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VOL. 2 NO. 2 - DECEMBER 2015 Editors: Michael T. Kezirian, Ph.D. Joseph Pelton, Ph.D. Tommaso Sgobba Journal of Space Safety Engineering – Vol. 2 No. 2 - December 2015 JOURNAL of SPACE SAFETY ENGINEERING Volume 2 No. 2 – December 2015 EDITORS Michael T. Kezirian, Ph.D. Tommaso Sgobba Joseph Pelton, Ph.D. The Boeing Company European Space Agency (ret.) George Washington University (ret.) University of Southern California Managing Editor Assistant Editor-in-Chief Editor-in-Chief EDITORIAL BOARD George W. S. Abbey Joe H. Engle Isabelle Rongier National Aeronautics and Space Administration (ret.) Maj Gen. USAF (ret.) Airbus Safran Launchers Sayavur Bakhtiyarov, Ph.D. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Kai-Uwe Schrogl, Ph.D. University of New Mexico Herve Gilibert European Space Agency Kenneth Cameron Airbus Space & Defense Zhumabek Zhantayev Science Applications International Corporation Jeffrey A. Hoffman, Ph.D. National Center of Space Researches and Luigi De Luca, Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Technologies (NCSRT)- Kazakhstan Politecnico di Milano Ernst Messerschmid, Ph.D. University of Stuttgart (ret.) FIELD EDITORS William Ailor, Ph.D. Gary Johnson Erwin Mooij, Ph.D. The Aerospace Corporation Science Application International Corporation Delft University of Technology Christophe Bonnal Barbara Kanki John D. Olivas, PhD, PE Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales National Aeronautics and Space Administration (ret.) University of Texas El Paso Jonathan B. Clark, M.D., M.P.H Bruno Lazare Nobuo Takeuchi Baylor College of Medicine Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Victor Chang Carine Leveau Brian Weeden Canadian Space Agency Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Secure World Foundation Paul J. Coleman, Jr., Ph.D. Tobias Lips Paul D. Wilde, Ph.D., P.E. University of California at Los Angeles (Emeritus) Hypersonic Technology Goettingen Federal Aviation Administration Natalie Costedoat Michael Lutomski Uwe Wirt Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales Space Exploration Technologies German Aerospace Center (DLR) AIMS and SCOPE The Journal of Space Safety Engineering (JSSE) provides an authoritative source of information in the field of space safety design, research and develop- ment. It serves applied scientists, engineers, policy makers and safety advocates with a platform to develop, promote and coordinate the science, technol- ogy and practice of space safety. JSSE seeks to establish channels of communication between industry, academy and government in the field of space safety and sustainability. MAIN JSSE TOPICS • Safety by design • Human factors and performance • Space Situational Awareness • Safety on long duration missions • Safety critical software design • Space traffic control • Launch and re-entry safety • Safety risk assessment • Space traffic and air traffic interfaces • Space hazards (debris, NEO objects) • Safety risk management • Space materials safety • Space weather and radiation • Organizational culture and safety • Safe & Rescue • Environmental impacts • Regulations and standards for safety • Safety lessons learned • Nuclear safety for space systems • Space-based safety critical systems Publication information: The Journal of Space Safety Engineering (ISSN Pending) is a quarterly publication of the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety (IAASS). You can read about IAASS mission, goals, organization, membership and activities at: http://iaass.space-safety. org/. The JSSE is published using an open access publication model, meaning that all interested readers are able to freely access the journal online without the need for a subscription, and authors are not charged. Authors inquiries: For inquiries relating to the submission of articles please contact the Editor-in-Chief at: [email protected]. For all information about the journal, please visit the journal web page http://iaass.space-safety.org/publications/journal/. Authors instructions on preparation and submittal at: http://iaass.space-safety.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2013/07/JSSE-authors_instructions.pdf. Advertising information: if you are interested in advertising or other commercial opportunities please e-mail [email protected] and your inquiry will be passed to the correct person who will respond to you within 48 hours. Copyright and photocopying: Authors retain the copyright of their work. The IAASS maintains the copyright of the Journal as a whole. Single photocopies or electronic scans of single articles may be made for personal use as allowed by national copyright laws. Authors or IAASS permission and the payment of a fee is required for all other photocopying, including multiple or systematic copying, copying for advertising purposes, resale, and all forms of document delivery. For information on how to seek permission please contact the Editor-in-Chief at [email protected]. Notice: No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher IAASS and by Editors and Editorial Board for any injury and/or damage to persons or property from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the journal. Although all advertising material is expected to conform to ethical professional conduct of IAASS, inclusion in this publication does not represent an endorsement of the quality or value of such product or service. Credits: Kristhian Mason, IAASS graphic designer, for cover image, graphic work, layout and paginations. Cover pictures: Orbital-3 Mission, NASA Wallops Flight Facility, Wallops Island, Virginia, America - 27 Oct 2014 - Joel Kowsky/NASA/REX; ss-141029-cygnus-rocket-explosion-mn-04 - SPACE-ORBITAL/Handout International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety Journal of Space Safety Engineering – Vol. 2 No. 2 - December 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL ORION: SAFETY-BY-DESIGN ...................................................................................58 Michael Hawes EDITORIAL CHALLENGER – 30 YEARS ON .................................................................................59 Keith Wright A 3 POINT ACTION AGENDA TO ADDRESS COSMIC HAZARDS AND PLANETARY DEFENSE ...........................................................60 Joseph N. Pelton THE RUSSIAN R-16 NEDELIN DISASTER: AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF FAILED SAFETY MANAGEMENT ....................................65 David E. Gingerich, Jeffrey S. Forrest, Andrei A. Abiin, Taletha M. Maricle-Fitzpatrick DESIGN OF SENSOR SYSTEM TO DETECT PRESENCE OF ANOMALOUS WATER IN AIR LINES IN THE EXTRAVEHICULAR MOBILITY UNIT .............................................74 Akshay Kothakonda HYBRID SPACECRAFT ...........................................................................................79 Vladimir Syromyatnikov RE-ENTRY SIGHTINGS AND DEBRIS RECOVERY OF 2008-010B SPAIN - 2015 NOVEMBER 03 UTC ...........................................................................83 Ted Molczan NORWEGIAN SPACE ACTIVITIES – ARCTIC ACCESS TO SPACE .....................................91 Pål Brekke MEDIA REVIEW EDUCATIONAL VIDEOS ON THE THREAT OF COSMIC HAZARDS FOR SCHOOLS, MUSEUMS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC ...............................................98 Firooz Allahdadi 57 International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety Journal of Space Safety Engineering – Vol. 2 No. 2 - December 2015 EDITORIAL ORION: SAFETY-BY-DESIGN Michael Hawes Orion Program Manager, Lockheed Martin Company Lockheed Martin is the prime contractor building the Ori- king. Any extra weight takes away valuable mass re- on Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, NASA’s first spacecraft quired for micrometeoroid protection, radiation protec- designed for long-duration, human-rated deep space ex- tion and life support needed to keep astronauts safe be- ploration. Orion will transport humans to interplanetary yond low Earth orbit. So about six minutes into launch, destinations beyond low Earth orbit, such as asteroids, the LAS is jettisoned to save mass. While there are other the moon and eventually Mars, and return them safely ways to build a LAS, our design trade studies repeatedly back to Earth. This state-of-the-art spacecraft provides highlighted the advantage of not carrying extra weight solutions that are extensible to future missions, and fo- past the time it is needed. cuses first and foremost on crew safety: - Accommodates a crew of up to six astronauts - Provides safe ascent abort with no black zones 2. CREW SAFETY IS BUILT IN, - Enables safe abort opportunities during all mission NOT BOLTED ON phases - Withstands re-entry at speeds greater than 20,000 Every component — from the heat shield and the flight miles per hour computers to the fundamental systems and structure of the spacecraft — is designed for the rigors of deep space: Orion’s seats are designed to help prevent loss of con- 1. SOME DEEP-SPACE DESIGNS sciousness as astronauts experience up to 5 Gs during ARE CLASSIC FOR A REASON re-entry. The cooling system keeps the crew cabin at 25 degrees Celsius despite the more than 2,000-degree heat Thankfully, we’re guided by 50 years of NASA’s invest- of re-entry. The built-in stowage lockers double as a safe ment in human spaceflight. You might note that Orion’s haven during dangerous solar activity. The life-support shape hearkens back to Apollo. That’s because every as- system is highly reliable and is sized not only for basic pect of Orion’s design is driven by crew safety, and the functions but also to allow the crew to exercise, which laws of physics are the same today as they were in 1960. is critical for
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