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Stapeliowe (Asclepiadaceae) W Kolekcji Sukulentów Ogrodu Botanicznego Umcs W Lublinie

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Stapeliowe (Asclepiadaceae) W Kolekcji Sukulentów Ogrodu Botanicznego Umcs W Lublinie Biuletyn Ogrodów Botanicznych, 12: 137–140, 2003 STAPELIOWE (ASCLEPIADACEAE) W KOLEKCJI SUKULENTÓW OGRODU BOTANICZNEGO UMCS W LUBLINIE Stapeliads (Asclepiadaceae) in collection of succulents in the Botanical Garden of the Maria Curie-Sk∏odowska University in Lublin Gra˝yna SZYMCZAK, Maciej KWIATKOWSKI Ogród Botaniczny Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sk∏odowskiej, ul. S∏awinkowska 3, 20-810 Lublin WST¢P OPIS KOLEKCJI Poczàtki wiedzy Europejczyków o stapelio- Stapeliowe to grupa sukulentów p´dowych, wych si´gajà roku 1624, w którym duƒski le- które wnaturze rosnà na suchych, pó∏pustyn- karz i misjonarz Justus Heurnius bra∏ udzia∏ nych obszarach Afryki, Pó∏wyspu Arabskiego, w morskiej wyprawie, obejmujàcej m.in. po∏u- Madagaskaru i Azji (Bruyns 2000). Ich kwiaty dniowe kraƒce Afryki. On pierwszy opisa∏ ro- sà jednymi z najpi´kniejszych i najbardziej Êlin´, która przypomina∏a wyst´pujàcà w Euro- skomplikowanych wÊród roÊlin dwuliÊciennych pie Fritillaria. Dopiero po 20 latach od podró- (fot. 1-6). W warunkach naturalnych roÊliny te ˝y Heurniusa J.B. von Stapel opublikowa∏ in- zapylane sà przez muchówki. Owady sà przy- formacj´ o spotkanej roÊlinie nazwanej Fritilla- wabiane przez kwiaty, które wydzielajà zapach ria crassa. W 1773 roku Linneusz utworzy∏ ro- padliny, majà barw´ i wyglàd imitujàce futro dzaj Stapelia, wktórym umieÊci∏ roÊlin´ opisa- i mi´so zwierzàt. nà przez Heurniusa pod nazwà Stapelia varie- Kolekcja stapeliowych w Ogrodzie Bota- gata (Plowes 1990). Od tego czasu odkrywano, nicznym UMCS powstaje drogà wymiany sa- opisywano i wydzielano nowe rodzaje i gatunki dzonek i nasion z innymi ogrodami, g∏ównie stapeliowych i ma do miejsce do dzisiaj. zagranicznymi, z prywatnymi kolekcjonerami Stapeliowe to grupa sukulentów nale˝àcych sukulentów w kraju i za granicà oraz z Interna- do plemienia Ceropegieae, podrodziny Ascle- tional Asclepiad Society. Jest tworzona od 1998 piadoideae wrodzinie Asclepiadaceae (Albers roku i obecnie liczy ponad 100 taksonów nale- i Meve 2002). Niektórzy autorzy stosujà dla tej ˝àcych do 20 rodzajów. Wiele taksonów repre- grupy roÊlin innà systematyk´ i nomenklatur´, zentowanych jest przez kilka lub kilkanaÊcie wktórej rodzin´ Asclepiadaceae po∏àczono klonów. Obecnie ca∏a kolekcja liczy ponad 600 z rodzinà Apocynaceae, a wniej wyró˝niono egzemplarzy roÊlin. W Ogrodzie Botanicznym 5 podrodzin, wtym Asclepiadoideae, wktórej UMCS znajdujà si´ gatunki z rodzajów: Caral- umieszczono stapeliowe Stapelieae (plemi´ luma, Duvalia, Echidnopsis, Edithcolea, Fre- – ang. – tribe Ceropegieae) (Endress i Bruyns rea, Hoodia, Huernia, Huerniopsis, Larryle- 2000, Goyder 2001). Nomenklatura ta nie jest achia, Orbea, Orbeanthus, Piaranthus, Pseu- jeszcze przez wszystkich uznawana, dlatego dolithos, Quaqua, Rhytidocaulon, Stapelia, wniniejszej pracy przyj´to systematyk´ akcep- Stapelianthus, Tavaresia, Tridentia, Tromo- towanà i u˝ywanà przez wi´kszoÊç autorów. triche. Najliczniej reprezentowane sà rodzaje: Trudno jest dok∏adnie okreÊliç liczb´ rodza- Huernia – 35 taksonów z 75 opisywanych jów i gatunków nale˝àcych do stapeliowych, (Leach 1988), Stapelia – 18 taksonów z 49 opi- poniewa˝ wielu autorów uznaje i podaje ró˝ne sywanych (Leach 1985), Caralluma – 15 takso- nazwy i ró˝nà przynale˝noÊç systematycznà nów, Orbea – 10. Do najciekawszych gatun- tych samych taksonów. Liczba sukulentycz- ków nale˝à Pseudolithos migiurtinus (Chiov.) nych rodzajów uznawanych dzisiaj waha si´ od Bally, Pseudolithos dodsoniana (Lavranos) 20 do 40 (Boele i in. 1987, Plowes 1990). Bruyns, Rythidocaulon macrolobum Lavranos, 137 Gra˝yna Szymczak, Maciej Kwiatkowski Fot. 1. Edithcolea grandis var. baylissiana Lavranos Fot. 4. Duvalia corderoyi (Hook.f.) N.E. Br. et Hardy Fig. 4. Duvalia corderoyi (Hook.f.) N.E. Br. Fig. 1. Edithcolea grandis var. baylissiana Lavranos et Hardy. Fot. 2. Huernia insigniflora C.A. Maass Fot. 5. Rhytidocaulon macrolobum Lavranos Fig. 2. Huernia insigniflora C.A. Maass. Fig. 5. Rhytidocaulon macrolobum Lavranos. Fot. 3. Orbeanthus hardyi (R.A. Dyer) L.C. Leach Fot. 6. Stapelia schinzii x Stapelia sp. Fig. 3. Orbeanthus hardyi (R.A. Dyer) L.C. Leach. Fig. 6. Stapelia schinzii x Stapelia sp. 138 Stapeliowe (asclepiadaceae) w kolekcji sukulentów Larryleachia cactiformis (Hook.) Plowes, Lar- Ze wzgl´du na swoistà budow´ kwiatu, przy- ryleachia perlata (Dinter) Plowes, Larry- stosowania do zapylenia, biologi´ kwitnienia leachia keetmaschopense, Edithcolea grandis oraz przystosowania do warunków pustynnych N.E.Br. var. grandis i Edithcolea grandis var. stapeliowe majà znaczenie dydaktyczne baylissiana Lavranos et Hardy, Frerea indica wkszta∏ceniu uczniów istudentów. WÊród Asc- Dalzell (jedyny przedstawiciel stapeliowych, lepiadoideae sà taksony, które znajdujà si´ na który wykszta∏ca liÊcie). RoÊliny te sà trudniej- liÊcie za∏àcznika II CITES – Frerea indica sze w uprawie, ale te˝ najbardziej poszukiwane i wszystkie gatunki Ceropegia. Wiele gatun- przez kolekcjonerów stapeliowych. ków, a nawet ca∏ych rodzajów stapeliowych wy- Wi´kszoÊç stapeliowych mo˝na z powo- st´pujàcych wIndiach i wpó∏nocno-wschodniej dzeniem rozmna˝aç wegetatywnie. Jednak Afryce oraz wszystkie gatunki Stapelianthus pewne rodzaje i gatunki, jak Pseudolithos, rosnàce na Madagaskarze to endemity. Larryleachia, niektóre Caralluma mo˝na roz- Obecny stan kolekcji stapeliowych oraz mno˝yç wy∏àcznie lub prawie wy∏àcznie gene- prowadzone prace badawcze dotyczàce biolo- ratywnie, poniewa˝ nie majà odpowiednich gii kwitnienia i rozmna˝ania tych roÊlin sà zdolnoÊci regeneracyjnych. Aby rozmno˝yç te podstawà do dalszego rozwoju i wzbogacania gatunki wymagana jest obecnoÊç owadów za- kolekcji wOgrodzie Botanicznym UMCS pylajàcych lub pomoc cz∏owieka. W warun- wLublinie. kach szklarniowych nie wyst´pujà specyficzne dla danych gatunków stapeliowych owady za- SUMMARY pylajàce, a niektóre kwiaty sà odwiedzane przez rodzime muchówki. Do zapylenia bez The collection of stapeliads (Asclepiada- udzia∏u cz∏owieka dochodzi doÊç rzadko, jed- ceae) in the Botanical Garden of the Maria nak brak specyficznych zapylaczy oraz barier Curie-Sk∏odowska University consists of more wyst´pujàcych w warunkach naturalnych than 100 species representing 20 genera. i chroniàcych przed zapyleniem niew∏aÊci- Stapeliads have complicated structure of male wym py∏kiem daje potencjalnà mo˝liwoÊç and female generative organs of flowers and krzy˝owania si´ gatunków w kolekcjach complex pollination system. About 60% in szklarniowych. W naturze powstawanie mie- Asclepiadoideae subfamily have only one szaƒców mi´dzygatunkowych jest rzadkim species of specialized insect pollinator. Sta- zjawiskiem. Rozmna˝anie generatywne w ko- peliads originate from arid regions of Africa, lekcjach ogrodów botanicznych przede Arabian peninsula, Madagascar and Asia. Very wszystkim ma na celu otrzymanie nasion czy- interesting species in collection are Pseudo- stych gatunków, które pos∏u˝à do zachowania lithos migiurtinus (Chiov.) Bally, Pseudolithos kolekcji jak równie˝ mogà byç przedmiotem dodsoniana (Lavranos) Bruyns, Rythidocaulon wymiany z innymi ogrodami. Prowadzone ob- macrolobum Lavranos, Larryleachia cacti- serwacje wskazujà, ˝e w kolekcjach stapelio- formis (Hook.) Plowes, Larryleachia perlata wych mogà powstawaç mieszaƒce mi´dzyga- (Dinter) Plowes, Larryleachia keetmascho- tunkowe i mi´dzyrodzajowe, interesujàce jako pense, Edithcolea grandis N.E. Br. var. grandis roÊliny ozdobne. Aby otrzymaç nasiona czy- i Edithcolea grandis var. baylissiana Lavranos stych gatunków nale˝y przeprowadzaç zapyla- et Hardy. The collection of stapeliads in the nie manualne i wniektórych przypadkach sto- Botanical Garden in Lublin can be considered as sowaç izolatory. Przyk∏adem ciekawego mie- being in constant development. szaƒca wkolekcji jest Stapelia x sp. (fot. 6), o której wiadomo, ˝e organizmem macierzy- LITERATURA stym by∏a Stapelia schinzii, organizmem oj- cowskim mog∏a byç S. grandiflora, S. hirsuta Albers F., Meve U. 2002. Illustrated Handbook of lub inna Stapelia. Z 6 egzemplarzy pokolenia Succulent Plants: Asclepiadaceae. Springer F1 tego mieszaƒca ka˝dy posiada inne kwiaty. Verlag, Heidelberg, p. 1-8. RoÊliny te pochodzà z nasion otrzymanych Bruyns P.V. 2000. Phylogeny and Biogeography pod nazwà Stapelia schinzii z Ogrodu Bota- of the Stapeliads. 2. Biogeography. Plant Syst. nicznego we Fryburgu. Evol. 221: 227-244. 139 Gra˝yna Szymczak, Maciej Kwiatkowski Boele C., Kroesen A.C.J., Noltee F.K.A. 1987. Leach L.C. 1985. A Revision of Stapelia L. Excelsa Checklist of Brachystelma R.Br. Ceropegia L. Tax. Ser. 3, Aloe, Cactus and Succulent Society of Riocreuxia Decne. and the genera of the Zimbabwe, Aloe Books, Johannesburg, p. 1-157. Stapelieae s.s. (Asclepiadaceae) Southern Leach L.C. 1988. A Revision of Huernia R. Br. Reprographic England. Excelsa Tax. Ser. 4. Aloe, Cactus and Endress M., Bruyns P.V. 2000. A revised classi- Succulent Society of Zimbabwe, Aloe Books, fication of the Apocynaceae s.l. The Botanical Johannesburg, p. 1-197. Review 66: 1-65. Plowes D.C.H. 1990. An introduction to stapeliad Goyder D. 2001. Asclepiadaceae or Apocynaceae? genera. Cactus and Succulent Journal (U.S.) Asclepios 83: 13-16. 62: 111-129. 140.
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