Pulling Away from Religion 1 Pulling Away from Religion: Religious/Spiritual Struggles and Religious Disengagement among College Students Julie Exline Case Western Reserve University Daryl R. Van Tongeren Hope College David F. Bradley Pittsburg State University Joshua A. Wilt & Nick Stauner Case Western Reserve University Kenneth I. Pargament Bowling Green State University C. Nathan DeWall University of Kentucky In press at Psychology of Religion and Spirituality Author note: We are grateful for funding support from the John Templeton Foundation (60734, 36094, and 59916). Correspondence regarding this manuscript should be directed to Dr. Julie Exline, Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7123. E-mail:
[email protected] Pulling Away from Religion 2 Abstract What types of religious and spiritual struggles do people experience when they disengage from religion? We examined college students (N = 3,598) who had pulled back from religion, either by no longer identifying as religious or spiritual (Dones) or by disengaging from organized religion while maintaining an identity as religious (Disengaged but Religious: DBR) or spiritual but not religious (Disengaged but Spiritual: DBS). Our aim was to examine the religious/spiritual struggles these students reported, both in comparison to each other and in comparison to those with more stable identities as religious (Religious) or nonreligious (Nevers). As predicted, DBS and DBR students reported higher levels of current r/s struggles than students in other groups. Specifically, DBR and DBS students scored highest on ultimate meaning struggles, interpersonal struggles, doubt struggles, and emotionally-oriented divine struggles, whereas intellectual questioning about God’s existence was highest among the DBS and Dones.