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Taxonomia E Distribuição Geográfica Do Complexo Penelope Superciliaris Temminck, 1815 (Aves: Galliformes: Cracidae)

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Taxonomia E Distribuição Geográfica Do Complexo Penelope Superciliaris Temminck, 1815 (Aves: Galliformes: Cracidae) MUSEU DE ZOOLOGIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO Taxonomia e distribuição geográfica do complexo Penelope superciliaris Temminck, 1815 (Aves: Galliformes: Cracidae) OSCAR DIEGO EVANGELISTA VARGAS São Paulo 2017 MUSEU DE ZOOLOGIA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO OSCAR DIEGO EVANGELISTA VARGAS Taxonomia e distribuição geográfica do complexo Penelope superciliaris Temminck, 1815 (Aves: Galliformes: Cracidae) Dissertação apresentada ao programa de Pós-Graduação do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção do título de Mestre em Sistemática, Taxonomia Animal e Biodiversidade Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luís Fábio Silveira São Paulo 2017 Autorização Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. I authorize the reproduction and dissemination of this work in part or entirely by any means electronic or conventional, for study and research, provide the source is cited. Ficha catalográfica Evangelista-Vargas, Oscar Diego Taxonomia e distribuição geográfica do complexo Penelope superciliaris Temminck, 1815 (Aves: Galliformes: Cracidae); orientador Luís Fábio Silveira – São Paulo, SP: 2017. 167 p.; 41 figs; 13 tabs. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Programa de Pós-graduação em Sistemática, Taxonomia Animal e Biodiversidade, Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. 1. Penelope superciliaris, 2. Taxonomia, 3. Cracidae I. Silveira, Luís Fábio. II. Título. Banca Examinadora _________________________ _________________________ Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Instituição: Instituição: Julgamento Julgamento: _________________________ Prof. Dr. Luís Fábio Silveira (Orientador) Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo Para mis padres Leonor y Tomás, por el amor, apoyo y comprensión que me brindan cada día, y Shirley Sujey, mi hermana, a quien tanto admiro. Seguiremos cumpliendo juntos nuestros objetivos. Agradecimentos A presente dissertação é o resultado do meu trabalho de dois anos, tempo no qual tive a ajuda de muitas pessoas e instituições, as quais agradeço em breves palavras. Quero começar por meu orientador, o Prof. Dr. Luís Fábio Silveira, por ter me aberto as portas da Seção de Aves do MZUSP há três anos, ter me ensinado como desenvolver minha pesquisa em ornitologia, e por ter me apresentado uma família de aves tão maravilhosa como são os cracídeos. No lado pessoal, agradeço muito ele por ter acreditado em mim, e por todas as oportunidades que continua me oferecendo. A cada um dos meus companheiros da Seção de Aves do MZUSP, que me apoiaram e motivaram ao longo do desenvolvimento da minha dissertação: Anna Ferraroni, Ana Crestani, Ana Leite, Ariane Campos, Bianca Matinata, Fernanda Bocalini, Diego Cueva, Renata Beco, Sergio Bolívar, Marcelo Felix, Marina Lima, Patrícia Mancini, Cristiane Santos, Aline Corrêa, Natalia Luchetti e Fernando Mamani. As pessoas que passaram pela seção de Aves e que durante sua estancia acrescentaram muito na minha pesquisa com seus comentários: Gustavo Bravo, Glaucia del Rio, Marco Rêgo, Vitor Piacentini e Omar Custodio. A os amigos que tanto admiro e que me motivaram a escrever artigos, agradeço eles porque apesar que estou começando com a produção científica, acreditaram em mim e me motivaram a trabalhar juntos: Fabio Schunck, Vagner Cavarzere e Thiago V. Costa. Agradeço também o Fabio pelas fotos dos espécimes de campo, e Thiago pelas fotos do Field Museum de Chicago. Pessoas que também me apoiaram muito: Rafaela Lumi Vendramel, pela paciência, pelos bons momentos, e pela incrível amizade que cresce cada dia mais; José Serrano, pelas grandes conversas sobre sistemática e taxonomia; Felipe Arantes, obrigado pelo aprendizado no trabalho de campo e a grande amizade; Bret Whitney, pelos comentários acerca do meu grupo de trabalho; e Mariellen C. Costa, agradeço muito o seu apoio nos últimos meses, seus comentários e motivação foram muito importantes para mim. A todos os curadores, técnicos e especialistas que me receberam nas diferentes coleções científicas que visitei: Gustavo Cabanne, Darío Lijtmaer, Pablo Tubaro e Yolanda Davies do Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”; Glayson Bencke do Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul; Alexandre Aleixo e Fátima Lima do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi; Antenor Silva do Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia; Marcos Raposo e Daniel Figueira do Museu Nacional. Agradeço a Jorge Nacinovic do Museu Nacional, por ter me dado o seu livro das Penelope como presente e a longa conversa sobre esse grupo de aves, foi de grande ajuda no desenvolvimento do meu mestrado. Thanks to Sylke Frahnert from the Naturkundemuseum Berlin for providing me photographs of an important specimen, and the other European museums visited by Luís Fábio Silveira who provided me photographs from there. Às pessoas que me abriram as portas das suas casas em algumas das cidades que visitei: Guilmour Rossi e Karolyna Gutierres em Curitiba, e Lisveth Valenzuela em Belém. Grato com os meus amigos com quem morei ao longo de dois anos e que lembro com muito carinho: Tulio Franco, Michel Gianetti e Igor Mourão. Assim como a família Silva: Tatiane, Nicolly e Igor; que sempre foram muitos amáveis comigo. A José Nogueira e Fernando Pinto, que foram de grande ajuda na expedição em Alagoas, viagem que marcou um ponto importante na minha pesquisa. E Fernando Straube que me ajudou com informação histórica de expedições no estado de Paraná. Ao pessoal do Serviço de Apoio Acadêmico do programa de pós-graduação do Museu de Zoologia da USP: Marta Maria Cardeira Grobel, Omair Tizzot Filho e Sonia Favaro de Araujo, assim como a todos os professores e pessoal administrativo da mencionada instituição, por toda a ajuda ao longo do desenvolvimento do meu projeto. Sempre estiveram dispostos a me ajudar frente a qualquer situação. Aos integrantes da minha banca examinadora: Prof. Dr. Mercival Francisco e o Dr, Thiago V. V. Costa, por ter aceitado o convite de participar na banca e por todas as sugestões e melhoras na minha dissertação. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa de estudos outorgada para estudar meu mestrado; al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONCYTEC) con el financiamiento del Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico, Tecnológico e Innovación Tecnológica (FONDECYT), que me apoyó em mi primera visita al MZUSP em el año 2014. Also, I want to thank the non-profit organization IDEA WILD for the support with electronic equipments to continue with my taxonomy and conservation projects, and Mr. Ausverto Placencia for receiving and transporting them. A mi familia entera, que nunca deja de motivarme para seguir cumpliendo mis sueños, comenzando por mis padres con su eterno amor y cariño, y continuando con mis tías María, Nélida, Aurora, mis tíos Julio y Pedro, Shirley Sujey, Alexei Vincent, María Isabel Leonor, Sofia Fernanda, Daniel Alejandro, Walter Martin, Natali Placencia, Brayan Martin y Silvia Soledad, gracias a todos por siempre estar conmigo a pesar de la distancia, cada uno de ustedes tiene un lugar importante en mi corazón. A Brian, Alfredo y Santiago por la gran amistad de tantos años. Así como a mis compañeros biólogos de muchos años: Jeimi Porras, Ángel Romani, Augusto Franco, Luis Pillaca, Miguel Garcia y Carlos Marcelo. También a mis amigas Claudia Chiong y Cristina Montoya por su apoyo incondicional. A Arturo Carlos por la confianza en los trabajos de campo, y Gabriel Vásquez por las enseñanzas y paciencia en mi constante aprendizaje de la ornitología peruana, así como Orson Mestanza y Gloria Levano que me motivaron a venir a Brasil por primera vez. SUMARIO ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 1 RESUMO ............................................................................................................................... 3 I. INTRODUÇÃO ............................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Ordem Galliformes ...................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Família Cracidae Rafinesque, 1815 ........................................................................... 12 1.3. Gênero Penelope Merrem, 1786 ................................................................................ 15 1.4. Penelope superciliaris ............................................................................................... 18 II. JUSTIFICATIVA ......................................................................................................... 25 III. OBJETIVOS ............................................................................................................... 26 IV. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS ....................................................................................... 27 4.1. Espécimes estudados e coleções científicas ............................................................... 27 4.2. Localidades ................................................................................................................ 28 4.3. Definição de grupos geográficos ............................................................................... 32 4.4. Análises qualitativas .................................................................................................. 34 4.5. Análises quantitativas ...............................................................................................
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