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Ice Cod 183 Ice Cod to Pacific Cod Ice Cod (Arctogadus glacialis) (Peters, 1872) Family Gadidae Note on taxonomy: Evidence from morphology and molecular genetics demonstrates that Arctogadus borisovi (Dryagin, 1932) is a junior synonym of A. glacialis [1]. Data on fish originally identified as A. borisovi are included here. Commmonly referred to Ice Cod (Arctogadus glacialis) 221 mm, Chukchi Borderland, as Polar Cod in North America. 2009. Photograph by C.W. Mecklenburg, Point Stephens Colloquial Name: None within U.S. Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. Research. Ecological Role: The ecological role of the species in marine ecosystems of the U.S. Chukchi and Beaufort Seas is not as significant as Polar and Saffron Cod. Physical Description/Attributes: An olive brown to bluish gray cod with darker fins and head. For specific diagnostic characteristics, see Fishes of Alaska (Mecklenburg and others, 2002, p. 291–292) [2]. Swim bladder: Present; no otophysic connection [2]. Antifreeze glycoproteins in blood serum: Unknown. Range: U.S. Beaufort [2] and Chukchi Sea [3, 4]. Worldwide, circumpolar, northward to at least 81°41’N; Arctic Canada south to southern tip of Greenland, east through Barents Sea to East Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea [2–4]. 184 Alaska Arctic Marine Fish Ecology Catalog Relative Abundance: Rare in U.S. Beaufort Sea (two specimens captured north of Point Barrow) [2] and Chukchi Sea (one specimen found on beach at Wainwright) [4].Abundant to at least as far eastward to deep waters off Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula and off Capes Bathurst and Parry, Canada [6–8]. Ice Cod Arctogadus glacialis 170°E 180° 170°W 160°W 150°W 140°W 130°W 120°W 110°W 200 76°N Victoria Island ARCTIC OCEAN Banks 200 Island 74°N 200 50 NUNAVUT 72°N ea 200 Wrangel w S o n t r o for Island r y au a n Be B a 50 50 Hanna C Shoal NORTHWEST 70°N Chu TERRITORIES kchi Sea Point M R Kaktovik ac k Barrow Harrison Prudhoe Mackenzie enz a ie Bay Bay l River Delta u River Point Lay h UNITED STATES a er l Riv CANADA 68°N Colville u E H G Point Hope N A R O K S B R O r t ve 66°N i Ri YUKON a n r ALASKA o t k RUSSIA S u Y 50 g Kotzebue n 50 i Sound Arctic EXPLANATION 64°N r Nome e N Ocean B ort Geographic distribution on Sound St Lawrence RUSSIA CANADA Chukchi-Beaufort lease area Island UNITED STATES U.S. Exclusive EconomicBRITISH 62°N COLUMBIA B Zone (200-mile limit) ering Pacific Depth of water, in meters Sea Ocean 50 Base modified from USGS and other digital data. U.S.-Russia Maritime Boundary follows the 050 100 200 MILES EEZ/200-mile limit line, western edge. Coordinate reference system: projection, Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area; latitude of origin, 75.0°; horizontal datum, North American Datum of 1983. 0 50 100 200 KILOMETERS Geographic distribution within Arctic Outer Continental Shelf planning areas [5] of Ice Cod (Arctogadus glacialis) based on review of published literature and specimens from historical and recent collections [3, 4]. tac14-5222_fig3-5-1m_Arctogadus_glacialis Ice Cod 185 Depth Range: 5–930 m, on continental shelf and upper slope [1, 2]. Highest abundance is found off Europe at 300–400 m [9]. In northeast Greenland fjords, abundant at 120–575 m [10]. Eggs and larvae are pelagic [11] but specific depths unknown. Arctogadus glacialis Ice Cod Benthic distribution Reproductive distribution Open ocean Shore Open ocean Shore 0 0 Adults and juveniles Eggs and larvae 200 200 400 400 600 600 Depth, in meters Depth, in meters Overall benthic depth range. Depth range of spawning is uncertain. Specific depth range of either Potential location is based on depth juveniles or adults is unknown Spawning range of adults 800 800 Some fish to 825 m 1000 Data from outside U.S. Beaufort-Chukchi Seas 1000 Data from outside U.S. Beaufort-Chukchi Seas Benthic and reproductive distribution of Ice Cod (Arctogadus glacialis). Habitats and Life History Eggs—Size: Unknown. Time to hatching: Unknown. Size: Unknown. Habitat: Pelagic [11]. Larvae—Size at hatching: Unknown. Size at juvenile transformation: Unknown. Days to juvenile transformation: Unknown. Habitat: Pelagic [11]. Juveniles—Age and size: Unknown. Habitat: Cryopelagic and benthic [9]. Adults—Age and size at first maturity: Unknown. Females 25–26 cm long (TL) have been found with ripening gonads [12]. Maximum age: At least 11 years [13]. Maximum size: 60 cm TL [2] and 1.2 kg [12]. Habitat: Nearshore to well offshore [4, 8, 14]. Cryopelagic and benthic [5], throughout the water column (including near the seafloor) as well as under ice and within ice cracks [10, 15, 16]. Substrate—Unknown. Physical/chemical—Temperature: -1.7 to about 4 °C [10], may prefer temperatures of about 1 °C or less [1, 10]. Salinity: Marine, estuarine, and occasionally fresh waters from near the coast to well offshore [8, 14]. Ice dependence—Although characterized as an ice-associate, also found well away from ice, sometimes in large numbers [10, 17]. Behavior Diel—Unknown. Seasonal—Unknown. Reproductive—Unknown. Schooling—Forms schools [2]. Feeding—Opportunistic pelagic feeder [9]. Populations or Stocks There have been no studies. Reproduction mode Mode—Oviparous [11]. Spawning season—Ripe fish were observed in October and during the summer in the EuropeanArctic [9, 10]. Fecundity—Unknown. 3-5-1_IceCod 186 Alaska Arctic Marine Fish Ecology Catalog Food and Feeding Food items—Crustaceans (for example, mysids, copepods, and amphipods), fishes, and polychaetes comprise much of the diet of this species. Fishes assume a greater part of the diet in larger cod [15, 18, 19]. Trophic level—3.82 (standard error 0.61) [20]. Biological Interactions Predators—Commonly, bearded seals and narwhals in the Canadian Arctic [21, 22]. Competitors—Unknown. Resilience Medium, minimum population doubling time: 1.4–4.4 years (Preliminary K or Fecundity) [20]. 1980 1990 2000 2010 Traditional and Cultural Importance None reported. Form only a small part of the subsistence fisheries in the CanadianArctic [8]. Commercially fished for fishmeal and oil in Norway, Greenland and northern Siberia [23]. Commercial Fisheries Currently, Ice Cod are not commercially harvested. Potential Effects of Climate Change Unknown. Areas for Future Research [B] Little is known about the ecology and life history of this species. Although information should improve with increased sampling, the role of this species in the gadid assemblage and how this might change with global warming is of research interest. Spawning areas and other important habitats remain to be described. Ice Cod 187 References Cited Aschan, M., Karamushko, O.V., Byrkjedal, I., Wienerroither, R., Borkin, I.V., and Christiansen, J.S., 2009, Records of the gadoid fish Arctogadus glacialis (Peters, 1874) in the European Arctic: Polar Biology, v. 32, no. 7, p. 963–970. [9] Christiansen, J.S., ed., 2003, TUNU-1 Expedition—The fish fauna of the NE Greenland fjord systems—Technical report: Tromsø, Norway, University of Tromsø, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Institute of Aquatic Resources, 33 p. [10] Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., and Thorsteinson, L.K., 2002, Fishes of Alaska: Bethesda, Maryland, American Fisheries Society, 1,116 p. [2] Mecklenburg, C.W., Møller, P.R., and Steinke, D., 2011, Biodiversity of Arctic marine fishes—Taxonomy and zoogeography: Marine Biodiversity, v. 41, no. 1, p. 109–140, Online Resource 1. [3] Stewart, D.B., Ratynski, R.A., Bernier, L.M.J., and Ramsey, D.J., 1993, A fishery development strategy for the Canadian Beaufort Sea-Amundsen Gulf area: Canadian Technical Report Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1910, 135 p. [8] Bibliography 1. Jordan, A.D., Møller, P.R., and Nielsen, J.G., 2003, Revision of the Arctic cod genus Arctogadus: Journal of Fish Biology, v. 62, no. 6, p. 1,339–1,352. 2. Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., and Thorsteinson, L.K., 2002, Fishes of Alaska: Bethesda, Maryland, American Fisheries Society, 1,116 p. 3. Mecklenburg, C.W., Møller, P.R., and Steinke, D., 2011, Biodiversity of Arctic marine fishes—Taxonomy and zoogeography: Marine Biodiversity, v. 41, no. 1, p. 109–140, Online Resource 1. 4. Mecklenburg, C.W., Mecklenburg, T.A., Sheiko, B.A., and Steinke, D., 2016, Pacific Arctic marine fishes: Akureyri, Iceland, Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, Monitoring Series Report No. 23, 406 p., accessed May 10, 2016, at http://caff.is/monitoring-series/370-pacific-arcticmarine-fishes. 5. Minerals Management Service, 2008, Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea planning areas—Oil and Gas Lease Sales 209, 212, 217, and 221: U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service Alaska OCS Region, OCS EIS/EA, MMS 2008-0055, 538 p. 6. Byers, S.C., and Kashino, R.K., 1980, Survey of fish populations in Kugmallit Bay andT uktoyaktuk Harbour, Northwest Territories: Dobrocky Seatech Limited Ocean Services for Dome Petroleum Limited, Calgary, Alberta, 20 p. 7. Arctic Laboratories Limited, 1987, Beaufort Ocean dumpsite characterization: Prepared for Environment Protection, Conservation and Protection, Environment Canada, Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, by Arctic Laboratories Limited and LGL Limited, 135 p. 8. Stewart, D.B., Ratynski, R.A., Bernier, L.M.J., and Ramsey, D.J., 1993, A fishery development strategy for the Canadian Beaufort Sea-Amundsen Gulf area: Canadian Technical Report Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 1910, 135 p. 9. Aschan, M., Karamushko, O.V., Byrkjedal, I., Wienerroither, R., Borkin, I.V., and Christiansen, J.S., 2009, Records of the gadoid fish Arctogadus glacialis (Peters, 1874) in the European Arctic: Polar Biology, v. 32, no. 7, p. 963–970. 10. Christiansen, J.S., ed., 2003, TUNU-1 Expedition—The fish fauna of the NE Greenland fjord systems—Technical report: Tromsø, Norway, University of Tromsø, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, Institute of Aquatic Resources, 33 p.
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  • Biodiversity of Arctic Marine Fishes: Taxonomy and Zoogeography

    Biodiversity of Arctic Marine Fishes: Taxonomy and Zoogeography

    Mar Biodiv DOI 10.1007/s12526-010-0070-z ARCTIC OCEAN DIVERSITY SYNTHESIS Biodiversity of arctic marine fishes: taxonomy and zoogeography Catherine W. Mecklenburg & Peter Rask Møller & Dirk Steinke Received: 3 June 2010 /Revised: 23 September 2010 /Accepted: 1 November 2010 # Senckenberg, Gesellschaft für Naturforschung and Springer 2010 Abstract Taxonomic and distributional information on each Six families in Cottoidei with 72 species and five in fish species found in arctic marine waters is reviewed, and a Zoarcoidei with 55 species account for more than half list of families and species with commentary on distributional (52.5%) the species. This study produced CO1 sequences for records is presented. The list incorporates results from 106 of the 242 species. Sequence variability in the barcode examination of museum collections of arctic marine fishes region permits discrimination of all species. The average dating back to the 1830s. It also incorporates results from sequence variation within species was 0.3% (range 0–3.5%), DNA barcoding, used to complement morphological charac- while the average genetic distance between congeners was ters in evaluating problematic taxa and to assist in identifica- 4.7% (range 3.7–13.3%). The CO1 sequences support tion of specimens collected in recent expeditions. Barcoding taxonomic separation of some species, such as Osmerus results are depicted in a neighbor-joining tree of 880 CO1 dentex and O. mordax and Liparis bathyarcticus and L. (cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene) sequences distributed among gibbus; and synonymy of others, like Myoxocephalus 165 species from the arctic region and adjacent waters, and verrucosus in M. scorpius and Gymnelus knipowitschi in discussed in the family reviews.