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The Role of Men in Promoting Women's Reproductive and Maternal Health

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The Role of Men in Promoting Women's Reproductive and Maternal Health The role of men in promoting women’s reproductive and maternal health in a matrilineal marriage system in Malawi: The case of Ntchisi district By Phillip Klemens Kapulula Thesis Submitted at the Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Faculty of Arts, University of the Western Cape, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Doctor of Philosophy (D.Phil) Degree in Sociology of Health Supervisor: Professor Diana Mari Gibson -August 2015- DECLARATION I, Phillip Klemens Kapulula, hereby declare that this Doctor of Philosophy (D.Phil.) thesis entitled The role of men in promoting women’s reproductive and maternal health in a matrilineal marriage system in Malawi: The Case of Ntchisi District is my own work and that I have not previously submitted it, in part or in its entirety, at any university for a degree or examination. All sources that I have quoted have been indicated and acknowledged by means of reference. Phillip Klemens Kapulula SIGNED: DATE: 28TH AUGUST 2015 ii DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this piece of work to the Almighty God for enabling me to get this far in my academic itinerary. Honestly, the achievement of this academic qualification is no doubt a huge bonus in my walk with Christ. It started way back when the late Augustino Mackson Kapulula, my father, decided to send his sons to school despite his own illiteracy. He never lived to see me advance academically. I am indebted to Eunice Kataya Kapulula my wife, Mayamiko and Pempho my first and last born children who might have felt that I deserted them in pursuit of an advanced academic qualification. They indeed missed my company and yearned for my usual guidance and sense of humour. Eunice and the kids have suffered psychological and economic deprivation in my absence but they found solace in realizing that “all things work together for good to them that love God, to them who are called according to his purpose” Romans 8:28. I am thankful to God for keeping these three people alive until today to witness the recompense of their suffering and patience. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to whole heartedly acknowledge the mentorship and support of Professor Paul Kishindo, a senior colleague in the Department of Sociology at Chancellor College. I appreciate him as a role model and anchor. This thesis would have been impossible if it were not for the selfless guidance and brilliant mentorship of my supervisor, Professor Diana Mari Gibson. Professor Gibson went beyond the call of duty to sooth my shattered sense of worth when all things seemed to crumble around me due to my psychological break down owing to the illness and eventual death of my mother. Professor Gibson constantly aroused me to my duty and made it a point that I was always sure of what I write and be able to provide undoubted evidence on any line of thinking that I wanted to advance or subscribe to. This project would not have come to fruition if it were not for Professor Ephraim Wadonda Chirwa, Dean of Faculty of Social Science and Dr. Blessings Dalo Chinsinga, Associate Professor of Political Studies and Deputy Dean of Faculty of Social Science, for their role in facilitating the provision of finances to let me study at University of Western Cape after a number of failed attempts to study outside Africa. I am hugely indebted to their efforts. I wish to thank all my siblings, Alex, Anastasia, Germina, Tresphore, Godfrey and Justino; most of whom are older than me, for their psycho-social and moral support considering that I was leaving Malawi at such a time when our mum, Delia Peze Chiwala had just fallen sick. Mrs. Delia Peze Chiwala eventually succumbed to a mysterious illness in her old age, so early in the development of the proposal for this project on 12 May, 2011. My colleagues at the Department of Anthropology and Sociology cannot be left out. I enjoyed conversing with Dr. Sakhumzi Mfecane and Dr. Michael Uusiku Akuupa, who equally comforted me and assisted me to cope with the making of a doctoral candidate. I am indebted to their counsel and guidance. Life outside Malawi can be too challenging in the absence of an adjunct community that understands your culture and traditions. I am so thankful to the leadership of Malawi Society in Cape Town which made sure to bring us together occasionally for braai and excursions to various interesting sites in Cape Town in order to maintain the flavour of the life of the Warm Heart of Africa. This thesis was made equally possible because of the willingness and selfless attitude of the people of Chilooko in Ntchisi who accepted me as a stranger to study part of their life and come up with a picture of how married men construct and perform masculinities. I remember them for their hospitality. In a special way I remember the warmness of the late Mr. Seveliano Sicho and his spouse. To all these noble ladies and gentlemen, as well as many others too numerous to mention on this space, I say thank you. iv Table of Contents DECLARATION..................................................................................................................................................... II DEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................................... III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................................... IV LIST OF ACRONYMS .......................................................................................................................................... VIII ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................... IX CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY ................................................................................................ 2 1.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 A brief profile of Ntchisi District and Traditional Authority Chilooko .................................................... 8 1.2.2 A snapshot of the Chichewa speakers of Ntchisi District.................................................................... 10 1.3 THE HEALTH SYSTEM IN MALAWI ................................................................................................................. 12 1.3.1 Maternal and Reproductive health profile of Ntchisi District ............................................................. 13 1.4 THE SILENCE OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH RESEARCH ON MEN .............................................................................. 13 1.5 RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH ..................................................................................................................... 18 1.6 FOCUS OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................ 18 1.6.1 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................................... 18 1.6.2 Significance of the study ............................................................................................................. 19 1.7 FURTHER THESIS ORGANISATION .................................................................................................................. 19 CHAPTER TWO: THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF MASCULINITIES 21 2.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................... 21 2.2 SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIONISM THEORY .................................................................................................................... 21 2.3 CRITICAL FOCUS ON MEN AND MASCULINITIES ....................................................................................................... 25 2.4 MASCULINITY AS A CONSTRUCT .......................................................................................................................... 26 2.5 USES OF HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY AS A CONCEPT ................................................................................................ 29 2.6 HEGEMONIC MASCULINITY WITHIN VARYING SOCIAL CONTEXTS ................................................................................ 32 2.7 MASCULINITY AND THE PRACTICE OF FATHERHOOD ................................................................................................. 33 2.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS .................................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH DESIGN AND RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................... 35 3.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 35 3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN.................................................................................................................................... 35 3.3 RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................................................................................ 38 3.3.1 Selection
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