DOCSLIB.ORG

"Ideology" In: the Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements Online

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ideology psychology; emergence and interaction; action and strategy; and social order and structure. COLIN J. BECK Ideology is an important aspect of social and IDEOLOGY AS COGNITION AND SOCIAL political movements. The most basic and com- PSYCHOLOGY monly held view of ideology is that it is a system of multiple beliefs, ideas, values, principles, One of the most prominent approaches to ide- ethic, morals, goals, and so on, that overlap, ology has been to stress it as a cognitive or social shape, and reinforce one another. In Swidler’s psychological process. Since ideology is held to (1986: 279) influential terms, ideology is “a provide a systematization and articulation of highly articulated, self-conscious belief and rit- underlying beliefs, it can be said that ideology ual system, aspiring to offer a unified answer to is one method that actors use to make sense problems of social action.” of the social world. Thus, ideology differs from Ideology is often an implicit and assumed culture in that it is a “tool kit” (Swidler 1986) of feature of movements. Without an ideology hermeneutic, interpretative, and sense-making that articulates and identifies a mobilization’s strategies. Rather than being mere ideas, ide- beliefs and goals, it would be difficult to speak ology is distinguished by its active use and its of this as a movement at all. Rather, collective import for shaping and creating certain types of action without ideology would appear disorga- action. This process is theorized to occur most nized and temporary. In contrast, movements crucially when pre-existing cognitive strategies are generally held to be relatively organized and and normative routines are stressed by new relatively sustained over a period of time. Ide- realities. From this view, ideology may have ology can be one such feature of organization its most important role during unsettled times, and a marker of sustained collective action. akin to theories of social strain that featured so There is little consensus of how ideology prominently in collective behavior approaches can be best conceptualized or empirically to movements. researched. This may be due to the implicit, Beyond the level of individual cognition, but understudied, assumption of ideology ideology also exists in social psychological as a feature of movements or perhaps the approaches to movements. Ideology is not just legacy, particularly in Marxist thought, of a rational sense-making strategy for an indi- the pejorative use of the term (see Oliver vidual. Rather, ideology is distinguished by & Johnston 2000). Yet, since the broad its social feature – its systematization is usu- “cultural turn” of the latter twentieth century, ally shared by multiple actors and is thus particularly through the framing and new a feature of groups more so than individu- social movements approaches, ideology has als. In fact, commonly held systems of beliefs re-entered the study of collective action. This and values, that is, ideologies, provide mean- has yielded common recognition of ideol- ing and identity for movement participants ogy’s import for understanding movements, as stressed by new social movement theorists. numerous conceptualizations, and prominent Many identity statements are actually state- debates (e.g., Sewell 1985 and Skocpol 1985; ments of ideological affiliation, for example, Oliver & Johnston 2000 and Snow & Benford Marxists who follow Marxism, environmen- 2000; Zald 2000, Diani 2000, and Klandermans talists who subscribe to environmentalism, 2000). Four primary perspectives on ideology feminists who identify with feminism, and so are outlined below: cognition and social on. Thus, ideology can be seen as more than The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Social and Political Movements, Edited by David A. Snow, Donatella della Porta, Bert Klandermans, and Doug McAdam. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2013 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/9781405198431.wbespm106 2 ideology just a cognitive tool that suggests actions or ideological appeals and repartees. Emphasis on beliefs for an individual; it is also a shared the emergent and interactional side of ideology social psychological process that can create is most prominent in studies of revolutionary group affiliations and help stitch together a movements (e.g., Goldstone 1991; Moaddel movement of like-minded actors. In short, ide- 1992), perhaps because revolutions seem to be ology plays a role in both individual and group times of confusion where prior actions and understandings, actions, and formation. beliefs are challenged and new ways of doing and understandings are formed (Sewell 1985; Kurzman 2004). IDEOLOGY AS EMERGENCE AND INTERACTION IDEOLOGY AS ACTION AND STRATEGY If ideology is the cognitive and social psy- As ideology has interactional dynamics and can chological scaffold on which shared beliefs, be a form of activated culture, a third perspec- actions, and identities are built, then another tive has emphasized how ideologies inform col- approach is to consider how this scaffold is lective action’s tactics and goals, link supporters constructed. Rather than being inherited in a to movements, and are strategically employed complete and stable form by actors, ideology in mobilization. The primary example of this is used and, in being used, created and recre- approach is found in the framing literature ated. In other words, ideology can be emergent on movements (see Benford & Snow 2000). during periods of mobilization and shaped by Framing focuses on the construction of mean- the interactions of movements’ leaderships and ing by actors and how through the rhetorical participants, and even movement exogenous use of particular meanings, “frames,” move- actors. Thus, the assumption of a coherent and ments mobilize and transform society. From stable nature of ideology can be problematized the perspective of ideology, frames are crucial (Snow 2004). to the extent that they resonate with actors (as In early stages of mobilization, movements suggested by a social psychological approach) are often riven by ideological debates as move- and articulate, amplify, and transform existing ment goals and strategies are crafted. In later beliefs and values (as suggested by an inter- stages of a movement’s life, ideological debates actional approach) in a strategic manner that are again often prominent as successes and furthers a movement’s goals. An important failures challenge prior settlements of tactics part of this process is the existence of “master and objectives. Thus, one strategy has been to frames” that are broad enough value and belief analyze how ideologies emerge and the role systems that multiple meanings and instantia- of leaderships and intellectuals in crafting ide- tions can thrive under their aegis. For example, ologies. For example, Wuthnow (1985) exam- discourse and belief in civil rights has extended ines the role of “discursive communities” in beyond a race-based notion to encompass the shaping sixteenth-century Protestant theology, rights of numerous other marginalized groups. eighteenth-century Enlightenment principles, Ideology thus may suggest particular frames, and nineteenth-century socialism, all of which but a unidirectional link should not be assumed became important ideological bases for social (Snow 2004). and political movements. The framing perspective on movements has Ideology is also often held to be created by been criticized for only describing intentional the interactions of movement actors, publics, and strategic use of ideology, rather than being countermovements, and authorities. A primary a distinct process (Oliver & Johnston 2000; emphasis in this perspective is on the discursive Westby 2002). Framing may also be dynamic as side of ideology, seeing it as heavily shaped, well as strategic, transformed through discur- and even created by, ongoing and iterative sion (see Steinberg 1998). In particular, master ideology 3 frames may be considered as systems of beliefs and rules that govern the action of using them. and values, that is to say ideology, present Thus, all institutions and orders have an ele- outside of a movement’s use of them. Thus, ment of ideology in the schemas that are used another ideology as action perspective has been to interpret resources (Sewell 1992). In short, to emphasize how ideological forces enable “Ideology, then, should be conceived in struc- and constrain all collective action, even outside tural terms” (Sewell 1985: 60). of the strategic and constructivist process of In the context of movements, a focus is framing. Zald (2000), in particular, proposes on how the ideological properties of exist- that consideration of “ideologically structured ing structures and institutions inform collec- action” is a broad and fruitful area for research tive action. These beliefs, principles, values, on movements. In this view, the historic and and so on, may inform the repertoires of stable nature of ideology is stressed. Rather than movements – particular forms of action and being primarily emergent and interactional, strategy are deemed more or less legitimate at belief systems are held to be more permanent different times. Further, the goals and discur- properties of society. sive appeals of movements are likely shaped by the ideological orientation of the society in which they occur. And the cognitive and social IDEOLOGY AS SOCIAL ORDER psychological resonance and utility of particu- AND STRUCTURE lar systematized beliefs are heavily dependent on prior cognitions and psychology
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Libertarianism, Culture, and Personal Predispositions
    Undergraduate Journal of Psychology 22 Libertarianism, Culture, and Personal Predispositions Ida Hepsø, Scarlet Hernandez, Shir Offsey, & Katherine White ​ Kennesaw​ State University Abstract The United States has exhibited two potentially connected trends – increasing individualism and increasing interest in libertarian ideology. Previous research on libertarian ideology found higher levels of individualism among libertarians, and cross-cultural research has tied greater individualism to making dispositional attributions and lower altruistic tendencies. Given this, we expected to observe positive correlations between the following variables in the present research: individualism and endorsement of libertarianism, individualism and dispositional attributions, and endorsement of libertarianism and dispositional attributions. We also expected to observe negative correlations between libertarianism and altruism, dispositional attributions and altruism, and individualism and altruism. Survey results from 252 participants confirmed a positive correlation between individualism and libertarianism, a marginally significant positive correlation between libertarianism and dispositional attributions, and a negative correlation between individualism and altruism. These results confirm the connection between libertarianism and individualism observed in previous research and present several intriguing questions for future research on libertarian ideology. Key Words: Libertarianism, individualism, altruism, attributions individualistic, made apparent
    [Show full text]
  • Reflections on Social Norms and Human Rights
    The Psychology of Social Norms and the Promotion of Human Rights Deborah A. Prentice Princeton University Chapter to appear in R. Goodman, D. Jinks, & A. K. Woods (Eds.), Understanding social action, promoting human rights. New York: Oxford University Press. This chapter was written while I was Visiting Faculty in the School of Social Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ. I would like to thank Jeremy Adelman, JoAnne Gowa, Bob Keohane, Eric Maskin, Dale Miller, Catherine Ross, Teemu Ruskola, Rick Shweder, and Eric Weitz for helpful discussions and comments on earlier drafts of the chapter. Please direct correspondence to: Deborah Prentice Department of Psychology Princeton University Green Hall Princeton, NJ 08540 [email protected] 1 Promoting human rights means changing behavior: Changing the behavior of governments that mistreat suspected criminals, opponents of their policies, supporters of their political rivals, and members of particular gender, ethnic, or religious groups; changing the behavior of corporations that mistreat their workers, damage the environment, and produce unsafe products; and changing the behavior of citizens who mistreat their spouses, children, and neighbors. In this chapter, I consider what an understanding of how social norms function psychologically has to contribute to this very worthy project. Social norms have proven to be an effective mechanism for changing health-related and environmental behaviors, so there is good reason to think that they might be helpful in the human-rights domain as well. In the social sciences, social norms are defined as socially shared and enforced attitudes specifying what to do and what not to do in a given situation (see Elster, 1990; Sunstein, 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Addressing Fundamentalism by Legal and Spiritual Means
    H UMAN R IGHTS & H UMAN W ELFARE Addressing Fundamentalism by Legal and Spiritual Means By Dan Wessner Religion and Humane Global Governance by Richard A. Falk. New York: Palgrave, 2001. 191 pp. Gender and Human Rights in Islam and International Law: Equal before Allah, Unequal before Man? by Shaheen Sardar Ali. The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000. 358 pp. Religious Fundamentalisms and the Human Rights of Women edited by Courtney W. Howland. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1999. 326 pp. The Islamic Quest for Democracy, Pluralism, and Human Rights by Ahmad S. Moussalli. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. 226 pp. The post-Cold War era stands at a crossroads. Some sort of new world order or disorder is under construction. Our choice to move more toward multilateralism or unilateralism is informed well by inter-religious debate and international law. Both disciplines rightly challenge the “post- Enlightenment divide between religion and politics,” and reinvigorate a spiritual-legal dialogue once thought to be “irrelevant or substandard” (Falk: 1-8, 101). These disciplines can dissemble illusory walls between spiritual/sacred and material/modernist concerns, between realpolitik interests and ethical judgment (Kung 1998: 66). They place praxis and war-peace issues firmly in the context of a suffering humanity and world. Both warn as to how fundamentalism may subjugate peace and security to a demagogic, uncompromising quest. These disciplines also nurture a community of speech that continues to find its voice even as others resort to war. The four books considered in this essay respond to the rush and risk of unnecessary conflict wrought by fundamentalists.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloadhs4016 Social Movements
    COURSE OUTLINE Course Code / Title : HS4016 Social Movements Pre-requisites : HS1001 Person and Society HS2001 Classical Social Theory HS2002 Doing Social Research HS3001 Contemporary Social Theory HS3002 Understanding Social Statistics No. of AUs. : 4 Contact Hours : 52 Course Aims From revolutionary movements that overthrew regimes, to women’s movements that have radically altered and continue to challenge gender norms, to contemporary environmental and labor movements that shape the ways governments and businesses behave, social movements have been and continue to be major forces in human history. They account for why power relations are organized in particular ways in given contexts; they shape group identities and boundaries; and they help us understand the limitations and possibilities of social change in our own times and contexts. This course serves as an introduction to the vast and rich research in sociology on this important subject. We will explore social movements through a sociological lens, asking: what are the conditions for their emergence? What are social movement organizations’ and activists’ tactics and strategies, and how do these come about? How do social movements shape the worlds in which we live? Intended Learning Outcomes (ILO) By the end of the course, you should be able to: 1. Discuss the diversity of social movements past and present 2. Evaluate the different ways sociologists have approached the study of social movements 3. Describe the key theories that account for social movements 4. Articulate connections
    [Show full text]
  • Centennial Bibliography on the History of American Sociology
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Sociology Department, Faculty Publications Sociology, Department of 2005 Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology Michael R. Hill [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, and the Social Psychology and Interaction Commons Hill, Michael R., "Centennial Bibliography On The iH story Of American Sociology" (2005). Sociology Department, Faculty Publications. 348. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/sociologyfacpub/348 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Sociology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Department, Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Hill, Michael R., (Compiler). 2005. Centennial Bibliography of the History of American Sociology. Washington, DC: American Sociological Association. CENTENNIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN SOCIOLOGY Compiled by MICHAEL R. HILL Editor, Sociological Origins In consultation with the Centennial Bibliography Committee of the American Sociological Association Section on the History of Sociology: Brian P. Conway, Michael R. Hill (co-chair), Susan Hoecker-Drysdale (ex-officio), Jack Nusan Porter (co-chair), Pamela A. Roby, Kathleen Slobin, and Roberta Spalter-Roth. © 2005 American Sociological Association Washington, DC TABLE OF CONTENTS Note: Each part is separately paginated, with the number of pages in each part as indicated below in square brackets. The total page count for the entire file is 224 pages. To navigate within the document, please use navigation arrows and the Bookmark feature provided by Adobe Acrobat Reader.® Users may search this document by utilizing the “Find” command (typically located under the “Edit” tab on the Adobe Acrobat toolbar).
    [Show full text]
  • A Critical Ideological Analysis of Mass Mediated Language
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 8-2006 Democracy, Hegemony, and Consent: A Critical Ideological Analysis of Mass Mediated Language Michael Alan Glassco Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Mass Communication Commons Recommended Citation Glassco, Michael Alan, "Democracy, Hegemony, and Consent: A Critical Ideological Analysis of Mass Mediated Language" (2006). Master's Theses. 4187. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/4187 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEMOCRACY, HEGEMONY, AND CONSENT: A CRITICAL IDEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MASS MEDIA TED LANGUAGE by Michael Alan Glassco A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College in partial fulfillment'of the requirements for the Degreeof Master of Arts School of Communication WesternMichigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan August 2006 © 2006 Michael Alan Glassco· DEMOCRACY,HEGEMONY, AND CONSENT: A CRITICAL IDEOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MASS MEDIATED LANGUAGE Michael Alan Glassco, M.A. WesternMichigan University, 2006 Accepting and incorporating mediated political discourse into our everyday lives without conscious attention to the language used perpetuates the underlying ideological assumptions of power guiding such discourse. The consequences of such overreaching power are manifestin the public sphere as a hegemonic system in which freemarket capitalism is portrayed as democratic and necessaryto serve the needs of the public. This thesis focusesspecifically on two versions of the Society of ProfessionalJournalist Codes of Ethics 1987 and 1996, thought to influencethe output of news organizations.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Ideology Chapter 9: Political Ideology|183
    CHAPTER 9: Political Ideology Chapter 9: Political Ideology|183 "Aconservativeisaman withtwoperfectlygood legswho,however,has neverlearnedhowto walkforward." FranklinDelano Roosevelt, 32ndPresidentofthe UnitedStates “Thetroublewithour liberalfriendsisnotthat theyareignorant,but thattheyknowsomuch thatisn'tso.” 9.0 | What’s in a Name? RonaldReagan, 40thPresidentofthe Have you ever been in a discussion, debate, or perhaps even a heated UnitedStates argument about government or politics where one person objected to another person’s claim by saying, “That’s not what I mean by conservative (or liberal)? If so, then join the club. People often have to stop in the middle of a good political discussion when it becomes clear that the participants do not agree on the meanings of the terms that are central to the discussion. This can be the case with ideology because people often use familiar terms such as conservative, liberal, or socialist without agreeing on their meanings. This chapter has three main goals. The first goal is to explain the role ideology plays in modern political systems. The second goal is to define the major American ideologies: conservatism, liberalism, and libertarianism. The primary focus is on modern conservatism and liberalism. The third goal is to explain their role in government and politics. Some attention is also paid to other “isms”—belief systems that have some of the attributes of an ideology—that are relevant to modern American politics such as environmentalism, feminism, terrorism, and fundamentalism. The chapter begins with an examination of ideologies in general. It then examines American conservatism, liberalism, and other belief systems relevant to modern American politics and government. 9.1 | What is an ideology? An ideology is a belief system that consists of a relatively coherent set of ideas, attitudes, or values about government and politics, AND the public policies that are designed to implement the values or achieve the goals.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sociology of Social Movements
    CHAPTER 2 The Sociology of Social Movements CHAPTER OBJECTIVES • Explain the important role of social movements in addressing social problems. • Describe the different types of social movements. • Identify the contrasting sociological explanations for the development and success of social movements. • Outline the stages of development and decline of social movements. • Explain how social movements can change society. 9781442221543_CH02.indd 25 05/02/19 10:10 AM 26 \ CHAPTER 2 AFTER EARNING A BS IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING from Cairo ­University and an MBA in marketing and finance from the American University of Egypt, Wael Ghonim became head of marketing for Google Middle East and North Africa. Although he had a career with Google, Ghonim’s aspiration was to liberate his country from Hosni Mubarak’s dictatorship and bring democracy to Egypt. Wael became a cyber activist and worked on prodemocracy websites. He created a Facebook page in 2010 called “We are all Khaled Said,” named after a young businessman who police dragged from an Internet café and beat to death after Said exposed police corruption online. Through the posting of videos, photos, and news stories, the Facebook page rapidly became one of Egypt’s most popular activist social media outlets, with hundreds of thousands of followers (BBC 2011, 2014; CBS News 2011). An uprising in nearby Tunisia began in December 2010 and forced out its corrupt leader on January 14, 2011. This inspired the thirty-year-old Ghonim to launch Egypt’s own revolution. He requested through the Facebook page that all of his followers tell as many people as possible to stage protests for democracy and against tyranny, corruption, torture, and unemployment on January 25, 2011.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Foundations of Political Ideology 1
    Running head: EVOLUTIONARY FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY 1 The dual evolutionary foundations of political ideology Scott Claessens1 Kyle Fischer1 Ananish Chaudhuri2,3 Chris G. Sibley1 Quentin D. Atkinson1,4 1School of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand 2Department of Economics, University of Auckland, New Zealand 3CESIfo, Poschingerstrasse 5 81679 Munich, Germany 4Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany Corresponding author: Quentin D. Atkinson School of Psychology University of Auckland Auckland, 1010 New Zealand Email: [email protected] ORCID linked to account on Manuscript Tracking System EVOLUTIONARY FOUNDATIONS OF POLITICAL IDEOLOGY 2 1 Abstract 2 What determines our views on taxation and crime, healthcare and religion, welfare and 3 gender roles? And why do opinions about these seemingly disparate aspects of our social 4 lives coalesce the way they do? Research over the last 50 years has suggested that political 5 attitudes and values around the globe are shaped by two ideological dimensions, often 6 referred to as economic and social conservatism. However, it remains unclear why this 7 ideological structure exists. Here, we highlight the striking concordance between these two 8 dimensions of ideology and two key aspects of human sociality: cooperation and group 9 conformity. Humans cooperate to a greater degree than our great ape relatives, paying 10 personal costs to benefit others. Humans also conform to group-wide social norms and punish 11 norm violators in interdependent, culturally marked groups. Together, these two shifts in 12 sociality are posited to have driven the emergence of large-scale complex human societies. 13 We argue that fitness trade-offs and behavioural plasticity have maintained strategic 14 individual differences in both cooperation and group conformity, naturally giving rise to the 15 two dimensions of political ideology.
    [Show full text]
  • Making Sense of State Socialization
    Review of International Studies (2001), 27, 415–433 Copyright © British International Studies Association Making sense of state socialization KAI ALDERSON Abstract. At present, International Relations scholars use the metaphor of ‘state socializ- ation’ in mutually incompatible ways, embarking from very different starting points and arriving at a bewildering variety of destinations. There is no consensus on what state socializ- ation is, who it affects, or how it operates. This article seeks to chart this relatively unmapped concept by defining state socialization, differentiating it from similar concepts, and exploring what the study of state socialization can contribute to important and longstanding theoretical debates in the field of international relations. Introduction Norms are gaining ground in the study of International Relations.1 Not only are they the focus of extensive conceptual and theoretical work, but international norms are increasingly seen as weight-bearing elements of explanatory theories in issue- areas ranging from national security to the study of international organization.2 Regime theory continues to generate an extraordinarily fecund research pro- gramme,3 and its central insight—that relations among competitive sovereign states are shot through with norms of cooperation—links contemporary scholarship to long-standing reflections on the nature of the international.4 Constructivist scholars, for their part, argue that social norms offer a radical alternative to interest- and power-based accounts of international politics.5 1 As readily attested by the contributions to the recent fiftieth anniversary edition of International Organization, 52: 4 (1998). See, in particular, contributions by Peter J. Katzenstein, Robert O. Keohane and Stephen D. Krasner (esp.
    [Show full text]
  • Outlines of Sociology (1898; Reprint 1913)
    Lester F. Ward: Outlines of Sociology (1898; reprint 1913) [i] OUTLINES OF SOCIOLOGY - by Lester F. Ward - (1897; reprint 1913) Page 1 of 313 Lester F. Ward: Outlines of Sociology (1898; reprint 1913) [ii] Page 2 of 313 Lester F. Ward: Outlines of Sociology (1898; reprint 1913) [iii] OUTLINES OF SOCIOLOGY BY LESTER F. WARD AUTHOR OF "DYNAMIC SOCIOLOGY," "THE PSYCHIC FACTORS OF CIVILIZATION," ETC. New York THE MACMILLAN COMPANY LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD. 1913 All rights reserved Page 3 of 313 Lester F. Ward: Outlines of Sociology (1898; reprint 1913) [iv] COPYRIGHT, 1897, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY. --------- Set up and electrotyped January, 1898. Reprinted June, 1899; February, 1904; August, 1909; March, 1913. Norwood Press J. S. Cushing & Co. – Berwick & Smith Norwood Mass. U.S.A. Page 4 of 313 Lester F. Ward: Outlines of Sociology (1898; reprint 1913) [v] To Dr. Albion W. Small THE FIRST TO DRAW ATTENTION TO THE EDUCATIONAL VALUE OF MY SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY THE STANCH DEFENDER OF MY METHOD IN SOCIOLOGY AND TO WHOM THE PRIOR APPEARANCE OF THESE CHAPTERS IS DUE THIS WORK IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED Page 5 of 313 Lester F. Ward: Outlines of Sociology (1898; reprint 1913) [vi] Page 6 of 313 Lester F. Ward: Outlines of Sociology (1898; reprint 1913) [vii] PREFACE This little work has been mainly the outcome of a course of lectures which I delivered at the School of Sociology of the Hartford Society for Education Extension in 1894 and 1895. They were given merely from notes in six lectures the first of these years, and expanded into twelve lectures the following year in substantially their present form.
    [Show full text]
  • SOCY S216 Summer 2019, Session B (July 1 – August 2) Tuesdays and Thursdays, 9:00 - 12:15 AM
    Social Movements SOCY S216 Summer 2019, Session B (July 1 – August 2) Tuesdays and Thursdays, 9:00 - 12:15 AM ** Draft Syllabus, Subject to Change ** Instructor Roger Baumann [email protected] Description This course is about how people act collectively to challenge the status quo of powerful political, social, economic, and cultural systems that resist change. Social movements that challenge such systems vary widely in terms of their group identities, social locations, strategies for action, particular demands, and tactics. In order to better understand social movements, we will begin broadly with some key questions: What are social movements and how do we approach the task of defining them? What tools do we need to analyze how movements work? And how can we appreciate how and why some movements succeed in achieving their goals while others apparently fail? In this intensive 5-week summer course, we will focus on one case study per week, using each case to work through a set of concepts that will help us understand particular social movements and how movements work more generally. We will pay attention to how movements operate both inwardly (oriented towards their own members) and outwardly (oriented towards opponents and others). Our primary empirical focus will be on social movements within the United States, but we will also pay close attention to the ways that collective behavior and protest in the U.S. matters globally. Our study of social movements will move back and forth between abstract concepts and particular case studies. Our primary empirical case studies are: 1) The U.S.
    [Show full text]