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The Impacts of Climate Change on Communities of Fungi in Boreal Peatlands

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Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 12-9-2016 12:00 AM The Impacts of Climate Change on Communities of Fungi in Boreal Peatlands Asma Asemaninejad Hassankiadeh The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. R Greg Thorn The University of Western Ontario Joint Supervisor Dr. Zoë Lindo The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Biology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Asma Asemaninejad Hassankiadeh 2016 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Biodiversity Commons Recommended Citation Asemaninejad Hassankiadeh, Asma, "The Impacts of Climate Change on Communities of Fungi in Boreal Peatlands" (2016). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 4273. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/4273 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract Peatlands have an important role in global climate change through sequestration of atmospheric CO2. However, climate change is already affecting these ecosystems, including both above- and below- ground communities and their functions, such as decomposition. Fungi have a greater biomass than other soil organisms and play a central role in these communities. As a result, there is concern that altered fungal community function may turn peatlands from carbon sinks to carbon sources, greatly exacerbating the impacts of climate change. In order to gain a better insight into the effects of climate change on the structure and function of these crucial carbon sequestrating ecosystems, the studies presented in this thesis focus on the diversity and structure of fungal communities in the natural environment in boreal peatlands and in mesocosm experiments to better understand the main and interactive effects of multiple drivers of climate change (increased temperature, elevated atmospheric CO2 , lowered water table conditions) on fungal communities, and their function in boreal peatlands. The results of these studies suggest that moisture content of the peat is probably one of the key factors driving changes in community composition of fungi in boreal peatlands under natural conditions. The experimental findings indicate that the effects of water table drawdown is most likely to appear as a short-term effect, intensifying the magnitude of response of fungal communities to climate change stressors by providing more habitat for decomposers that prefer aerobic conditions. Following this short-term effect of water table drawdown, fungal groups are mainly affected by increased temperatures over a longer period of time, such that increased temperatures of 4 and 8°C above ambient conditions provoke a compositional shift in communities of fungi towards different groups of decomposers, supporting the pattern of degradative succession of fungi involved in the process of decomposition. Increased temperature treatments also lead to increased abundance of vascular plant root-associates at the expense of aquatic and moss-associated fungi, probably driven by changes in aboveground communities affected by climate change stressors. These findings are valuable in providing a broader conceptual context of climate change and its consequences for carbon dynamics of boreal peatlands. Keywords Fungal community composition, rDNA, LSU, Illumina sequencing, hollow, hummock, decomposers, root-associated fungi, degradative succession, climate change, peatlands i Co-Authorship Statement A version of Chapter 2 was published in PLoS One1 with Nimalka Weerasuriya, Dr. Gregory B. Gloor (GG), Dr. Zoë Lindo (ZL) and Dr. R. Greg Thorn (RGT). The original experimental design was from RGT. Reagents, materials and analysis tools were provided by RGT, GG and ZL. I optimized PCR conditions for the newly designed primers, and performed the PCRs for two third of samples in the first round of the experiment, and all samples in the second round of the experiment. N. Weerasuriya contributed to doing PCR for one third of samples in the first round of experiment as part of her MSc project. N. Weerasuriya processed sequence data in both rounds of experiment and prepared the graphical output of the results with RGT and GG’s assistance in data analyses. The initial draft of manuscript was developed by contribution of myself and N. Weerasuriya. RGT, ZL and I made significant contributions in preparation of final draft of manuscript. A version of Chapter 3 has been submitted to Fungal Ecology2 with RGT and ZL. I conducted the field sampling, DNA extractions, and PCRs, processed sequence data, performed data analyses, and wrote the manuscript with edits from RGT and ZL. A version of Chapter 4 was published in Microbial Ecology3with RGT and ZL. RGT and ZL designed and developed the experiment. ZL maintained the experimental conditions. As a PhD student, I performed the experiment including litterbag sampling at three time points with significant assistance from ZL, DNA extractions, PCRs, processing sequence data, and conducting statistical analyses, and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. ZL made significant contribution to data interpretation with edits on manuscript from both ZL and RGT. 1 Asemaninejad, A., Weerasuriya, N., Gloor, G. B., Lindo, Z., Thorn, R. G. 2016. New primers for discovering fungal diversity using nuclear large ribosomal DNA. PLoS One, 11(7): e0159043. 2 Asemaninejad, A., Thorn, R. G., Lindo, Z. Under review. Vertical distribution of fungi in hollows and hummocks of boreal peatlands. Fungal Ecology. 3 Asemaninejad, A., Thorn, R. G., Lindo, Z. 2016. Experimental climate change modifies degradative succession in boreal peatland fungal communities. Microbial Ecology. doi:10.1007/s00248-016-0875-9. ii A version of Chapter 5 has been submitted to International Society of Microbial Ecology (ISME)4 with RGT, Dr. Brain A. Branfireun (BB) and ZL as co-authors. BB and ZL designed and developed the experiment, and maintained the experimental conditions. I collected the sub-samples at initial and final time points of the experiment with significant assistance from RGT in initial destructive sampling, and BB and ZL in final destructive sampling. I performed DNA extraction and PCRs, processed the sequence data, conducted statistical analyses, and interpreted the results. I prepared the initial draft of manuscript with editorial input on manuscript preparation from ZL, RGT and BB. 4 Asemaninejad, A., Thorn, R. G., Branfireun, B. A., Lindo, Z. Under review. Climate change exposes specific fungal communities in boreal peatlands. International Society of Microbial Ecology. iii Acknowledgments I thank my supervisors, Dr. R Greg Thorn and Dr. Zoë Lindo, for their patience and unconditional support throughout my PhD studies. Particulary, when I started to work with Dr. Lindo, the feeling of “you are able to do extraordinary” was seeded inside me and then turned into a strong belief gradually. Working with her, I experienced that when the best effort is put into efficient and pointful work, the impossible can become possible. During four years of studies and doing research with Zoë and Greg I learnt how to approach a problem, and how to meet my goals and objectives no matter how many ups and downs I had to endure, and I am grateful about that forever. I am also thankful to Dr. Gregory Gloor for his precious support during the initial steps of data analyses. His role in my academic life was much more than a member of my advisory committee. Not only did he teach me many computational and statistical skills, but also he showed me how important it is to appreciate knowledge. Whenever, I had a chance to talk to him, he gave me the feeling that what I know in this field and what I learn is really enjoyable, and I should appreciate having the ability and opportunity to enhance my knowledge. I would also like to thank all my lab members from both Zoë’s and Greg’s lab for their friendship and academic feedbacks. Their companionship has been wonderful, and I am happy to have them as part of my life. I dedicate this thesis to my family, particularly my parents, for their wonderful and endless support in different stages of my life. Mom and dad! Your happiness and excitement about my progress have been always one of my strongest reasons not to stop and to take big steps in my life without fear; and to Morteza Heydari Araghi, the greatest life partner that I could ever have. Morteza! With you, I have always felt that I have powerful wings to surge forward catching all my dreams. iv Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... i Co-Authorship Statement.......................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................v List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ............................................................................................................................x
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