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The Influence of Spinosad and Azadirachtin on Beneficial Fauna Naturally Occurring on Cabbage Crops

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The Influence of Spinosad and Azadirachtin on Beneficial Fauna Naturally Occurring on Cabbage Crops 2008 vol. 69, 115-124 DOI: 10.2478/v10032-008-0026-z ________________________________________________________________________________________ THE INFLUENCE OF SPINOSAD AND AZADIRACHTIN ON BENEFICIAL FAUNA NATURALLY OCCURRING ON CABBAGE CROPS Bożenna NAWROCKA Reaserch Institute of Vegetable Crops Konstytucji 3 maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland Received: August 27, 2008; Accepted: December 3, 2008 Summary The influence of spinosad (SpinTor 480 SC) and azadirachtin (Neem Azal T/S) on beneficial fauna naturally occurring on cabbage crops was evaluated in field experiments conducted in years 2004-2006. The insecticides were applied as a plant spray in field recommended dosages i.e. 96 g of active ingredient (a.i.) per ha for spinosad and 24 ml a.i. per ha for azadirachtin. The effect of direct contact of larva or adult of Coccinellidae ssp., Syrphidae spp. and Chrysopidae ssp. and the percentage of cabbage aphid parasited by Diaeretiella rapae M’Intosh with residues on leaves were observed on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day after treatment. The results obtained in conducted experiments indicated that there was no influence of two tested insecticides on the reduction of above mentioned groups of predators and parasite. The number of beneficial fauna occurring on treated cabbage plants was similar to those present on control plots. key words: harmfulness, beneficial fauna, cabbage, spinosad, azadirachtin INTRODUCTION In Poland, the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae L. is one of the most important insect pest damaging cabbage crops. Very important role in keeping cabbage aphid population at low level plays beneficial fauna, in particular: parasitic hymenoptera - Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) and other predatory insects belonging to Syrphidae, Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae family. Their presence on cabbage plants is a very important part of cabbage aphid integrated control method (Nawrocka 1972). Another very important group of pests causing damage to cabbage crops are caterpillars. Since 2007, spinosad at 96 g of a.i. per ha is registered in Poland in cabbage crops protection against caterpillars of Pieris rapae L., P. brassicae L., Plutella xylostella L. and Mamestra brassicae L. Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] © Copyright by RIVC 116 VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 69 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Above mentioned product is naturally derived insecticide classified as environmentally and toxicologically risk reduced material. However, in the same time laboratory experiment indicated their toxic effect on some beneficial insects, especially parasites (Williams et al. 2003). The approach to improve the pest management, especially in the direction of integrated biological and chemical methods is to include the impact of natural enemies and insecticides. Therefore the knowledge of the effects of insecticides on beneficial species for particular crops is very important. According to a document ”A method to measure the environmental impact of pesticides. Table 2” elaborated by Cornell University, spintor and azadirachtin are both situated close to Bacillus thuringieniss, as very selective biological insecticides which can be used in the IPM programme (Kovach et al. 1992). Also “Spinosad Technical Bulletin” classifies spinosad as a safe for beneficial fauna product. In 2003 Wiliams et al., achieved the available information on the impact of spinosad on natural enemies and classified mortality responses to spinosad using the IOBC laboratory and field scales that run from 1 (harmless) to 4 (harmful). They concealed that general parasitoids are very susceptible to spinosad whereas for most predators it is classified as harmless. They pointed that all studies agree that spinosad residues degrade quickly in the field, with little residual toxicity at 3-7 days post-application. The aim of this study was to find out if foliar application of these insecticides under field conditions have any side effect on naturally appearing beneficial fauna. MATERIAL AND METHODS The field experiments on foliar spray of white cabbage were conducted to estimate the influence of two reduced risk insecticides on main species of naturally appearing beneficial insects. These experiments were carried out from 2004 till 2006 on the experimental fields at the Research Institute of Vegetable Crops in Skierniewice. The following treatments: spinosad 96 g a.i per ha (as a Spintor 480 SC - 0.2 L·ha-1), azadirachtin 24 ml a.i. per ha (as a NeemAzal T/S – 2.4 L·ha-1) and the control (untreated plants) were investigated. The influence of those insecticides on predatory insects belonging to: Syrphidae, Coccinellidae and Chrysopidae families and on parasite - Diaeretiella rapae (M'Intosh) (Braconidae: Aphidiinae) was observed. Each plot dimension was 3.0 x 3.5 m and the three treatments were replicated five times in a replicated plot design. The cabbage plants were transplanted at the first week of June each year. Thirty five plants were planted on each plot. Treatments were applied when cabbage aphid population was established on cabbage plants (25% of plants were infested). To determine the influence of various treatments on beneficial fauna, each plant on each plot was examined carefully and the number of observed developmental stages of each of beneficial groups was recorded. The B. NAWROCKA – THE INFLUENCE OF SPINOSAD AND ... 117 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ observations were carried out one day before treatment and later on the 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day after treatment. Statistical calculations were performed using Newman-Keuls test at P=0.05 level, in accordance with EPPO standards (2004). RESULTS The results of three years’ experiments do not reveal any toxic effect of tested insecticides on examined beneficial fauna. Spinosad and azadirachtin were applied at the recommended doses and the experiments were carried out under field conditions. During two years of tests the number of Coccinellidae larvae (Fig. 1 & 2) and the number of Coccinellidae beetles (Fig. 3 & 4) was not significantly different on plants treated with tested insecticides and on untreated control plants. Very similar results - no significant differences in the appearance of Syrphidae ssp. larvae in cabbage aphid colonies on cabbage ( Fig. 5 & 6) and on cauliflower plants (Fig. 11 & 12) between treated and untreated plants, were observd in all conducted trials. The number of Chrysoperla sp. eggs laid on cabbage plants treated with spinosad, azadirachtin and on untreated plants was not statistically different (Fig. 7 & 8). Also the percentage of cabbage aphids parasitized by Diaeretiella rapae did not indicate any harmful effect of tested insecticides in field experiments (Fig. 9 & 10). Note: Newman-Keuls test, the mean numbers betwen treatmens are not significantly different at P=0.05 Fig. 1. The influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on the number of Coccinellidae ssp. larvae on white head cabbage. Field experiment, Skierniewice 2004. 118 VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 69 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: see Fig. 1 Fig. 2. The influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on the number of Coccinellidae ssp. larvae on white head cabbage. Field experiment, Skierniewice 2005. Note: see Fig. 1 Fig. 3. The influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on the number of Coccinellidae ssp. beatles on white head cabbage. Field experiment, Skierniewice 2004. Note: see Fig. 1 Fig. 4. The influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on the number of Coccinellidae spp. beatles on white head cabbage. Field experiment, Skierniewice 2005. B. NAWROCKA – THE INFLUENCE OF SPINOSAD AND ... 119 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: see Fig. 1 Fig. 5. Influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on the number of Syrphidae ssp. larvae on white head cabbage. Field experiment, Skierniewice 2004. Note: see Fig. 1 Fig. 6. Influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on the number of Syrphidae ssp. larvae on white head cabbage. Field experiment, Skierniewice 2005. Note: see Fig. 1 Fig. 7. Influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on the number o eggs laid on white head cabbage by Chrisopidae ssp. Field experiment, Skierniewice 2004. 120 VEGETABLE CROPS RESEARCH BULLETIN 69 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: see Fig. 1 Fig. 8. Influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on the number of eggs laid on white head cabbage by Chrysopidae ssp. Field experiment, Skierniewice 2006. Note: see Fig. 1 Fig. 9. Influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on percentage of cabbage aphids parasite by Diaeratella rapae M'Intosh. Field experiment, Skierniewic 2004. Note: see Fig. 1 Fig. 10. Influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on percentage of cabbage aphids parasited by Diaeratella rapae M'Intosh. Field experiment, Skierniewic 2006 B. NAWROCKA – THE INFLUENCE OF SPINOSAD AND ... 121 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: see Fig. 1 Fig. 11. Influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on the number of Syrphidae ssp. larvae on cauliflower. Field experiment, Skierniewice 2005. Note: see Fig. 1 Fig. 12. Influence of spinosad and azadirachtin on the number of Syrphidae ssp. larvae on cauliflower. Field experiment, Skierniewice 2006.
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