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Mémoire De Thèse CD UNIVERSITÉ FRANÇOIS - RABELAIS DE TOURS ÉCOLE DOCTORALE SHS HISTOIRE des REPRESENTATIONS (EA 2115) THÈSE présentée par : Coralie ROUSSEAUX, épouse JANVIER soutenue en décembre 2009 pour obtenir le grade de : Docteur de l’université François - Rabelais Spécialité : Latin LES COUPLES DANS L’ ENEIDE ou L’unité des divergences dans une passion commune THÈSE dirigée par : Monsieur GUILLAUMONT François Professeur à l’Université de Tours RAPPORTEURS : Madame BOËLS-JANSSEN Nicole Professeur émérite à l’Université de Dijon Monsieur GUITTARD Charles Professeur à l’Université de Paris X-Nanterre JURY : Madame BOËLS-JANSSEN Nicole Professeur émérite à l’Université de Dijon Monsieur GUITTARD Charles Professeur à l’Université de Paris X-Nanterre Monsieur LAURENCE Patrick Professeur à l’Université de Tours A la mémoire de Monsieur Léon NADJO Pour mes parents Pour Frédéric, mon mari Pour Manec et Evan Pour Marie Asselin 2 Remerciements Ce travail fait suite aux études successives que j’ai effectuées sur l’ Enéide , texte qui m’a captivée avant de m’émouvoir ; il me possède sans doute plus que je ne le maîtrise, tout entière sous l’emprise du pouvoir de ses mots, de ses idées, de ses personnages. D’abord intéressée par le vaste thème de la « dualité », c’est une obligation de sincérité qui m’a poussée à restreindre mon propos : je ne pouvais prétendre embrasser l’immensité de cette étude, sans avoir au préalable tout répertorié, à la fois dans le monde matériel des hommes et des éléments, mais aussi dans le monde immatériel des idées et des songes. Je ne me sentais pas capable d’une telle entreprise ; c’est ainsi que j’ai préféré centrer mon travail sur le vivant, et plus précisément sur l’homme, qu’il soit héros, dieu ou simple mortel. C’est d’ailleurs à l’un d’entre eux, trop tôt parti dans le monde des inoubliables, que je souhaite dédier en priorité ce travail, A mon regretté maître, Monsieur Léon Nadjo, dont l’enseignement m’a confirmée dans mon goût des études latines, qui m’a guidée lors de mon travail de maîtrise et avait commencé la direction de mon travail de thèse. Je tiens également à remercier, bien sincèrement, Monsieur François Guillaumont, qui a accepté de reprendre la direction de ce travail et a su m’apporter, avec beaucoup d’attention et de bienveillance, les éclairages nécessaires à sa réalisation. Ma gratitude va aussi à Mme Boëls-Janssen, MM. Guittard et Laurence, qui ont accepté de siéger à mon jury et de me faire bénéficier de leurs compétences. Dans un monde où nous sommes tous en sursis, il m’a semblé intéressant de considérer ce qui fait de l’homme un maillon de l’espèce humaine, l’inscrivant dans un temps linéaire fait d’unions et de ruptures. Enée, Romulus, Auguste … une filiation parmi tant d’autres, exemplaire de l’appartenance de l’homme à l’universalité de la vie. Si, par ce travail, je contribue à montrer la pérennité de l’éternel humain, malgré la singularité indéniable de chaque individu, c’est que j’aurai atteint le but qui m’anime : tisser un pont entre le passé et le présent, à la manière de Virgile reliant la légende à l’histoire ou de Pénélope cherchant à retarder le cours de l’accomplissement des événements ; à chaque fois, il ne s’agit pas de maîtriser le temps, mais de l’inscrire dans une durée qui le légitime et dans une ponctualité qui le valorise. 3 Résumé Nous étudions dans ce travail la place des couples au sein de l’ Enéide de Virgile, cherchant à comprendre ce qui intervient dans l’union de deux individus comme dans leur séparation ; c’est ce principe dynamique de dualité qui guide notre réflexion, au travers des couples qui se font et se défont, disparaissent et se renforcent au cours de l’épopée. Composée durant les dix dernières années de la vie de Virgile, de 29 à 19 avant J.-C. l’ Enéide est une œuvre de la maturité de l’auteur. C’est celle d’un homme de quarante ans qui, après l’épreuve de la confiscation de son domaine et le contexte des guerres civiles, savoure une paix et un calme retrouvés. Or, l’ Enéide est un chant de souffrance, une épopée où les gloires et les malheurs s’enchevêtrent, donnant plutôt l’avantage aux seconds. Ce paradoxe, qui préside à la composition de l’épopée, se retrouve au sein de la composante que forment les couples, souvent plus unis pour le pire que pour le meilleur. Dans cette étude des influences réciproques qu’il peut y avoir entre deux individus, nous suivons trois voies. Nous prenons d’abord en compte les couples unis par un lien amoureux, cherchant à voir quelle est leur validité au cours de l’œuvre ; peuvent-ils résister au contexte épique, qui contraint souvent l’individu à faire des choix en vue de la collectivité, incompatibles avec ses aspirations plus proprement personnelles ? Si, en société, les êtres humains sont en communauté, en couple, ils sont en communion : ils mêlent leur être profond, risquant par là- même de perdre une part de leur identité propre. A tout couple préside une rencontre qui inscrit les êtres dans une temporalité que tous ne parviennent pas à se concilier ; c’est ainsi que le Temps joue un rôle primordial dans la pérennité ou l’échec de ces couples d’amoureux. C’est le paradoxe initial de séparation des êtres malgré leur attirance réciproque qui retiendra notamment notre attention ; l’ Enéide n’échappe pas à la tragédie de l’existence. C’est ainsi que se tisse le lien avec notre deuxième thème : à l’amour succède la mort. Tout aussi fédératrice qu’exclusive, la mort figure l’échec d’une quête, d’une bataille où l’individu était aux prises avec autrui ; elle est rarement un fait isolé, indépendant de toute altérité. Notre deuxième partie nous conduit notamment à nous pencher vers les couples placés sous le sceau de la guerre, et aux duos succèdent les duels. Paradoxalement, les couples unis par la guerre semblent souvent plus solides que ceux que l’amour a liés ; c’est que le terrain sur lequel ils s’expriment leur est plus propice qu’aux premiers : les conflits suscitent 4 une alliance nécessaire, dans l’union des forces contre l’ennemi, alors qu’ils ne forment pas le cadre providentiel pour une liaison amoureuse. Enfin, dépassant les émotions liées au couple –qu’elles soient d’ordre sentimental ou belliqueux- nous examinons quelle place véritable est dévolue à l’individu, au sein du couple. C’est alors que nous tentons de résoudre la question fondamentale de la liberté, prérequis nécessaire au bonheur : est-on davantage libre quand on est seul ou avec autrui ? Les couples mettent en valeur le conflit qui se joue dans l’individu, tiraillé entre le désir d’autonomie et la quête d’absolu, souvent liés à la solitude, et la volonté de partage et de légitimation de ses actes attachés à l’altérité. Dans ce cadre, où se situe l’échec ou la réussite de l’individu ? L’altérité permet-elle un véritable dépassement de l’unité, voire une sublimation de l’être ? Est-elle, au contraire, un vecteur d’enfermement et d’aliénation de l’individu ? Paradoxalement, l’union avec autrui semble renforcer la capacité d’autonomie de l’individu et le conduire vers une meilleurs connaissance de soi. L’autre apparaît alors comme le vecteur essentiel pour mieux se connaître soi-même et non comme un but en soi. Mots-clés : Couple - Paire- Hommes - Femmes - Dieux - Union - Mariage - Séparation - Amour - Haine – Mort - Tragédie - Passion - Solitude - Singularité - Individu - Héros- Autonomie - Force - Dualité - Bonheur - Enfant - Famille - Liberté . 5 Résumé en anglais This work examines the role of couples in Virgil’s Aeneid , seeking to understand the factors that determine the union and separation of two individuals : it is this principle of dualistic dynamics which guides our ideas about the couples which form and dissolve which disappear and are reinforced throughout the epic. Written during the last ten years of Virgil’s lifetime, from 29 to 19 B.C., the Aeneid is a demonstration of the author’s maturity. It is the work of a forty-year-old man who, after enduring the confiscation of his estate in the context of civil war, was enjoying peace and renewed calm. Nevertheless, the Aeneid is a song of suffering, an epic in which glories and misfortunes become entangled, with the latter predominating. This paradox, which presides over the composition of the epic, is found in the component formed by the couples, who are generally united more for the worse than for the better. In this study of the mutual influences which can exist between two individuals, I follow three lines of thought. First, I take into account those couples united by a love bond, examining their validity through the course of the story ; can they resist the epic context, which often constrains the individual to make choices with regard to the community that are incompatible with more personal aspirations ? In society, human beings are living communally, while in a couple they are in communion: their souls combine at the deepest level, risking, by doing so, to lose a part of their own identity. Over every couple presides a moment of meeting, inscribing the individuals within a temporality which not everyone comes to accept ; thus Time has a primordial role to play in the longevity or failure of the loving couples. It is the initial paradox of the separation of beings, despite their mutual attraction, that draws our particular attention ; the Aeneid does not escape the tragedy of existence.
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