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Economic Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems

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Economic Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems Economic333 valuation of mangrove ecosystem services, Vanuatu, January 2013 Page 1 of 130 Economic valuation of mangrove ecosystem services in Vanuatu Case study of Crab Bay (Malekula Is.) and Eratap (Efate Is.) FINAL REPORT October 2014 Copyright © IUCN 2014 The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the IUCN. This study is the result of financing provided by IUCN ORO (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Oceania Regional Office). IUCN Project Number 77162-000. For: Project MESCAL, Mangrove EcoSystems for Climate Change Adaptation & Livelihoods. Implemented by IUCN Oceania under the emerging Pacific Mangroves Initiative. The project is funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) under its International Climate Initiative. Project partners include the University of the South Pacific (USP), the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme (SPREP), the WorldFish Solomon Islands Pacific Base, and the Tonga Community Development Trust, as well as the governments of the participating countries. Project by IUCN Oceania Regional Office funded by the Federal Ministry for the Environment,, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMUB) with support for publication by the Marine and Coastal Biodiversity Management in Pacific Island Countries and Atolls (MACBIO) and Mangrove Rehabilitation for Sustainably-Managed Healthy Forests (MARSH) projects. By: Nicolas Pascal Environmental economist USR 3278 ‒ CRIOBE (EPHE/CNRS), Insular Research Center and Environment Observatory Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France Papetoai, Mooréa, Polynésie Française [email protected] Molu Bulu Resource and Environmental Economist Assistant, MESCAL project Vanuatu [email protected] The method described in the report annexes is based on a working paper coordinated by the author with Michel Allenbach (UNC), Thomas Binet and Pierre Failler (CEMARE), Julien Hardelin (MEEDTL/ SEEI/ERNR1), Arthur Katossky (CGDD/SEEI/ERNR3), Elen Lemaître-Curri (MEEDTL/SEEI/ERNR1), Gilbert David (IRD), Philippe Méral (IRD), Mahé Charles (AAMP) and Jean-Baptiste Marre (CRIOBE). IRCP—Economic valuation of mangrove ecosystem services in Vanuatu—Final Report Page 3 / 130 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project would not have been possible without the support of the Vanuatu Government Department of Environment Protection and Conservation, which provided supervision and assistance. Coordinating the MESCAL project in Vanuatu, Rolenas Baereleo was also essential to the study’s success. We acknowledge Milika Sobey from IUCN ORO (International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Oceania Regional Office)—who is coordinating the German funded MESCAL project—for her financial support and making possible this study. We also acknowledge the Vanuatu Government departments that met with us, particularly the Department of Fisheries, the Department of Lands, Survey and Registry, the Department of Forestry and the Malampa Province. Undertaking more than 500 surveys in 20 villages in a limited time was a challenge. Difficulties in the field mean the data collection team needed patience and self-confidence. I, Molu Bulu, thank the team: Ms Donna Kalfatak, Ms Primrose Malosu, Mr Trinison Tari, Mr Reedly Tari, Mrs Rolenas Baereleo, Mr Tony Kanas, Mr Philip Koroka, Mr Rodson Aru, Mr Peter Kalmasing, Mr Fred Numa, Mr Jonah Spetly, Mr Josen Ritson, Mr Mark Leonie, Ms Susan Tahi and Mr Ruben Morry. And I, Nicolas, acknowledge the capacity of Molu Bulu to face field realities with my remote support. We especially thank the 480 households surveyed in the 20 communities of both demonstration sites. These households shared their time with the survey team, along with their knowledge from their use of the mangroves and fisheries. IRCP—Economic valuation of mangrove ecosystem services in Vanuatu—Final Report Page 4 / 130 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... 4 CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................................................... 5 OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 STUDY OBJECTIVES AND CONTEXT..................................................................................................................... 11 WHAT WE FOUND ............................................................................................................................................... 12 OUR RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 17 ABOUT THE STUDY ....................................................................................................................................... 18 THE MESCAL CONTEXT .................................................................................................................................... 18 OUR OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................................ 19 WHAT WE VALUED—A SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... 20 HOW WE VALUED THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES—A SUMMARY .......................................................................... 22 HOW WE CONDUCTED THE SURVEYS—A SUMMARY ........................................................................................ 24 OUR SURVEY SITES—A SOCIOECOLOGICAL CONTEXT ...................................................................................... 26 WHAT WE FOUND ......................................................................................................................................... 29 CONSOLIDATED RESULTS—WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES? ......................................... 29 CONSOLIDATED RESULTS—WHO BENEFITS FROM THE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES? ............................................ 30 COMPARISON OF RESULTS WITH OTHER STUDIES ............................................................................................ 31 SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL FISHERY (ES1 AND ES2) RESULTS ............................................................. 32 RECREATIONAL FISHERY (ES3) RESULTS ......................................................................................................... 39 WOOD EXTRACTION (ES4) RESULTS ................................................................................................................ 40 IRCP—Economic valuation of mangrove ecosystem services in Vanuatu—Final Report Page 5 / 130 TOURISM ACTIVITIES (ES5) RESULTS ............................................................................................................... 41 COASTAL PROTECTION AGAINST FLOOD (ES6) RESULTS ................................................................................ 43 BIOREMEDIATION OF WASTE WATER (ES7) RESULTS .................................................................................... 48 SEDIMENT TRAP (ES8) RESULTS ...................................................................................................................... 49 CARBON SEQUESTRATION (ES9) RESULTS ...................................................................................................... 51 THE THEORY BEHIND OUR METHOD ..................................................................................................... 54 A DEFINITION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ........................................................................................................... 54 A DEFINITION OF TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE ...................................................................................................... 54 VALUATION METHODS AND PARAMETERS ........................................................................................................ 55 ANNEX 1 CLASSIFICATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ...................................................................... 61 ANNEX 2 VALUATION OF DIRECT EXTRACTIVE USES (ES1, ES2, ES3 AND ES4) ...................... 64 IMPLICATED ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES ................................................................................................................ 65 VALUATION OF SUBSISTENCE FISHERY (ES1) .................................................................................................. 69 VALUATION OF COASTAL COMMERCIAL FISHERY (ES2) .................................................................................. 72 VALUATION OF RECREATIONAL FISHERY (ES3) ............................................................................................... 74 VALUATION OF WOOD EXTRACTIVE USES (ES4) ............................................................................................. 75 ANNEX 3 VALUATION OF TOURISM ACTIVITIES (ES5) .................................................................... 76 IMPLICATED ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES ................................................................................................................ 76 METHOD .............................................................................................................................................................. 76 VISITOR SEGMENTATION ...................................................................................................................................
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