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Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2017 WEATHER CLIMATE WATER CLIMATE WEATHER

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Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2017 WEATHER CLIMATE WATER CLIMATE WEATHER WMO Statement on the State of the Global Climate in 2017 WEATHER CLIMATE WATER CLIMATE WEATHER WMO-No. 1212 WMO-No. 1212 © World Meteorological Organization, 2018 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 P.O. Box 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 81 17 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Email: [email protected] ISBN 978-92-63-11212-5 This publication was issued in collaboration with the African Center of Meteorological Applications for Development (ACMAD), Niger; Regional Climate Centre for the Southern South American Region (RCC-SSA); European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA); Met Office Hadley Centre, United Kingdom; Climatic Research Unit (CRU), University of East Anglia, United Kingdom; Climate Prediction Center (CPC); the National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) and the National Hurricane Center (NHC) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), United States of America; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA GISS), United States; Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC), Germany; National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), United States; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Marine and Atmospheric Research, Australia; Global Snow Lab, Rutgers University, United States; Regional Climate Centre for Regional Association VI, Climate Monitoring, Germany; Beijing Climate Centre, China; Tokyo Climate Centre, Japan; International Research Centre on El Niño (CIIFEN), Ecuador; Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados; Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), Netherlands; Institute on Global Climate and Ecology (IGCE), Russian Federation; All-Russia Research Institute for Hydrometeorological Information-World Data Center (ARIHMI-WDC), Russian Federation; Global Atmospheric Watch Station Information System (GAWSIS), MeteoSwiss, Switzerland; World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG), Japan Meteorological Agency, Japan; World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS), Switzerland; World Ozone and UV Radiation Data Centre (WOUDC), Environment and Climate Change, Canada; Niger Basin Authority, Niger. Other contributors are the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services or equivalent of: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Islamic Republic of, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, United States, Uruguay. Various international organizations and national institutions contributed to this publication, including the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO); Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); International Monetary Fund (IMF); International Organization for Migration (IOM); United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR); United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR); United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), World Food Programme (WFP); World Health Organization (WHO); the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium; the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED); and Munich Re. Cover illustration: Landi Bradshaw Photography NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion what- soever on the part of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed in WMO publications with named authors are those of the authors alone and do not neces- sarily reflect those of WMO or its Members. Contents Foreword 3 Executive summary 4 Key climate indicators 5 Temperature . 5 Greenhouse gases . 7 The Global Carbon Budget . .10 The oceans in 2017 . 11 The cryosphere in 2017 . 13 Major drivers of interannual climate variability in 2017 . 15 Precipitation in 2017. .16 Extreme events . 17 Climate risks and related impacts 29 Agriculture and food security . 29 Health . 32 Population displacement . .32 Economic impacts. .33 Vector-borne diseases: Zika in the Americas . .34 GREENHOUSE GAS CONCENTRATIONS CONTINUE 2017: RISING 2013–2017: WARMEST WARMEST NON-EL NIÑO 5 YEARS YEAR ON RECORD GLOBAL OCEAN HEAT State of the SEA-LEVEL CONTENT AT RISE RECORD Global Climate CONTINUES LEVELS 2017 ARCTIC AND OCEAN ANTARCTIC ACIDIFICATION SEA ICE CONTINUES WELL BELOW AVERAGE AGRICULTURE ACCOUNTED FOR +41 MILLION OF AFFECTED BY ≈26% DAMAGES AND LOSSES FLOODS ASSOCIATED WITH CLIMATE-RELATED IN SOUTH ASIA 2ND YEAR OF DISASTERS Food and Agriculture ≈30% MAJOR Organization of the OF THE WORLD’S United Nations United Nations Office POPULATION FACES for the Coordination of BLEACHING Humanitarian Affairs World Health IN THE GREAT Organization EXTREME BARRIER REEF HEATWAVES Climate risks, Refugees for Commissioner EXCEPTIONALLY High United Nations +892 000 HEAVY RAINS TRIGGERED extreme events DROUGHT DEADLY RELATED LANDSLIDES INTERNAL IN SIERRA LEONE and related DISPLACEMENTS AND COLOMBIA IN SOMALIA impacts MOST 2017 DESTRUCTIVE COSTLY WILDFIRES HURRICANE AROUND THE SEASON ON RECORD WORLD 2 Foreword For the past 25 years, the World Meteorological El Niño event, and one of the three warmest Organization (WMO) has published an annual years behind the record-setting 2016. The Statement on the State of the Global Climate world’s nine warmest years have all occurred in order to provide authoritative scientific since 2005, and the five warmest since 2010. information about the global climate and significant weather and climate events Extreme weather claimed lives and destroyed occurring around the world. As we mark the livelihoods in many countries in 2017. Fuelled 25th anniversary, and following the entry into by warm sea-surface temperatures, the North force of the Paris Agreement, the importance Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest ever of the information contained in the WMO for the United States, and eradicated decades Statement is greater than ever. WMO will of development gains in small islands in the continue working to increase the relevance Caribbean such as Dominica. Floods uprooted of the information it provides to the Parties to millions of people on the Indian subcontinent, the United Nations Framework Convention on whilst drought is exacerbating poverty and Climate Change through this Statement and the increasing migration pressures in the Horn of annual WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin. These Africa. It is no surprise that extreme weather publications complement the assessment events are identified as the most prominent reports that the Intergovernmental Panel on risk facing humanity in the World Economic Climate Change (IPCC) produces every six to Forum’s Global Risks Report 2018. seven years. Because the societal and economic impacts Since the inaugural Statement on the State of climate change have become so severe, of the Global Climate, in 1993, scientific WMO has partnered with other United Nations understanding of our complex climate system organizations to include information in the has progressed rapidly. This is particularly Statement on how climate has affected true with respect to our understanding of migration patterns, food security, health and mankind’s contribution to climate change, other sectors. Such impacts disproportionately and the nature and degree of such change. affect vulnerable nations, as evidenced in a This includes our ability to document the recent study by the International Monetary occurrence of extreme weather and climate Fund, which warned that a 1 °C increase in events and the degree to which they can be temperature would cut significantly economic attributed to human influences on the climate. growth rates in many low-income countries. In the past quarter of a century, atmospheric I would like to take this opportunity to express concentrations of carbon dioxide – whose my gratitude to the National Meteorological rising emissions, along with those of other and Hydrological
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