVW EH WKH FKLHI PRWLYDWRU DQG FRPPLWPHQW GHYHORSHU DQG XQGHUVWDQG WKH VRXUFHV RI PRWLYDWLRQ LQ LQGLYLGXDO WHDP PHPEHUV 7KH QHHG IRU HQJDJHPHQW RI WKH WHDP LQ DOO DVSHFWVRIWKHSURMHFWSODQQLQJDQGGHFLVLRQPDNLQJLQRUGHUWREXLOGDVHQVHRIRZQHUVKLSRIWKHSURMHFWDPRQJWKH WHDPPHPEHUVZDVDOVRSRLQWHGRXWE\7D\ORUHWDO>6@
4.5. Communication
'LOORQHWDO>6@H[SORUHGWKHFRPSHWHQFLHVRI,7SURMHFWPDQDJHUVDQGVKRZHGWKDWFRPSHWHQFLHVDVVRFLDWHG ZLWKFRPPXQLFDWLRQGHFLVLRQV LHZKDWWRFRPPXQLFDWHZKRWRFRPPXQLFDWHWRKRZWRFRPPXQLFDWHDQGZKHQ WR GR VR DUH HTXDOO\ LI QRW PRUH LPSRUWDQW WKDQ IXQFWLRQDO FRPPXQLFDWLRQ VNLOOV LH VSHDNLQJ ZULWLQJ DQG OLVWHQLQJVNLOOV $OVRWKHFRPSHWHQFLHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKHVFDODWLRQGHFLVLRQV LHZKDWLVVXHVWRHVFDODWHDQGZKHQ WRHVFDODWHWKHP DUHLPSRUWDQWIRUHIIHFWLYHSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHSURMHFWPDQDJHPHQWUROH
4.6. Use of rational methods
,Q WRGD\ IDVW FKDQJLQJ GHPDQGV DFFXUDWH HVWLPDWLRQ RI SURMHFWGXUDWLRQ DQG UHTXLUHG UHVRXUFHV LV DQ LVVXH RI SULPHLPSRUWDQFH7DVNGXUDWLRQDQGHIIRUWHVWLPDWHVDUHGHWHUPLQHGGXULQJWKHSODQQLQJVWDJHRIWKHSURMHFWDQG SURYLGHWKHEDVLVIRUVXEVHTXHQWSODQQLQJFRQWURODQGGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ0RUJHQVKWHUQHWDO>6@LQGLFDWHGWKDWLQ JHQHUDO D KLJK OHYHO RI XQFHUWDLQW\ LV DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK KLJKHU HIIRUW HVWLPDWLRQ HUURUV ZKLOH LQFUHDVHG XVH RI HVWLPDWLRQGHYHORSPHQWSURFHVVHVDQGHVWLPDWLRQPDQDJHPHQWSURFHVVHVDVZHOODVJUHDWHUHVWLPDWRUH[SHULHQFH DUHFRUUHODWHGZLWKORZHUGXUDWLRQHVWLPDWLRQHUURUV 7KURXJK DQ H[SORUDWRU\ UHVHDUFK 7D\ORU >6@ H[DPLQHG WKH GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ SURFHVVHV RI H[SHULHQFHG ,7 SURMHFWPDQDJHUVDWWKHLQLWLDOVWDUWXSVWDJHRIWKHLUSURMHFWVDQGDWNH\GHFLVLRQSRLQWVGXULQJSURMHFWH[HFXWLRQ )LQGLQJV VKRZ DQ LQWHUWZLQLQJ RI UDWLRQDO DQG QDWXUDOLVWLF PRGHV RI GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ DQG D SRVVLEOH OLQN ZDV UHYHDOHGEHWZHHQWKHXVHRIUDWLRQDOPHWKRGVDQGIHZHUVXEVHTXHQWSUREOHPV,QSDUWLFXODUJUHDWHUUHOLDQFHRQWKH QDWXUDOLVWLF DSSURDFK PD\ FRQWULEXWH WR SRRU SURMHFW SHUIRUPDQFH LQ WHUPV RI PDQDJHPHQW RI FRQWLQJHQFLHV DQG H[SHFWDQFLHVDERXWFOLHQWUHODWLRQV
4.7. Emotion
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
4.8. Cognitive Biases
'HFLVLRQPDNLQJLVDVNLOOWKDWFDQEHLPSURYHGZLWKH[SHULHQFHDQGWUDLQLQJDQGWKXVSURMHFWPDQDJHUVFDQOHDUQ DQG WHDFK WKHPVHOYHV RQ KRZ WR PDNH EHWWHU FKRLFHV E\ RYHUFRPLQJ FRPPRQ PHQWDO WUDSV ,Q WKLV VHQVH LW LV LPSRUWDQWWRVKHGOLJKWRQ,7SURMHFWPDQDJHUV DZDUHQHVVDERXWFRJQLWLYHELDVHVDQGDOVRRQWKHLUVXVFHSWLELOLW\WR José Adson O.G. Cunha et al. / Procedia Computer Science 100 ( 2016 ) 947 – 954 953
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
&RQFOXVLRQV
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
$SSHQGL[$6HOHFWHGSULPDU\VWXGLHV
>6@0RH1% $XUXP$ DQG'\En7&KDOOHQJHVRIVKDUHGGHFLVLRQPDNLQJ $ PXOWLSOHFDVHVWXG\RIDJLOHVRIWZDUHGHYHORSPHQW ,QIRUPDWLRQDQG6RIWZDUH7HFKQRORJ\9RO1RSS >6@ 'UXU\*URJDQ 0 / DQG 2UOD 2 'Z\HU 2 $Q LQYHVWLJDWLRQRI WKH GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ SURFHVV LQ DJLOH WHDPV,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI ,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJ\ 'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJ9RO1RSS ±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± >6@&R\OH6&RQER\.DQG$FWLRQ7*URXS3URFHVV/RVVHVLQ$JLOH6RIWZDUH'HYHORSPHQW'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJ,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI ,QWHOOLJHQW,QIRUPDWLRQ7HFKQRORJLHV9RO 1R >6 @0F$YR\- DQG%XWOHU7 7KHLPSDFWRIWKH$ELOHQH3DUDGR[RQGRXEOHORRSOHDUQLQJLQDQDJLOHWHDP ,QIRUPDWLRQDQG6RIWZDUH 7HFKQRORJ\9RO 1RSS >6@$XUXP$:RKOLQ&DQG3RUWHU$$OLJQLQJVRIWZDUHSURMHFWGHFLVLRQV $FDVHVWXG\,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI6RIWZDUH(QJLQHHULQJ DQG.QRZOHGJH(QJLQHHULQJ9RO1RSS >6@0DJD]LQLXV$%|UMHVVRQ6DQG)HOGW5,QYHVWLJDWLQJLQWHQWLRQDOGLVWRUWLRQVLQVRIWZDUHFRVWHVWLPDWLRQ±$QH[SORUDWRU\VWXG\ -RXUQDORI6\VWHPVDQG6RIWZDUH9RO1RSS >6@6DQGKDZDOLD%6DQG'DOFKHU'.QRZOHGJHIORZVLQVRIWZDUHSURMHFWV $QHPSLULFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQ.QRZO3URFHVV0JPW9RO SS± >6@ .RU]DDQ 0 DQG 0RUULV 6 $ ,QGLYLGXDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DQG WKH LQWHQWLRQ WR FRQWLQXH SURMHFW HVFDODWLRQ &RPSXWHUV LQ+XPDQ %HKDYLRU9RO1R SS 954 José Adson O.G. Cunha et al. / Procedia Computer Science 100 ( 2016 ) 947 – 954
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±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± >6@ 0RUJHQVKWHUQ 2 5D] 7 DQG 'YLU ' )DFWRUV DIIHFWLQJ GXUDWLRQ DQG HIIRUW HVWLPDWLRQ HUURUV LQ VRIWZDUH GHYHORSPHQW SURMHFWV ,QIRUPDWLRQDQG6RIWZDUH7HFKQRORJ\9RO 1RSS >6@ 7D\ORU + $Q H[DPLQDWLRQ RI GHFLVLRQPDNLQJ LQ LW SURMHFWV IURP UDWLRQDO DQG QDWXUDOLVWLF SHUVSHFWLYHV 3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH 7ZHQW\(LJKWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ,QIRUPDWLRQ6\VWHPV >6@3DODFLRVD&&6RWR$FRVWDF3DQG*DUFt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
5HIHUHQFHV
/XQGLQ5$DQG6|GHUKROP$$WKHRU\RIWKHWHPSRUDU\RUJDQL]DWLRQ6FDQGLQDYLDQ-RXUQDORI0DQDJHPHQW9RO1R SS 3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQW,QVWLWXWH&DSWXULQJWKH9DOXHRI3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQW7KURXJK'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJ +RJEHUJ2DQG$GDPVVRQ$$6FDQGLQDYLDQYLHZRISURMHFWPDQDJHPHQW,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQW9RO1R S &LFPLO6:LOOLDPV77KRPDV-DQG+RGJVRQ'5HWKLQNLQJ3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQW 5HVHDUFKLQJWKHDFWXDOLW\RISURMHFWV,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDORI3URMHFW0DQDJHPHQW9ROSS± 6DXHU&DQG5HLFK%+5HWKLQNLQJ,7SURMHFWPDQDJHPHQW (YLGHQFHRIDQHZPLQGVHWDQGLWVLPSOLFDWLRQV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI3URMHFW 0DQDJHPHQW9RO SS± /HQEHUJD3)HOGWE5DQG:DOOJUHQF/*%HKDYLRUDOVRIWZDUHHQJLQHHULQJ $GHILQLWLRQDQGV\VWHPDWLFOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ7KH-RXUQDORI 6\VWHPVDQG6RIWZDUH1RSS± 6FKDPEHU/5HOHYDQFHDQGLQIRUPDWLRQEHKDYLRU$QQXDO5HYLHZRI,QIRUPDWLRQ6FLHQFHDQG7HFKQRORJ\9RO SS .DKQHPDQ'7KLQNLQJ)DVWDQG6ORZ1< (G)DUUDU6WUDXVDQG*LURX[ .OHLQ*$2UDVDQX-DQG&DOGHUZRRG5'HFLVLRQ0DNLQJLQ$FWLRQ 0RGHOVDQG0HWKRGV$EOH[ .LWFKHQKDP%DQG&KDUWHUV6*XLGHOLQHVIRUSHUIRUPLQJV\VWHPDWLFOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZVLQVRIWZDUHHQJLQHHULQJ7HFKQLFDO5HSRUW(%6( 6FKRRORI&RPSXWHU6FLHQFHDQG0DWKHPDWLFV.HHOH8QLYHUVLW\ %DUGLQ/$QiOLVHGHFRQWH~GR(GLo}HV/LVERD