DOCSLIB.ORG

US2021214223A1.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
US2021214223A1.Pdf 111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 US 20210214223Al (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (lO) Pub. No.: US 202110214223 Al FERNÁNDEZ LOZANO et al. (43) Pub. Date: Jul. 15, 2021 (54) ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITE MATERIAL Publication Classification (51) Int. Cl. (71) Applicants:CONSEJO SUPERIOR DE C01B 25130 (2006.01) INVESTIGACIONES CIENTÍFICAS, A01N 25134 (2006.01) Madrid (ES); ENCAPSULAE, S.L., A01N 25110 (2006.01) Castellón (ES) C08K 3132 (2006.01) A01N 43178 (2006.01) (72) Inventors: José Francisco FERNÁNDEZ (52) U.S. Cl. LOZANO, Madrid (ES); Julián CPC .............. C01B 25130 (2013.01); A01N 25/34 JIMENEZ REINOSA, Madrid (ES); (2013.01); A01N 43178 (2013.01); C08K 3/32 Alberto MOURE ARROYO, Madrid (2013.01); A01N 25110 (2013.01) (ES); José Javier MENÉNDEZ MEDINA, Castellón de la Plana (ES) (57) ABSTRACT (21) Appl. No.: 15/734,264 The present invention relates to activated and ground sodium hexametaphosphate frit particles and antimicrobial (22) PCT Filed: Jun. 4, 2019 composite material comprising said activated and ground sodium hexametaphosphate frit particles embedded in a thermoplastic polymer such as low density polyethylene (86) PCTNo.: PCT/ES2019/070378 (LDPE). The invention also relates to the method for obtain­ § 371 (c)(l), ing the composite material of the invention and a thermal (2) Date: Dec. 2, 2020 activation method for the thermal activation of a sodium hexametaphosphate salt in order to generate the activated (30) Foreign Application Priority Data and ground sodiUlll hexametaphosphate frit particles. The antimicrobialmaterial ofthe invention is preferably used in Jun. 5, 2018 (ES) ........ ......................... P201830547 the food industry. >;iXel';;¡ .rV<H'\i{ ·· 2x10.. ·.4 txu;·.... ·t ... 500 1500 2000 2:500 Patent Application Publication Jul. 15, 2021 Sheet 1 of 8 US 2021/0214223 Al Figure 1 Patent Application Publication Jul. 15, 2021 Sheet 2 of 8 US 2021/0214223 Al Figure 2 Patent Application Publication Jul. 15, 2021 Sheet 3 of 8 US 2021/0214223 Al Fígure 3 Patent Application Publication Jul. 15, 2021 Sheet 4 of 8 US 2021/0214223 Al Time (s) Figure 4 Patent Application Publication Jul. 15, 2021 Sheet 5 of 8 US 2021/0214223 Al Figure 5 Patent Application Publication Jul. 15, 2021 Sheet 6 of 8 US 2021/0214223 Al Time(s) Fig-ure 6 Patent Application Publication Jul. 15, 2021 Sheet 7 of 8 US 2021/0214223 Al Figure 7 Patent Application Publication Jul. 15, 2021 Sheet 8 of 8 US 2021/0214223 Al Figure 8 US 2021/0214223 Al Jul. 15, 2021 1 ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITE MATERIAL ofpolyphosphates on Clostridium perfringens growth, spo­ rulation and spore outgrowth. Food Microbiology 25,6 FIELD OF THE INVENTION (2008)802-808] describes bacteria! growth inhibition pro­ cesses for a relevant number of bacteria for polyphosphate [0001] The present invention relates to the area of anti­ salt concentrations commonly used in the food industry, i.e., microbial materials. More specifically, the present invention 0.2-0.8% by weight. However, the efficacy of said poly­ relates to the area of antimicrobial composite materials. phosphate salts as antimicrobial agents described in the state of the art is extremely limited and does not allow the use BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION thereof in a large number of bacteria. Another difficulty in [0002] Today, microbial infections still account for a quar­ the use of polyphosphate salts as antimicrobial agents is the ter of deaths worldwide. This situation is aggravated if the slow dissolution thereof in aqueous media. Furthermore, a increase in antibiotic resistance by microorganisms is taken simultaneous antimicrobial effect of polyphosphate salts in into account. Many substances can be described as antimi­ Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria has not been crobial, for example disinfectants, antibiotics, and obviously proven so far. antimicrobial agents. However, many of these compounds [0005] There is therefore a need to provide new composite can be toxic or harmful to human beings. The document by materials which exhibit antimicrobial activity against dif­ Kenawy et al. [E. Kenawy, S. D. Worley and R. Broughton. ferent bacteria, a high efficacy, and are free ofthe drawbacks The Chemistry and Applications ofAntimicrobial Polymers: related to toxicity phenomena. A State-ofthe-Art Review. Biomacromolecules, 85, 1359­ BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 1384(2007)] propases the use ofpolymers for improving the efficacy of sorne antimicrobial agents. In particular, Kenawy [0006] The authors of the present invention have devel­ et al. propase the introduction of antimicrobial functional oped a composite material comprising activated and ground groups in polymer molecules, generating antimicrobial poly­ sodium hexametaphosphate frit particles and a polymer mers. In this manner, the residual toxicity of said functional matrix with antimicrobial properties. groups is reduced and their efficiency, selectivity, and shelf [0007] Therefore, a first aspect of the invention relates to life are increased. However, attempts at reducing the toxicity a composite material comprising: of said antimicrobial agents are far from guaranteeing their [0008] a) activated and ground sodium hexametaphos­ use in areas as susceptible as food and medica! applications, phate frit particles obtainable by means of a thermal among others. activation method comprising the steps of: [0003] In the food industry, sodium hexametaphosphate is [0009] i) heating a sodium hexametaphosphate salt used as a synthetic stabilizer and an acidity regulator. It can until it melts such that a molten sodium hexameta­ be applied in meat and fish to improve their water retention phosphate salt is obtained; capacity and to prevent fat oxidation. In emulsions, it [0010] ii) abruptly cooling the molten sodium hex­ increases viscosity and prevents product precipitation, ametaphosphate salt obtained in step (i) in a dry improving the texture and color of the food products. For medium to obtain activated sodium hexametaphos­ these reasons, it is often found in processed meat, chewing phate frit particles; and gums, sugary drinks, ready-made meals and dairy products, [0011] iii) grinding the activated sodium hexameta­ such as lactase-free milk or different types of cheese, sauce, phosphate frit particles obtained in step (ii) to obtain fruit jellies, frozen desserts, salad dressing, breakfast cereal, activated and ground sodium hexametaphosphate frit ice-cream, beer, and bottled drinks, among others. For particles; and example, document CN104542895A describes a water­ [0012] b)a polymer matrix; soluble polymer composite material for use as pork meat wherein said activated and ground sodium hexametaphos­ preservative. The composition of said polymer material phate frit particles are embedded in said polymer matrix. includes a commercial sodium hexametaphosphate salt in a [0013] A second aspect of the present invention relates to proportion between about 15-25% by weight to preserve the the use ofthe composite material ofthe present invention as moisture in the meat. Furthermore, by means of adding an antimicrobial agent; preferably as an antibacterial agent; specific natural bactericida! agents such as pomelo peel more preferably as an antibacterial agent against Gram­ polysaccharides, a bactericida! effect is generated in the positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. polymer material described in said document. The polymer [0014] A third inventive aspect relates to a method for material described in document CN104542895A is used as obtaining the composite material of the present invention, preservative, although it would be limited to specific appli­ comprising the steps of cations and could not be used, for example, for food pack­ [0015] i) providing aging, due to its water-soluble nature. [0016] a) activated and ground sodium hexameta­ [0004] In the scientific literature, phosphate salts have phosphate frit particles obtainable by means of a been described as acting indirectly as preservatives or thermal activation method comprising the steps of: microorganism growth inhibitors. The document by Tomp­ [0017] i) heating a sodium hexametaphosphate salt kin [R. B. Tompkin, Indirect antimicrobial effects in foods: until it melts such that a molten sodium hexam­ phosphates. Journal of Food Society 6(1983)13-17] etaphosphate salt is obtained; describes the inhibitory mechanism produced by said phos­ [0018] ii) abruptly cooling the molten sodium hex­ phate salts due to interferences with the divalent cation ametaphosphate salt obtained in step (i) in a dry metabolism of the microorganisms by causing a deficiency, medium to obtain activated sodium hexameta­ mainly of magnesium, which inhibits cell division and phosphate frit particles; and causes the loss of cell wall. The document by Akhtar et al. [0019] iii) grinding the activated sodium hexam­ [S. Akhtar, D. Paredes-Sabja, M. R. Sarker. Inhibitory effects etaphosphate frit particles obtained in step (ii) to US 2021/0214223 Al Jul. 15, 2021 2 obtain activated and ground sodium hexameta­ [0035] FIG. 6 shows conductivity values (¡.tS/cm) with phosphate frit particles; and respect to time for activated and ground sodium hexameta­ [0020] b) a polymer matrix; and phosphate frit particles embedded in a low density polyeth­ ylene. [0021] ii) embedding said activated and ground sodium hexametaphosphate frit particles in said polymer [0036] FIG. 7 shows (a) an optical confocal microscopy matrix. image of an activated and ground
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Planning for Seafood Freezing
    TTTTTTTTTTT Planning for Seafood Freezing Edward KOLBE Donald KRAMER MAB-60 2007 Alaska Sea Grant College Program University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-5040 (888) 789-0090 Fax (907) 474-6285 www.alaskaseagrant.org TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT Elmer E. Rasmuson Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Kolbe, Edward. Planning for seafood freezing ⁄ Edward Kolbe and Donald Kramer. – Fairbanks, Alaska : Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2007 126 p. : 51 ill. ; cm. (Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks ; MAB-60) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Frozen seafood—Preservation—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Seafood— Preservation—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Cold storage—Planning—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Fishery management—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 5. Refrigeration and refrigeration machinery—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 6. Frozen fishery products—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. II. Kramer, Donald E. III. Series: Alaska Sea Grant College Program ; MAB-60. SH336.F7 K65 2007 ISBN 1-56612-119-1 Credits The work for this book was funded in part by the NOAA Office of Sea Grant, U.S. Department of Commerce, under grants NA76RG0476 (OSU), NA86RG0050 (UAF), and NA76RG0119 (UW); projects A/ESG-3 (OSU), A/151-01 (UAF), and A/FP-7 (UW), and by appropriations made by the Oregon, Alaska, and Washington state legislatures. Publishing is supported by grant NA06OAR4170013, project A/161-01. Sea Grant is a unique partnership with public and private sectors, combining research, education, and technology transfer for public service. This national network of universities meets the changing environmental and economic needs of people in our coastal, ocean, and Great Lakes regions.
    [Show full text]
  • General Properties of the Alkaline Phosphates: - Major Food and Technical Applications
    Phosphorus Research Bulletin Vol. 15 (2004) p. 85-94 General Properties of the Alkaline Phosphates: - Major Food and Technical Applications P.HOURANT Deputy Business Line Manager, Prayon S.A., Business Unit Phosphates, Rue Joseph Wauters, 144 4480 Engis, Belgium; E-mail: [email protected] INTRODUCTION The alkaline phosphates are used for many food and technical applications. Phosphates have two characteristics that explain their four main properties: buffer agent, sequestering power, dispersing power and water holding capability. Those properties allow phosphates to be used in many food and technical applications. The main food applications are meat and seafood processing, baking and processed cheese, but others such as cereals, French fries, fruits and vegetables, beverages, noodles and so on also may need the use of phosphates. On the technical side, the main applications are the detergent products, the water treatment and the metal treatment. As for the food, many other applications require phosphates such as ceramics, bone china, paper and paints,... In meat products, phosphates salts interact in a unique way to bind water with proteins and improve the tenderness in meats. Treated products will maintain their juicy appearance as well as their natural nutritional properties texture and colour. In fish and seafood products, phosphates salts allow the retention of the natural juices of frozen fish fillets, prawns, shrimps, scallops and other seafood. Phosphates also help prevent the build-up of struvite crystals in tinned tuna and crabmeat. In processed cheese, phosphates are crucially important in the production of processed cheese. These products ensure a homogeneous and uniform melt of raw cheese and product stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Vipel® Chemical Resistance Guide
    Vipel® Chemical Resistance Guide CORROSION RESISTANT RESINS FOR THE HARSHEST ENVIRONMENTS The Right Chemistry for the Harshest Environments – AOC is leading the composites industry in the fight against damaging and costly corrosion. Our Vipel corrosion-resistant resins set the global standard for proven performance in a wide range of fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) applications, including pipes, tanks, water and wastewater treatment, chemical processing, pulp and paper, mining and power generation. With unparalleled strength and durability, AOC resins combat corrosion in even the harshest conditions. 2 INTRODUCTION TO CORROSION RESISTANT RESINS Selecting a Resin System • Length of exposure to the medium if less than continuous. For example, the laminate may need to This guide is designed to assist fabricators of FRP withstand only occasional splashes of exposure. components in selecting the appropriate resin for parts which will be exposed to highly corrosive environments. • Process description, where a reaction such as The data presented is the result of years of extensive neutralization takes place in the tank. laboratory testing and actual field exposure in North • Fire retardancy, where applicable, including flame America and Europe. spread rating and smoke requirements. Resin system selection is determined by the chemical service and environment to which the equipment will Sorting Out the Details be exposed, end-user specifications and preferences, Normally a suitable resin can be selected from the or fabricator recommendation. AOC Corrosion advisors Chemical Resistance Guide based on the information in also are available any time to answer questions. the “Gathering Data” section above. A few comments on information featured in this guide should be noted: Users frequently specify the resin system and laminate construction for particular applications.
    [Show full text]
  • 301 Retaliation List
    . China 301 List 3.4 | Released Aug. 3, 2018 | Finalized Sept. 18, 2018 | Amended May 13, 2019 | Effective Sept. 24, 2018 Note Tariff was 5% Prior to February 14, 2020 Additional Item HS Codes Product Name Tariffs (%) 1 28042900 Other rare gases 5% 2 28043000 nitrogen 5% 3 28044000 Oxygen 5% 4 28046117 Single crystal silicon rods with diameter ≥30cm for the electronics industry 5% 5 28051100 sodium 5% 6 28051910 Lithium 5% 7 28051990 Other alkali or alkalineearth metals 5% 8 28053012 Dysprosium, not intermixed or interalloyed 5% 9 28053014 Lanthanum, not intermixed or interalloyed 5% 10 28053015 Cerium 5% 11 28053017 Yttrium metal, not intermixed or interalloyed 5% 12 28053019 Other rareearth metal, not intermixed or interalloyed 5% 13 28091000 Phosphorus pentoxide 5% 14 28092090 Other polyphosphoric acids 5% 15 28100010 Oxides of boron 5% 16 28112210 Silicon gel of silicon dioxide 5% 17 28121200 Phosphorus oxychloride(phosphoryl monochloride, phosphorus oxytrichloride) 5% 18 28129019 Chlorine trifluoride, arsenic trifluoride, sulfuryl fluoride and other fluorides and oxyfluorides 5% 19 28129090 Arsenic tribromide, arsenic triiodide, other nonmetallic halides and oxyhalides 5% 20 28152000 Potassium hydroxide(caustic potash) 5% 21 28164000 Oxides, hydroxides and peroxides, of strontium or barium 5% 22 28191000 Chromium trioxide 5% 23 28201000 Manganese dioxide 5% 24 28249090 Other lead oxides 5% 25 28255000 Copper oxides and hydroxides 5% 26 28256000 Germanium oxides and zirconium dioxide 5% 27 28273100 Magnesium chloride 5% 28 28273990 Other chloride 5% [email protected] | www.strtrade.com Page 1 . Compilation Copyright © 2020 Sandler, Travis & Rosenberg, P.A. All rights reserved Updated 11/23/20 .
    [Show full text]
  • Phosphates and Phosphoric Acid in Everyday Life
    Detergents Metal treatment Fertilisers Water treatment Phosphates and phosphoric acid in everyday life Products to meet everyday needs PRAYON, a long tradition in the chemical industry Prayon was founded in 1982, but its roots reach back more than 100 years to the Liège region of Belgium. It is the parent company of the Prayon Group, a world leader in producing phosphate chemicals (fertilisers, detergents, food additives and technical applications) and developing inorganic chemical specialities. The Group’s expertise in the wet process production of phosphoric acid is acknowledged and utilised worldwide, including by its competitors. Currently, some 50% of phosphoric acid production sites use Prayon technology and 70% use Prayon equipment. Jointly owned by Office Chérifien des Phosphates (OCP) and Société Régionale d’Investissement de Wallonie (SRIW), the Group consists of over 20 companies located in more than 10 countries. It employs 1,450 people and generates a turnover of €500 million. Prayon boasts worldwide coverage via its production sites in Europe (Belgium and France), the Americas (USA, Brazil) and Africa (Morocco). The Group markets its products in more than 70 countries on five continents, an international presence that reinforces its position as a global player. PRAYON AND TECHNICAL PHOSPHATES Prayon markets the following major groups of phosphate products used in technical applications: • PURIFIED PHOSPHORIC ACID: produced using Prayon’s own solvent extraction process. Available in different grades and concentrations, this acid is used in a wide range of technical and food applications. Production sites: • Engis and Puurs (Belgium): 250,000 tonnes of P2O5 per year • Jorf-Lasfar (Morocco), via Emaphos, a joint venture between Prayon (33%), OCP (33%) and CFB (Chemische Fabrik Budenheim) (33%): 150,000 tonnes of P2O5 per year • Phosphate salts: sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium and aluminium phosphates, and a wide variety of special blends based on these products.
    [Show full text]
  • Minerals Engineering 125 (2018) 10–14
    Minerals Engineering 125 (2018) 10–14 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Minerals Engineering journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mineng Sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium silicate as dispersants to reduce the T negative effect of kaolinite on the flotation of chalcopyrite in seawater ⁎ Andres Ramirezb, Ailynne Rojasa, Leopoldo Gutierreza, , Janusz S. Laskowskic a Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Concepcion, Chile b Water Research Centre for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), University of Concepcion, Chile c N.B. Keevil Institute of Mining Engineering, University of British Columbia, Canada ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The interactions between chalcopyrite and kaolinites of different crystallinity, over the pH range from 7 to 12, Froth flotation are studied. The tests were carried out in seawater, and in a 0.01 M NaCl solution. The effect of the dispersants, Chalcopyrite flotation sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) and sodium silicate (SS) was evaluated. The results show that both tested Clay minerals dispersants are able to restore chalcopyrite flotation in the presence of kaolinite in seawater over the pH range Kaolinite from 7 to 11. Seawater flotation Slime coating Dispersants 1. Introduction on flotation of chalcopyrite was studied at different pH values, and in fresh and seawater. The results indicated that in seawater the depres- Depletion of major copper deposits forces mining industry to rely sing effect of kaolinite becomes significantly more pronounced above more on the ore bodies of progressively lower content of valuable pH 9. Experiments that were performed using solutions containing in- components. Currently more complex and finely disseminated ores are dividual cations showed that the depressing action of kaolinite in the processed in Chile.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Sodium Hexametaphosphate Addition On
    materials Article Effects of Sodium Hexametaphosphate Addition on the Dispersion and Hydration of Pure Calcium Aluminate Cement Benjun Cheng 1, Can Yao 1 , Jian Xiong 1, Xueyin Liu 2, Haijun Zhang 3,* and Shaowei Zhang 4,* 1 School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; [email protected] (B.C.); [email protected] (C.Y.); [email protected] (J.X.) 2 College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China; [email protected] 3 The State Key Laboratory of Refractory and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China 4 College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Science, Exeter University, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] (H.Z.); [email protected] (S.Z.); Tel.: +86-1569-718-1003 (H.Z.); +86-1300-712-2491 (S.Z.) Received: 2 October 2020; Accepted: 17 November 2020; Published: 19 November 2020 Abstract: The effects of sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) addition on the dispersion and hydration of calcium aluminate cement were investigated, and the relevant mechanisms discussed. The content of SHMP and the adsorption capacity of SHMP on the surface of cement particles were estimated using plasma adsorption spectroscopy and the residual concentration method. The rheological behavior of hydrate, ζ-potential value of cement particles, phase transformation and the microstructure of the samples were determined by coaxial cylinder rheometer, zeta probe, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that SHMP readily reacted with 2+ 2 Ca , forming complexes [Ca2(PO3)6] − ions which were subsequently adsorbed onto the surfaces of cement particles.
    [Show full text]
  • April 2021 International Trade Compliance Update
    International Trade Compliance Update (Covering Customs and Other Import Requirements, Export Controls and Sanc- tions, Trade Remedies, WTO and Anti-Corruption) Newsletter | April 2021 In This Issue: World Trade Organization (WTO) World Customs Organization (WCO) Other International Matters The Americas - North America The Americas - South America Please see our Webinars, Meetings, Seminars section for information for Asia-Pacific links to the webinars in our 18th annual Global Trade and Supply Chain Europe, Middle East and North Africa Webinar Series: “International Trade & Developments in a World Fo- cused on Recovery & Renewal,” which just began, as well as links to addi- Africa (except North Africa) tional webinars and other events. Newsletters, reports, articles, etc. There are also links to the video recordings, PowerPoints and handout materi- Webinars, Meetings, Seminars, etc. als of the WTO Cov id-19 Notifications 2020-2021 Asia Pacific International Commercial and Trade Webi- WTO TBT Notifications nar Series CBP Rulings: Downloads and Searches 2020 Virtual Trade Conference (July 14-16 2020) CBP Rulings: Rev ocations or Modifi- 2020 Virtual Year-End Review of Import/Export Developments cations European Classification Regulations 2020 Global Trade and Supply Chain Webinar Series: Interna- Amendments to the CN Explanatory tional Trade Basics and Trends Notes To keep abreast of international trade-related news, visit our blogs: Section 337 Actions For International Trade Compliance Updates, please regularly visit Antidumping, Counterv ailing Duty https://www.internationaltradecomplianceupdate.com/. and Safeguard Inv estigations, Or- ders & Reviews For additional articles and updates on trade sanctions and export controls, please visit: http://sanctionsnews.bakermckenzie.com/ regularly. For resources and news regarding international trade, particularly in Asia, please visit our Trade Crossroads blog at http://tradeblog.bakermckenzie.com/.
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium Hexametaphosphate from China
    CONTENTS Page Determination ................................................................................................................................. 1 Views of the Commission ............................................................................................................... 3 Information obtained in this review ..................................................................................... I-1 Background ................................................................................................................................ I-1 Responses to the Commission’s Notice of Institution .............................................................. I-1 Individual responses .............................................................................................................. I-1 Party comments on adequacy ............................................................................................... I-2 The original investigation and subsequent reviews .................................................................. I-3 The original investigation ...................................................................................................... I-3 The first five-year review ....................................................................................................... I-3 Previous and related investigations .......................................................................................... I-3 Actions at Commerce ...............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Type, Concentration and Volume of Dispersing Agent on the Magnitude of the Clay Content Determined by the 48 Hydrometer Analysis
    TECHNICAL PAPER The effect of type, JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING concentration and volume ISSN 1021-2019 Vol 58 No 4, December 2016, Pages 48–54, Paper 1376 of dispersing agent on the magnitude of the clay DR ARSHDEEP KAUR is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Johannesburg. Her current content determined by research focuses on the accurate determination of the clay content of various South African soils. She holds the degrees BTech, MTech and PhD, the hydrometer analysis all received in India. Her other research interests in geotechnical engineering include the improvement of soil strength. She consulted for her own structural designing firm in India from 2008 to 2010. A Kaur, G C Fanourakis Contact details: Department of Civil Engineering Technology University of Johannesburg Knowledge of the physical properties of soils, including the clay content, is of utmost importance in P O Box 17011 the field of geotechnical engineering. The hydrometer analysis is the most widely used technique Doornfontein, 2028 for the analysis of the particle size distribution of the fine-grained fraction of a soil, calculated South Africa using sedimentation principles. The hydrometer analysis utilises a dispersing agent – Calgon 33:7 T: +27 11 559 6898 (comprising 33 grams of sodium hexametaphosphate and 7 grams of sodium carbonate when E: [email protected] mixed in 1 litre of water) is universally considered as the most effective dispersing agent. In this investigation, hydrometer analyses were conducted (according to the TMH1 1986 PROF GEORGE C FANOURAKIS joined the Department of Civil Engineering Technology at method) on two soils (alluvium and black clay), using five dispersing agents.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluation of Reverse Osmosis Scaling Prevention Devices at High Recovery
    R-03-01 EVALUATION OF REVERSE OSMOSIS SCALING PREVENTION DEVICES AT HIGH RECOVERY Advanced Water Treatment Program Report No. 91 March 2003 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Bureau of Reclamation Technical Service Center Environmental Resources Services Division Water Treatment Engineering and Research Group Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suit 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Report (0704-0188), Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave Blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED March 2003 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS . Evaluation of Reverse Osmosis Scaling Prevention Devices at High Recovery 6. AUTHOR(S) Brent E. Corbett, Charles D. Moody, Michael D. Morris 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION U.S. Department of the Interior Burns and Roe Services Corporation R-03-01 Bureau of Reclamation 2809 South Lynnhaven Road, Suite 100 AWTR No. 91 Water Quality Improvement Center Virginia Beach VA 23452 Yuma Area Office 7301 Calle Agua Salada Yuma AZ 85364 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Resistance Guide Industrial Chemicals
    CHEMICAL RESISTANCE GUIDE INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS The following pages are offered as a general guide and indication of the suitability of various elastomers and plastics in use today with a wide range of industrial chemicals. The ratings are based, for the most part, on published literature of various polymer suppliers and rubber manufacturers but, in some cases, they are considered the opinion of experienced compounders. We cannot guarantee their accuracy nor assume responsibility for use thereof. Several factors must always be considered in using a rubber or plastic part in service. The most important as we see them are: 1. The Temperature of Service: Higher temperatures increase the effect of chemicals on polymers. The increase varies with the polymer and the chemical. A compound quite stable at room temperature might fail miserably at elevated temperature. 2. Conditions of Service: A compound that swells badly might still function well as a static seal yet fail in any dynamic application. 3. The Grade of Polymer: Many types of polymers are available in different grades that vary greatly in chemical resistance. 4. The Compound Itself: Compounds designed with certain outstanding properties may be poorer in performance with a chemical than one designed especially for fluid resistance. 5. Caution: It is not recommended that PULSAtron®, CHEM-TECH or Mec-O-Matic pumps be used to handle flammable liquids. In light of the above factors, it is always best to test. 27101 Airport Road Punta Gorda, FL 3392 Phone: 941-575-3800 Fax: 941-575-4085 CHEMICAL
    [Show full text]